Postnatal management and long-term outcome for survivors with congenital diaphragmatic hernia

Prenatal Diagnosis

Volumn 28, Issue 7, 2008, Pages 592-603

  Chiu, Priscilla ^a   Hedrick, Holly L ^b  

^a HOSPITAL FOR SICK CHILDREN   (Canada)

^b CHILDREN S HOSPITAL OF PHILADELPHIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia; Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; Gentle ventilation; Morbidity; Pulmonary hypertension; Pulmonary hypoplasia

Indexed keywords

ADENOSINE; BOSENTAN; DIPYRIDAMOLE; NESIRITIDE; NITRIC OXIDE; PROSTACYCLIN; PROSTACYCLIN DERIVATIVE; PROSTAGLANDIN; PROSTAGLANDIN E1; PROSTAGLANDIN E2; SILDENAFIL; SITAXSENTAN;

ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION; BLEEDING; CONGENITAL DIAPHRAGM HERNIA; EXTRACORPOREAL OXYGENATION; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; LUNG TRANSPLANTATION; MORTALITY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PEDIATRIC SURGERY; PERINATAL PERIOD; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PULMONARY HYPERTENSION; PUSTULOSIS PALMOPLANTARIS; REVIEW; SHUNTING; SURVIVOR;

EXTRACORPOREAL MEMBRANE OXYGENATION; FEMALE; FETAL ORGAN MATURITY; HERNIA, DIAPHRAGMATIC; HIGH-FREQUENCY VENTILATION; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION, PULMONARY; INFANT, NEWBORN; LUNG; NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT; PREGNANCY; SURVIVORS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 48649104889     PISSN: 01973851     EISSN: 10970223     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/pd.2007     Document Type: Review

References (139)

1. nd Annual ELSO Meeting. Ann Arbor, MI.
2. Ahmad A, Gangitano E, Odell R, Doran R, Durand M. 1999. Survival, intracranial lesions, and neurodevelopmental outcome in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Perinatol 19: 436-440.
3. Arca MJ, Barnhart D, Lelli J, et al. 2003. Early experience with minimally invasive repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernias: results and lessons learned. J Pediatr Surg 38: 1563-1568.
4. Austin MT, Lovvorn HN 3rd, Feurer ID, et al. 2004. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia repair on extracorporeal life support: a decade of lessons learned. Am Surg 70: 389-395.
5. Azarow K, Messineo A, Pearl R, Filler R, Barker G, Bohn D. 1997. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia - a tale of two cities: the Toronto experience. J Pediatr Surg 32: 395-400.
6. Bagolan P, Morini F. 2007. Long-term follow up of infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Semin Pediatr Surg 16: 134-144.
7. Bagolan P, Casaccia G, Crescenzi F, Nahom A, Trucchi A, Giorlandino C. 2004. Impact of a current treatment protocol on outcome of high-risk congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 39: 313-318.
8. Bailey PV, Connors RH, Tracy TF Jr, Stephens C, Pennington DG, Weber TR. 1989. A critical analysis of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Surgery 106: 611-615.
9. Barst RJ, Ivy D, Dingemanse J, et al. 2003. Pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of bosentan in pediatric patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Clin Pharmacol Ther 73: 377-382.
10. Barst RJ, Langelben D, Badesch D, et al, STRIDE-2 Study Group. 2006. Treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension with the selective endothelin-A receptor antagonist sitaxsentan. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med 3: 536-537.
11. Beresford MW, Shaw NJ. 2000. Outcome of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Pediatr Pulmonol 30: 249-256.
12. Berman RE, Barst RJ. 2006. Pulmonary arterial hypertension: a comprehensive review of pharmacolgical treatment. Treat Respir Med 5: 117-127.
13. Bernbaum J, Schwartz I, Gerdes M, D'agostino J, Coburn C, Polin R. 1995. Survivors of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation at 1 year of age: the relationship of primary diagnosis with health and neurodevelopmental sequelae. Pediatrics 96: 907-913.
