Birth Order, Child Labor, and School Attendance in Brazil

World Development

Volumn 36, Issue 9, 2008, Pages 1647-1664

  Emerson, Patrick M ^a   Souza, André Portela ^b  

^a OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b FUNDAÇÃO GETÚLIO VARGAS   (Brazil)

Author keywords

birth order; child labor; intra household allocations; school attendance

Indexed keywords

BIRTH RATE; CHILD LABOR; EDUCATION; EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS; WAGE;

BRAZIL; SOUTH AMERICA;

EID: 48449100662     PISSN: 0305750X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2007.09.004     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. Armor D.J. On family size and intelligence. American Psychologist 56 6/7 (2001) 521-522
2. Baland J.-M., and Robinson J.A. Is child labor inefficient?. Journal of Political Economy 108 4 (2000) 663-679
3. Banerjee, A. V. (2001). Contracting constraints, credit markets and economic development. MIT Economics Department Working Paper No. 2-17.
4. Basu K. Child labor: Cause, consequence, and cure. Journal of Economic Literature 37 3 (1999) 1083-1119
5. Basu K. Gender and say: A model of household behavior with endogenously-determined balance of power. The Economic Journal 116 511 (2006) 558-580
6. Basu K., and Van P.H. The economics of child labor. American Economic Review 88 3 (1998) 412-427
7. Becker G. Treatise on the family (1982), Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA
8. Becker G.S., and Lewis H.G. On the interaction between the quantity and quality of children. Journal of Political Economy 81 2 (1973) S279-S288
9. Becker G.S., and Tomes N. Child endowments and the quantity and quality of children. Journal of Political Economy 84 4 (1976) S143-S162
10. Behrman J.R. Nutrition, health, birth order and seasonality: Intrahousehold allocation among children in rural India. Journal of Development Economics 28 1 (1988) 43-62
11. Behrman J.R., Pollack R.A., and Taubman P. From parent to child: Intrahousehold allocations and intergenerational relations in the United States (1995), University of Chicago Press, Chicago
12. Behrman J.R., Rosenzweig M.R., and Taubman P. Endowments and the allocation of schooling in the family and the marriage market: The twins experiment. Journal of Political Economy 102 6 (1994) 1131-1174
13. Behrman J.R., and Taubman P. Birth order, schooling, and earnings. Journal of Labor Economics 4 3 (1986) S121-S145
14. Birdsall N. Birth order effects and time allocation. In: Schultz T.P. (Ed). Research in Population Economics Vol. 7 (1991), JAI Press, Greenwich, CT 191-213
15. de Janvry A., Finan F., Sadoulet E., and Vakis R. Can conditional cash transfers serve as safety nets in keeping children at school and from working when exposed to shocks?. Journal of Development Economics 79 2 (2006) 349-373
16. Downey D.B. Number of siblings and intellectual development: The resource dilution explanation. American Psychologist 56 6/7 (2001) 497-504
17. Edmonds E.V. Understanding sibling differences in child labor. Journal of Population Economics 19 4 (2005) 795-821
18. Emerson, P. M., & Knabb, S. D. (2005). Self-fulfilling expectations, child labor and economic development, mimeo.
19. Emerson, P. M., & Souza, A. P. (2007a). Is child labor harmful? The impact of working earlier in life on adult outcomes, mimeo.
20. Emerson P.M., and Souza A.P. Child labor, school attendance and intra-household gender bias in Brazil. World Bank Economic Review 21 2 (2007) 301-316
21. Emerson P.M., and Knabb S.D. Opportunity, inequality and the intergenerational transmission of child labor. Economica 73 291 (2006) 413-434
22. Emerson P.M., and Knabb S.D. Fiscal policy, expectation traps and child labor. Economic Inquiry 45 3 (2007) 453-469
23. Emerson P., and Souza A.P. Is there a child labor trap? Inter-generational persistence of child labor in Brazil. Economic Development and Cultural Change 51 2 (2003) 375-398
24. Foster, A. D., & Roy, N. (1997). The dynamics of education and fertility: Evidence from a family planning experiment, mimeo. University of Pennsylvania.
25. Freije, S., & Lopez-Calva, L. F. (2001). Child labor, school attendance, and poverty in Mexico and Venezuela, mimeo.
26. In: Grotaert C., and Patrinos H.A. (Eds). Policy analysis of child labor: A comparative study (1999), St. Martin's Press, New York
27. Hanushek E.A. The trade-off between child quantity and quality. Journal of Political Economy 100 1 (1992) 84-117
28. Horowitz, A., & Souza, A. P. (2004). The dispersion of intra-household human capital across children: A measurement strategy and evidence. Vanderbilt University Department of Economics Working Paper.
29. Horowitz A., and Wang J. Favorite son? Specialized child laborers and students in poor LIC households. Journal of Development Economics 73 2 (2004) 631-642
30. Horton S. Birth order and child nutritional status: Evidence from the Philippines. Economic Development and Cultural Change 36 2 (1988) 341-354
31. Kessler D. Birth order, family size, and achievement: Family structure and wage determination. Journal of Labor Economics 9 4 (1991) 413-426
32. Kristensen P., and Bjerkedal T. Examining the relation between birth order and intelligence. Science 316 5832 (2007) 1717
33. Lopez-Calva L.F. A social stigma model of child labor. Estudios Económicos 17 2 (2002) 193-217
34. Price, J. (forthcoming). Parent-child quality time: Does birth order matter? Journal of Human Resources.
35. Rodgers J.L. What causes birth order-intelligence patterns?: The admixture hypothesis, revived. American Psychologist 56 6/7 (2001) 505-510
36. Rodgers J.L., Cleveland H.H., van den Oord E., and Rowe D.C. Resolving the debate over birth order, family size, and intelligence. American Psychologist 55 6 (2000) 599-612
37. Rose E. Gender bias, credit constraints and time allocation in rural India. The Economic Journal 110 465 (2000) 738-758
38. Rosenzweig M.R., and Schultz T.P. Market opportunities, genetic endowments, and intrafamily resource distribution: Child survival in rural India. American Economic Review 72 4 (1982) 803-815
39. Rosenzweig M.R., and Schultz T.P. Fertility and investments in human capital: Estimates of the consequence of imperfect fertility control in Malaysia. Journal of Econometrics 36 1-2 (1987) 163-184
40. Rosenzweig M.R., and Wolpin K.I. Credit market constraints, consumption smoothing, and the accumulation of durable production assets in low-income countries: Investments in bullocks in India. Journal of Political Economy 101 2 (1993) 223-244
41. Swain R.B. Credit rationing in rural India. Journal of Economic Development 27 2 (2002) 1-20
42. Zajonc R.B. Family configuration and intelligence. Science 192 April 16 (1976) 227-236
43. Zajonc R.B. The family dynamics of intellectual development. American Psychologist 56 6/7 (2001) 490-496
44. Zajonc R.B., and Markus G.B. Birth order and intellectual development. Psychological Review 82 January (1975) 74-88
45. Zajonc R.B., and Mullally P.R. Birth order: Reconciling conflicting effects. American Psychologist 2 7 (1997) 685-699