Iceland: A Peaceful Secession

Scandinavian Journal of History

Volumn 25, Issue 1-2, 2000, Pages 87-100

  Halfdanarson, Gumundur ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND   (Iceland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 48649088369     PISSN: 03468755     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/03468750050115609     Document Type: Review

References (67)

1. J. Dunn, Western Political Theory in the Face of the Future 2nd ed. (Cambridge. 1993). p. 57
2. O. Oddsson, "Nordurreid Skagfirdinga", Saga, vol. 11 (1973), pp. 5-73
3. P. Sveinbjörnsson Æisaga Pórdar Sveinbjamarsonar háyfirdómara í Landsyfirréttinwn samin af honum sjálfwn. Sögurit XVI (Reykjavík. 1916), p. 95
4. Ø. Rian, "Krigenes Norden 1523-1814"", in H. S. Nissen, ed., Nordens historie, 1397-1997, 10 essays (Copenhagen, 1997), p. 39
5. Iceland, which from the 1260s had been part of the Norwegian monarchy, came under the Danish king with the unification of the Norwegian and Danish crowns in 1380. See, for example, E. Albrechtsen, Danmark-Norge 1380-1814, vol. 1. Fallesskabet bliver til 1380-1536 (Oslo, 1997)
6. See V. Skovgaard-Petersen, Danmarks historie, vol. 5, Tiden 1814-1864 (Copenhagen, 1985), pp. 20-25
7. on the structure and political processes in the Nordic states during the 18th century, see H. Gustafsson, Political Integration in the Old Regime. Central Power and Local Society in the Eighteenth-Century Nordic States (Lund, 1993)
8. P. Jóhannesson, Saga Íslendinga, vol. 7, Táimabilid 1770-1830, upplýsingaröld (Reykjavík, 1950), pp. 101 - 126
9. see also Agnarsdóttir, "Great Britain and Iceland 1800-1820"". Dissertation (London School of Economics and Political Science, 1989)
10. S. Dyrvik and O. Feldbæk, Ashenhougs Norges historie, vol. 7. Mellom brødre 1780-1830 (Oslo, 1996), pp. 118-155
11. On the monopoly trade in Iceland, see G. Gunnarsson, Monopoly Trade and Economic Stagnation: Studies in the Foreign Trade of Iceland, 1602-1787 (Lund, 1983)
12. G. Hálfdanarson, "Mannfall í Mó duhardindum", in G. Á. Gunnlaugsson et al, eds. Skaftáreldar 1783-1784. Ritgerdir og heimildir (Reykjavík, 1984), pp. 139-162
13. J. Steingrímsson, "Eldritid", Æfisagan og önnur rit (Reykjavík, 1973 [1788]), pp. 343-346
14. See Hannes Finnsson, Mannfekun af hallœrum (Reykjavík, 1970 [1796]}, pp. 4, 158, where the erudite Bishop of Skálholt diocese protests vigorously all such claims
15. Cf. B. Thorarensen's poem, "Baldvin Einarsson", in Kvœdi (Reykjavík, 1954 [1833]), p. 107
16. T. Sæmundsson, Ferdabók Tómasar Sœmundssonar, edited by J. Benediktsson (ReykjavíAk, 1947), pp. 121-135
17. Ragnheidur Kristjánsdóttir, "Rzetur íslenskrar fljódernisstefnu", Saga, vol. 34 (1996), pp. 131 - 175
18. "Fjölnir", Fjölnir, vol. 1 (1835), pp. 1-4
19. see A. Jónsson, Crymogaea sive rerum Islandkanmi libri III. (Hamburgh, 1609)
20. E. Ólafsson, Nockrar Huglidingar, frammsettar í ljódum sem nefnast Bwnadar-baalkur (Hrappsey, 1783), pp. 4-6, 17-18
21. See for example, E. Ólafsson, "Einvalds vísur", Kvœdi Eggerts Ólafssonar (Copenhagen, 1832), pp. 72-74 (composed in 1760 to commemorate the centennial of absolutism in Denmark)