14. Bhat G, Costea A. 2003. Reversibility of medically unresponsive pulmonary hypertension with nesiritide in a cardia transplant recipient. ASAIO J 49: 608-610.
15. Bohn D. 2002. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 166: 911-915.
16. Boloker J, Bateman D, Wung JT, Stolar C. 2002. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia in 120 infants treated consecutively with permissive hypercapnea/ spontaneous respiration/elective repair. J Pediatr Surg 37: 357-366.
17. Bouchard S, Johnson M, Flake A, et al. 2002. The EXIT procedure: experience and outcome in 31 cases. J Pediatr Surg 37: 418-426.
18. Brant-Zawadzki PB, Fenton SJ, Nichol PF, Matlak ME, Sciafe ER. 2007. The split abdominal wall muscle flap repair for large congenital diaphragmatic hernias on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Pediatr Surg 42: 1047-1051.
19. Buysse C, Fonteyne C, Dessy H, De Laet MH, Biarent D. 2001. The use of dipyridamole to wean from inhaled nitric oxide in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 36: 1864-1865.
20. Casaccia G, Crescenzi F, Palamides S, Catalano O, Bagolan P. 2006. Pleural effusion requiring drainage in congenital diaphragmatic hernia: incidence, etiology and treatment. Pediatr Surg Int 22: 585-588.
21. Chen C, Jeruss S, Chapman JS, et al. 2007a. Long-term functional impact of congenital diaphragmatic hernia repair on children. J Pediatr Surg 42: 657-665.
22. Chen C, Friedman S, Butler S, et al. 2007b. Approaches to neurodevelopmental assessment in congenital diaphragmatic hernia survivors. J Pediatr Surg 42: 1052-1056.
23. Chiu PP, Sauer C, Mihailovic A, et al. 2006. The price of success in the management of congenital diaphragmatic hernia: is improved survival accompanied by an increase in long-term morbidity? J Pediatr Surg 41: 888-892.
24. Clark RH, Hardin WD Jr, Hirschl RB, et al. 1998. Current surgical management of congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a report from the Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Study Group. J Pediatr Surg 33: 1004-1009.
25. Colby CE, Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Study Group. 2004. Surfactant replacement therapy on ECMO does not improve outcome in neonates with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 39: 1632-1637.
26. Colvin J, Bower C, Dickinson JE, Sokol J. 2005. Outcomes of congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a population-based study in Western Australia. Pediatrics 116: e356-e363.
27. Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Study Group. 1999. Does extracorporeal membrane oxygenation improve survival in neonates with congenital diaphragmatic hernia? J Pediatr Surg 34: 720-725.
28. Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Study Group. 2004. Surfactant does not improve survival rate in preterm infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 39: 829-833.
29. Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Study Group. 2007. Defect size determines survival in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Pediatrics 120: e651-e657.
30. Cortes RA, Keller RL, Townsend T, et al. 2005. Survival of severe congenital diaphragmatic hernia has morbid consequences. J Pediatr Surg 40: 34-46.
31. Danzer E, Gerdes M, Bernbaum J, et al. 2007. Neurodevelopmental outcome of infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia: analysis of 41 patients prospectively followed in an interdisciplinary follow-up program. In Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Study Group Conference, Houston, TX.
32. Davis P, Firmin R, Manktelow B, et al. 2004. Long-term outcome following extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for congenital diaphragmatic hernia: the UK experience. J Pediatr 144: 309-315.
33. DeAnda A Jr, Cahill JL, Bernstein D, Starnes VA, Reitz BA. 1998. Elective transplant pneumonectomy. J Pediatr Surg 33: 655-656.
34. De Luca D, Zecca E, Vento G, De Carolis MP, Romagnoli C. 2006. Transient effect of epoprostenol and sildenafil combined with iNO for pulmonary hypertension in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Paediatr Anaesth 16: 597-598.
35. Diamond I, Mah K, Kim P, Bohn D, Gerstle J, Wales P. 2007. Predicting the need for fundoplication at the time of congenital diaphragmatic hernia repair. J Pediatr Surg 42: 1066-1070.
36. Dillon P, Cilley R, Mauger D, Zachary C, Meier A. 2004. The relationship of pulmonary artery pressure and survival in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 39: 307-312.
37. Dishy V, Harris PA, Pierce R, et al. 2004. Sildenafil does not improve nitric oxide-mediated endothellium-dependent vascular responses in smokers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 57: 209-212.
38. Downard C, Jaksic T, Garza J, et al. 2003. Analysis of an improved survival rate for congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 38: 729-732.
39. Finer NN, Tierney A, Etches PC, Peliowski A, Ainsworth W. 1998. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: developing a protocolized approach. J Pediatr Surg 33: 1331-1337.
40. Fraisse A, Habib G. 2004. Treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension in children. Arch Pediatr 11: 945-950.
41. Fullerton DA, Hahn AR, McIntyre RC Jr. 1996a. Mechanistic imbalance of pulmonary vasomotor control in progressive lung injury. Surgery 119: 98-103.
42. Fullerton DA, Mitchell MB, Jones DN, Maki A, McIntyre RC Jr. 1996b. Pulmonary vasomotor dysfunction is produced with chronically high pulmonary blood flow. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 111: 190-197.
43. German JC, Gazzaniga AB, Amlie R, Huxtable RF, Bartlett RH. 1977. Management of pulmonary insufficiency in diaphragmatic hernia using extrcorporeal circulation with a membrane oxygenator (ECMO). J Pediatr Surg 12: 905-912.
44. Goh DW, Drake DP, Brereton RJ, Kiely EM, Spitz L. 1992. Delayed surgery for congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Br J Surg 79: 644-646.
45. Greenough A. 2000. Inhaled nitric oxide in the neonatal period. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 9: 1601-1609.
46. Grethel E, Cortes R, Wagner A, et al. 2006. Prosthetic patches for congenital diaphragmatic hernia repair: Surgisis vs Gore-Tex. J Pediatr Surg 41: 29-33.
47. Gross R. 1946. Congenital hernia of the diaphragm. Am J Dis Child 71: 579-592.
48. Hajer GF, vd Staak FH, De Haan AF, Festen C. 1998. Recurrent congenital diaphragmatic hernia; which factors are involved? Eur J Pediatr Surg 8: 329-333.
49. Harrison MRK, Roberta L, Hawgood SB, et al. 2003. A randomized trial of fetal endoscopic tracheal occlusion for severe fetal congenital diaphragmatic hernia. N Engl J Med 349: 1916-1924.
50. Halting MT, Lally KP. 2007. Surgical management of neonates with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Semin Pediatr Surg 16: 109-114.
51. Hedrick HL. 2003. Ex utero intrapartum therapy. Semin Pediatr Surg 12: 190-195.
52. Hedrick HL, Crombleholme TM, Flake AW, et al. 2004. Right congenital diaphragmatic hernia: prenatal assessment and outcome. J Pediatr Surg 39: 319-323.
53. Hedrick HL, Danzer E, Merchant A, et al. 2007. Liver position and lung-to-head ratio for prediction of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and survival in isolated left congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 197: 422el-424el.
54. Heiss K, Manning P, Oldham KT, et al. 1989. Reversal of mortality for congenital diaphragmatic hernia with ECMO. Ann Surg 209: 225-230.
55. Hirschl RB, Philip WF, Glick L, et al. 2003. A prospective, randomized pilot trial of perfluorocarbon-induced lung growth in newborns with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 38: 283-289.
56. Holcomb GWI, Ostlie DJ, Miller KA. 2005. Laparoscopic patch repair of diaphragmatic hernias with Surgisis. J Pediatr Surg 40: E1-E5.