22. J. Sigurdsson, "Urn Alpíng á Íslandi", Ný félagsrit. vol. 1 (1841), p. 90
23. Aktstykker vedrørende Forhandlingerne i Reykjavik 1.-18. Juti 1918 mellem del Dansk-istcmdske Forhandlingsudvalg og det of Althinget den 21. Juni 1918 mdsatte Udvcdg (Copenhagen, 1918), pp. 23-24
24. see also G. Hálfdanarson, "Fullveldi fagnad", Ný saga, vol. 10 (1998), pp. 57-65
25. J. Hutchinson, Modern Nationalism (London, 19941, p. 3
26. Ernest Lavisse, Histoire de France contemporaine depuis la Révolution jusqw' à la paix de 1919, vol. 9 (Paris. 1922), p. 511
27. and E. Renan, "Qu'est-ce qu'une nation? Conférence faite en Sorbonne, le 11 mars 1882", Ouires complètes Ed. Henriette Psichari, vol. 1 (Paris, 1947), p. 904
28. J. J. Adils, Dagrenning (Reykjavík, 1910), p. 10
29. J. G. Fichte, "Reden an die deutsche Nation". in Johann Gottlieb Fichte's sämtliche Werke, vol. 7 (Berlin, 1846 [1808]), pp. 320-327, 377-378 and passim
30. H. v. Treitschke, "Was fordern wir von Frankreich?", in Zehn Jahre deutscher Kämpfe, 1865-1874. Schriften zur Tagespolitik (Berlin, 1874), p. 291
31. Gudmundur Jónsson and Magnús S, Magnússon, eds., Hagskinna. Icelandic Historical. Statistics (Reykjavík, 1997), pp. 58 and 86
32. Cf. J. Sigurdsson, "Vegur Íslendínga til sjálfsforrædis", Ný félagsrit, vol. 24 (1864), pp. 21-24
33. and Tölfrœdihandbók 1984. Hagskýrslur Iślands vol. II, 82. (Reykjavík, 1984), p. 29
34. Ó. Oddsson, "Nordurreid Skagfirdinga", p. 46
35. A term used by the minister of Reykjavík's cathedral church, urging the government in Copenhagen to punish his opponents, see B. Pétursson, Bréf. Ed. Adalgeir Kristjánsson (Copenhagen, 1966), p. 223
36. The letter, written on March 5, 1850, is printed in A. Kristjánsson, "Kringum Pjódfundinn 1851". Andvari vol. 83: (1958), pp. 77-80
37. See also A. Kristjánsson, Endurreisn alpingis og Pjódfundurinn (Reykjavík, 1993), pp. 267-281
38. J. Sigurdsson, "Til Íslendínga", Ný félagsrit, vol. 10 (1850), pp. 159-160
39. In the last sentence Sigurdsson borrows a proverb from an Icelandic saga, Njáls Sago, in order to emphasize his point; cf. Brermu-Njáls saga, edited by E. Ó. Sveinsson, Ísknzk fornrit, vol. 12 (Reykjavík, 1954), p. 171 (ch. 70)
40. Cf P. E. Ólason, Jón Sigurdsson, vol. 1, Vidbunadur (Reykjavík, 1929), pp. 466-467
41. J. Sigurdsson, Minningarrit aldarafmœlis Jóns Sigurdssonar (Reykjavík, 1911), pp. 152-153. The letter was written on 22 April 1850
42. G. P. Gíslason, The Problem of being an Icelander, Past, Present and Future. Transl. By P. Kidson Karlsson (Reykjavík, 1973), p. 89
43. E. Arnórsson, Alpingi og frelsisbaráttan 1845-1874 (Reykjavík, 1949), pp. 71-181
44. and P. E. ólason, Jón Sigurdsson, vol. IV, Samningavidleitni (1859-69) (Reykjavík, 1932), pp. 207-319
45. J. Sigurdsson, "Urn fjárhagsmálid", Ný félagsrit, vol. 22 (1862). pp. 58
46. Tídindi frá Alpingi Íslendinga part II (1865), pp. 11-25
47. " G. Hálfdanarson, "Pjóhetjan Jón Sigurdsson", Andvari new series, no. 39, vol. 122 (1997), pp. 55-56
48. G Hálfdanarson, "Old Provinces, Modem Nations: Political Responses to State Integration in Late Nineteenth- and Early-Twentieth-Century Iceland and Brittany". Dissertation (Cornell University, 1991)