57. Horwitz JR, Cofer BR, Warner BW, Cheu HW, Lally KP. 1998. A multicenter trial of 6-aminocaproic acid (Amicar) in the prevention of bleeding in infants on ECMO. J Pediatr Surg 33: 1610-1613.
58. Huddy C, Boyd P, Wilkinson A, Chamberlain P. 1999. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: prenatal diagnosis, outcome and continuing morbidity in survivors. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 106: 1192-1196.
59. Humpl T, Reyes J, Holtby H, Stephens D, Adatia I. 2005. Beneficial effect of oral sildenafil therapy on childhood pulmonary arterial hypertension: twelve-month clinical trial of a single-drug, open-label, pilot study. Circulation 111: 3274-3280.
60. Ivy DD, Ziegler JW, Kinsella JP, Wiggins JW, Abman SH. 1998. Hemodynamic effects of dipyridamole and inhaled nitric oxide in pediatric patients with pulmonary hypertension. Chest 114: 17S.
61. Jaillard S, Pierrat V, Dubois A, et al. 2003. Outcome at 2 years of infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a population-based study. Ann Thorac Surg 75: 250-256.
62. Javid P, Jaksic T, Skarsgard E, Lee S, Network CN. 2004. Survival rate in congenital diaphragmatic hernia: the experience of the Canadian Neonatal Network. J Pediatr Surg 39: 657-660.
63. Joshi SB, Sudipta S, Chacko J, Thomas G, Karl S. 2005. Abdominal muscle flap repair for large defects of the diaphragm. Pediatr Surg Int 21: 677-680.
64. Kamata S, Usui N, Kamiyama M, et al. 2005. Long-term follow-up of patients with high-risk congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 40: 1833-1838.
65. Keller R, Moore P, Teitel D, Hawgood S, Mcquitty J, Fineman J. 2006. Abnormal vascular tone in infants and children with lung hypoplasia: findings from cardiac catheterization and the response to chronic therapy. Pediatr Crit Care Med 7: 589-594.
66. Keller RL, Hawgood S, Neuhaus JM, et al. 2004. Infant pulmonary function in a randomized trial of fetal tracheal occlusion for severe congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Pediatr Res 56: 818-825.
67. Kieffer J, Sapin E, Berg A, Beaudoin S, Bargy F, Helardot P. 1995. Gastroesophageal reflux after repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 30: 1330-1333.
68. Koh TH, Gandini D, Vijayakumar P. 2001. The neonatal inhaled nitric oxide study. J Pediatr 138: 300.
69. Kunisaki S, Barnewolt C, Estrof J, et al. 2007. Ex utero intrapartum treatment with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for severe congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 42: 98-104.
70. Kurian DC, Wagner IJ, Klapholz M. 2004. Nesiritide in pulmonary hypertension. Chest 126: 302-305.
71. Koumbourlis AC, Wung JT, Stolar CJ. 2006. Lung function in infants after repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 41(10): 1716-1721.
72. Lally KP. 1996. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Semin Pediatr Surg 5: 249-255.
73. Lally KP. 2002. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Curr Opin Pediatr 14: 486-490.
74. Lally KP, Paranka MS, Roden J, et al. 1992. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Stabilization and repair on ECMO. Ann Surg 216: 569-573.
75. Lally KP, Lally PA, Langham MR, et al, Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Study Group. 2004. Surfactant does not improve survival rate in preterm infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 39: 829-833.
76. Lally KP, Lally PA, van Meurs KP, et al. 2006. Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Study Group Treatment evolution in high-risk congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Ten years' experience with diaphragmatic agenesis. Ann Surg 244: 505-513.
77. Langer J, Filler R, Bohn D, et al. 1988. Timing of surgery for congenital diaphragmatic hernia: is emergency operation necessary? J Pediatr Surg 23: 731-734.
78. Langham MR Jr, Krummel TM, Bartlett RH, et al. 1987. Mortality with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation following repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in 93 infants. J Pediatr Surg 22: 1150-1154.
79. Levison J, Halliday R, Holland AJA, et al. 2006. A population-based study of congenital diaphragmatic hernia outcome in New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory, Australia, 1992-2001. J Pediatr Surg 41: 1049-1053.
80. Liem NT. 2003. Thoracoscopic surgery for congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a report of nine cases. Asian J Surg 26: 210-212.
81. Lim F-Y. 2007a. Use of Inhaled Epoprostenol for Severe Pulmonary Hypertension in High Risk Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Patients. American Academy of Pediatrics. San Francisco, CA, In Press.
82. Lim F-Y. 2007b. Inhaled prostacyclin for CDH. In Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Working Group, Houston, TX.
83. Lund D, Mitchell J, Kharasch V, Quigley S, Kuehn M, Wilson J. 1994. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: the hidden morbidity. J Pediatr Surg 29: 258-262.
84. Masumoto K, Nagata K, Uesugi T, Yamada T, Taguchi T. 2007. Risk factors for sensorineural hearing loss in survivors with severe congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Eur J Pediatr 166: 607-612.
85. Meeker I, Snyder W. 1962. Surgical management of diaphragmatic defects in the newborn infant. Am J Surg 104: 196-203.
86. Michaels AD, Chatterjee K, De Marco T. 2005. Effects of intravenous nesiritide on pulmonary vascular hemodynamics in pulmonary hypertension. J Card Fail 11: 425-431.
87. Midrio P, Gobbi D, Baldo V, Gamba P. 2007. Right congenital diaphragmatic hernia: an 18-year experience. J Pediatr Surg 42: 517-521.
88. Morgan JM, McCormack DG, Griffiths MJ, Morgan CJ, Barnes PJ, Evans TW. 1991. Adenosine as a vasodilator in primary pulmonary hypertension. Circulation 84: 1145-1149.
89. Moss R, Chen C, Harrison M. 2001. Prosthetic patch durability in congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a long-term follow-up study. J Pediatr Surg 36: 152-154.
90. Motti A, Tissot C, Rimensberger PC, et al. 2006. Intravenous adenosine for refractory pulmonary hypertension in a low-weight premature newborn: a potential new drug for rescue therapy. Pediatr Crit Care Med 7: 380-382.
91. Muratore C, Kharasch V, Lund D, et al. 2001. Pulmonary morbidity in 100 survivors of congenital diaphragmatic hernia monitored in a multidisciplinary clinic. J Pediatr Surg 36: 133-140.
92. Naik S, Greenough A, Zhang Y, Davenport M. 1996. Prediction of morbidity during infancy after repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 31: 1651-1654.
93. Neonatal Inhaled Nitric Oxide Study Group. 1997. Inhaled nitric oxide and hypoxic respiratory failure in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Pediatrics 99: 838-845.
94. Newman KD, Anderson KD, van Meurs K, Parsons S, Loe W, Short B. 1990. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and congenital diaphragmatic hernia: should any infant be excluded? J Pediatr Surg 25: 1048-1052.
95. Ng C, Franklin O, Vaidya M, Pierce C, Petros A. 2004. Adenosine infusion for the management of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Pediatr Crit Care Med 5: 10-13.
96. Nobuhara K, Wilson J. 1996. Pathophysiology of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Semin Pediatr Surg 5: 234-242.
97. Noori S, Friedlich P, Wong P, Garingo A, Seri I. 2007. Cardiovascular effects of sildenafil in neonates and infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia and pulmonary hypertension. Neonatology 91: 92-100.
98. Ontario Congenital Anomalies Study Group. 2004. Apparent truth about congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a population-based database is needed to establish benchmarking for clinical outcomes for CDH. J Pediatr Surg 39: 661-665.
99. Paidas CN, Dudgeon DL, Haller JA Jr, Clemens MG. 1988. Adenosine triphosphate: a potential therapy for hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. J Pediatr Surg 23: 1154-1160.