49. G, Hálfdanarson, "Kemur sýslumanni [pad] nokkud vid...?! Um Próun ríkisvalds á Íslandi á 19. öld", Saga, vol. 31 (1993), pp. 7-31
50. cf G. Karlsson, "The Emergence of Nationalism in Iceland", in S. Tägil, ed., Ethnicity and Nation Building in the Nordic World (London, 1995), pp. 42-45
51. F. Lundgreen-Nielsen, "Grundtvig og danskheden", in O. Feldbæk, ed., Dansk identitetshistorie, vol. 3 (Copenllagen, 1992), pp. 9-187
52. U. Østergaard, "Danish Peasants and National Identity", Comparative Studies in Society and History, vol. 34 (1992), p. 9
53. See also A. Haarder, "Grundvig and the Old Norse Cultural Heritage", in C. Thodberg & A. P. Thyssen, eds. N. F. S. Grundtvig. Tradition and Renewal. Grundtvigs Vision of Man and People, Education and the Church in Relation to World Issues Today (Copenhagen, 1983} pp. 72-86. Grundtvig was not alone in this attitude
54. see G. Karlsson, "The Emergence of Nationalism in Iceland", pp. 42-45
55. N. F. S. Grundtvig, "Normanner og Islændere", in H. Begtrup, ed. Nik. Fred. Sev. Grundtvigs Udvalgte Skrifter, vol. VII (Copenhagen, 1908), p. 145
56. See also Lundgreen-Nielsen, "Grundtvig og danskheden", p. 28
57. Of these, the Royal Norse Antiquarian Society was the most important, see A. Kristjánsson, Nú heilsar pér á Hafnarslód. Ævir og örlög í höfudborg Íslands 1800-1850 (Reykjavík, 1999), pp. 135-166
58. "Kongelig Resolution ang. Oprettelsen af Althinget særegen Landsrepræsentation for Island", 20 May 1840, Lovsamling for Island, vol. 11 (Copenhagen, 1863), pp. 614-628
59. "Reskript til det Danske Cancellie, ang. Fordringer til Ansögere om islandske Embeder om Kjendskab til Landets Sprog", 8 April 1844, Lovsamling for Island, vol. 13 (Copenhagen, 1866), p. 46
60. and "Kongelig Resolution angaaende Pröve i Islandsk for vordende danskfödte Embedsmænd", 27 May 1857, Lovsamling for Island, vol. 17 (Copenhagen, 1877), pp. 121 - 124
61. Thus C. E. Bardeniledt, the Governor of Iceland and later Minister of Justice in the Danish government, elected to speak Icelandic in his speeches in Alpingi in 1849 although he, as the royal representative in parliament, was the only person allowed to speak Danish in the assembly. This evoked a very positive, response from the Icelandic member's of the parliament. "Forordning ang. Indretningen af Althinget i Island", 8 March 1843, Lovsamling for Island, vol. 12 (Copenhagen, 1864), pp. 469-525
62. and Tídindi frá Alpingi Íslendinga (1847), pp. 464, 493, 845-846 and passim
63. 52N. F. Christiansen, Klassesamfundet organiseres 1900-1925. Politikens og Gyldetidals Danmarks historie, vol. 12 (Copenhagen, 1990), pp. 275-285
64. "Fullveldisdagurinn", Morgunbladid, 3 Dec. 1918
65. and G. Hálfdanarson, "Fullveldi fagnacd", pp. 60-62
66. Cf. S.-E. Liedman, "Nationalismen 1871-1914", in I. Sigurdsson, ed., Internasjonale idéstømninger og nordisk kultur 1850-1914. Seks bidrag (Oslo, 1997), pp. 3-16
67. and R. Brubaker, "Myths and Misconceptions in the Study of Nationalism," in J. A. Hall, ed., The State of the Nation. Ernest Gellner and the Theory of Nationalism (Cambridge, 1998), pp. 272-306