100. Patole S, Lee J, Whitehall J. 1998. Adenosine infusion in the management of a micropremi neonate with pulmonary hypertension. Indian Pediatr 35: 1221-1224.
101. Peetsold MG, Vonk-Noordegraaf A, Heij HH, Gemke RJBJ. 2007. Pulmonary function and exercise testing in adult survivors of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Pediatr Pulmonol 42: 325-331.
102. Reyes C, Chang LK, Waffarn F, Mir H, Warden MJ, Sills J. 1998. Delayed repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia with early high-frequency oscillatory ventilation during preoperative stabilization. J Pediatr Surg 33: 1010-1016.
103. Rosenkrantz J, Cotton E. 1964. Replacement of left hemidiaphragm by a pedicled abdominal muscular flap. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 48: 912-920.
104. Rosenzweig EB, Widlitz AC, Barst RJ. 2004. Pulmonary arterial hypertension in children. Pediatr Pulmonol 38: 2-22.
105. Sakai H, Tamura M, Hosokawa Y, Bryan AC, Barker GA, Bohn DJ. 1987. Effect of surgical repair on respiratory mechanics in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr 111: 432-438.
106. Samarakkody U, Klaassen M, Nye B. 2001. Reconstruction of congenital agenesis of hemidiaphragm by combined reverse latissimus dorsi and serratus anterior muscle flaps. J Pediatr Surg 36: 1637-1640.
107. Schaarschmidt K, Strauss J, Kolberg-Schwerdt A, Lempe M, Schlesinger F, Jaeschke U. 2005. Thoracoscopic repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia by inflation-assisted bowel reduction, in a resuscitated neonate: a better access? Pediatr Surg Int 21: 806-808.
108. Sciafe ER, Johnson DG, Meyers RL, Johnson SM, Matlak ME. 2003. The split abdominal wall muscle flap- a simple, mesh-free approach to repair large diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 38: 1748-1751.
109. Shah N, Jacob T, Exler R, et al. 1994. Inhaled nitric oxide in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 29: 1010-1014.
110. Shehata SMK, Tibboel D, Sharma HS, Mooi WJ. 1999. Impaired structural remodeling of pulmonary arteries in newborns with congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a histological study of 29 cases. J Pathol 189: 112-118.
111. Simpson J, Gossage J. 1971. Use of abdominal wall muscle flap in repair of large congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 6: 42-44.
112. Skari H, Bjornland K, Frenckner B, et al. 2002. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia in Scandinavia from 1995-1998: predictors of mortality. J Pediatr Surg 37: 1269-1275.
113. Smith M, Paran T, Quinn F, Corbally M. 2004. The SIS extracellular matrix scaffold-preliminary results of use in congenital diaphragmatic hernia CDH repair. Pediatr Surg Int 20: 859-862.
114. Sreenan C, Etches PC, Osiovich H. 2001. The western Canadian experience with congenital diaphragmatic hernia: perinatal factors predictive of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and death. Pediatr Surg Int 17: 196-200.
115. Stege G, Fenton A, Jaffray B. 2003. Nihilism in the 1990s: the true mortality of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Pediatrics 112: 532-535.
116. Stolar CJH, Crisafi MA, Driscoll YT. 1995. Neurocognitive outcome for neonates treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: are infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia different? J Pediatr Surg 30: 366-372.
117. St. Peter SD, Valusek PA, Tsao K, Holcomb GWI, Ostlie DJ, Snyder CL. 2007. Abdominal complications related to type of repair for congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Surg Res 140: 234-236.
118. Su W, Berry M, Puligandla PS, Aspirot A, Flageole H, Laberge JM. 2007. Predictors of gastroesophageal reflux in neonates with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 42: 1639-1643.
119. Suda K, Bigras JL, Bohn D, Hornberger LK, Mccrindle BW. 2000. Echocardiographic predictors of outcome in newborns with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Pediatrics 105: 1106-1109.
120. Taskin M, Zengin K, Unal E, Eren D, Korman U. 2002. Laparoscopic repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernias. Surg Endosc 16: 869.
121. Thébaud B, Saizou C, Farnoux C, Hartman JF, Mercier JC. 1999. Dypirdamole, a cGMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor, transiently improves the response to inhaled nitric oxide in two newborns with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Intensive Care Med 25: 300-303.
122. Thibeault DW, Haney B. 1998. Lung volume, pulmonary vasculature, and factors affecting survival in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Pediatrics 101: 289-295.
123. Trachsel D, Selvadurai H, Bohn D, Langer JC, Coates AL. 2005. Long-term pulmonary morbidity in survivors of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Pediatr Pulmonol 39(5): 433-439.
124. Tiruvoipati R, Vinogradova Y, Faulkner G, Sosnowski AW, Firmin RK, Peek GJ. 2007. Predictors of outcome in patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Pediatr Surg 42: 1345-1350.
125. UK Collaborative ECMO Group. 1998. The collaborative UK ECMO trial: follow-up to 1 year of age. Pediatrics 101: E1.
126. van Meurs KP, Newman KD, Anderson KD, Short BL. 1990. Effect of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation on survival of infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr 117(6): 954-960.
127. van Meurs KP, Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Study Group. 2004. Is surfactant therapy beneficial in the treatment of the term newborn infant with congenital diaphragmatic hernia? J Pediatr 145: 312-316.
128. van Meurs KP, Rhine WD, Benitz WE, et al. 1994. Lobar lung transplantation as a treatment for congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 29: 1557-1560.
129. Vanamo K, Rintala R, Sovijarvi A, et al. 1996. Long-term pulmonary sequelae in survivors of congenital diaphragmatic defects. J Pediatr Surg 31: 1096-1099.
130. Vazquez WZ, Cheu HW. 1994. Hemorrhagic complications and repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernias: does timing of the repair make a difference? Data from the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization. J Pediatr Surg 29: 1002-1005.
131. West K, Bengston K, Rescorla F, Engle W, Grosfeld J. 1992. Delayed surgical repair and ECMO improves survival in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Ann Surg 216: 454-460.
132. Widlitz A, Barst RJ. 2003. Pulmonary arterial hypertension in children. Eur Respir J 21: 155-176.
133. Wilson JM, Bower LK, Lund DP. 1994. Evolution of the technique of congenital diaphragmatic hernia repair on ECMO. J Pediatr Surg 29: 1109-1112.
134. Wilson JM, Lund DP, Lillehei CW, Vacanti JP. 1997. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia - A tale of two cities: the Boston experience. J Pediatr Surg 32: 401-405.
135. Wilson JM, Bower LK, Fackler JC, Beals DA, Bergus BO, Kevy SV. 1993. Aminocaproic acid decreases the incidence of intracranial hemorrhage and other hemorrhagic complications of ECMO. J Pediatr Surg 28: 536-540.
136. Wung J, Sahni R, Moffitt S, Lipsitz E, Stolar C. 1995. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: survival treated with very delayed surgery, spontaneous respiration, and no chest tube. J Pediatr Surg 30: 406-409.
137. Yang EY, Allmendinger N, Johnson SM, Chen C, Wilson JM, Fishman SJ. 2005. Neonatal thoracoscopic repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia: selection criteria for successful outcome. J Pediatr Surg 40: 1369-1375.
138. Yang E. 2007. Proposal for trial of early CDH repair on ECMO versus delayed repair. In Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Study Group Conference. Houston, TX.
139. Ziegler JW, Ivy DD, Wiggins JW, Kinsella JP, Clarke WR, Abman SH. 1998. Effects of dipyridamole and inhaled nitric oxide in pediatric patients with pulmonary hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 158: 1388-1395.