Analyzing liquefaction-induced lateral spreads using strength ratios

Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering

Volumn 134, Issue 8, 2008, Pages 1035-1049

  Olson, Scott M ^a   Johnson, Cora I ^a  

^a University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign   (United States)

Author keywords

Earthquakes; In situ tests; Lateral displacement; Liquefaction; Penetration resistance; Shear strength

Indexed keywords

EARTHQUAKES; IN SITU TESTS; LATERAL DISPLACEMENT; PENETRATION RESISTANCE; SHEAR STRENGTH; STRENGTH RATIOS;

LIQUEFACTION;

BACK ANALYSIS; CONE PENETRATION TEST; DISPLACEMENT; EARTHQUAKE; IN SITU TEST; INVERSE ANALYSIS; LIQUEFACTION; LOADING TEST; SHEAR STRENGTH; STRESS RESISTANCE;

EID: 48449096309     PISSN: 10900241     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2008)134:8(1035)     Document Type: Article

References (99)

1. Andrus, R. D., and Youd, T. L. (1987). "Subsurface investigation of a liquefaction-induced lateral spread Thousand Springs Valley, Idaho." Miscellaneous Paper No. GL-87-8, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Miss.
2. Arumoli, K., Muraleetharan, K. K., Hossain, M. M., and Fruth, L. S. (1992). "VELACS-laboratory testing program-soil data report." Project No. 90-0562, The Earth Technology Corporation.
3. Balakrishnan, A., Kutter, B. L., and Idriss, I. M. (1998). "Remediation and apparent shear strength of lateral spreading centrifuge models." Proc., 5th CALTRANS Seismic Research Workshop, Sacramento, Calif.
4. Bartlett, S. F., and Youd, T. L. (1992). "Empirical analysis of horizontal ground displacement generated by liquefaction-induced lateral spreads." Technical Rep. No. NCEER-92-0021, National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, State Univ. of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, N.Y.
5. Baziar, M. H., Dobry, R., and Elgamal, A.-W. M. (1992). "Engineering evaluation of permanent ground deformations due to seismically-induced liquefaction." Technical Rep. No. NCEER-92-0007, National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, State Univ. of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, N.Y.
6. Baziar, M. H., and Ghorbani, A. (2005). "Evaluation of lateral spreading using artificial neural networks." Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. SDEEEJ0267-7261, 25, 1-9.
7. Bennett, M. J. (1989). "Liquefaction analysis of the 1971 ground failure at the San Fernando Valley Juvenile Hall, California." Bull. Assoc. Eng. Geol., 26(2), 209-226.
8. Bennett, M. J. (1990). "Effects of the Loma Prieta earthquake on the Marina District San Francisco, California." USGS Open-File Rep. No. 90-253, Washington, D.C.
9. Bennett, M. J., McLaughlin, P. V., Sarmiento, J. S., and Youd, T. L. (1984). "Geotechnical investigation of liquefaction sites, Imperial Valley, California." USGS Open-File Rep. No. 84-252, Washington, D.C.
10. Bennett, M. J., Ponti, D. J., Tinsley, J. C., Holzer, T. L., and Conaway, C. H. (1998). "Subsurface geotechnical investigations near sites of ground deformation caused by the January 17, 1994, Northridge, California, earthquake." USGS Open-File Rep. No. 98-373, Washington, D.C.
11. Bennett, M. J., and Tinsley, J. C. (1995). "Geotechnical data from surface and subsurface samples outside of and within liquefaction-related ground failures caused by the October 17, 1989, Loma Prieta earthquake, Santa Cruz and Monterey counties, California." USGS Open-File Rep. No. 95-663, Washington, D.C.
12. Bennett, M. J., Youd, T. L., Harp, E. L., and Wieczorek, G. F. (1981). "Subsurface investigation of liquefaction, Imperial Valley earthquake, California, October 15, 1979." USGS Open-File Rep. No. 81-502, Washington, D.C.
13. Boulanger, R. W., Mejia, L. H., and Idriss, I. M. (1997). "Liquefaction at Moss Landing during Loma Prieta earthquake." J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. JGGEFK1090-024110.1061/ (ASCE)1090-0241(1997)123:5(453), 123(5), 453-467.
14. Boulanger, R. W., Meyers, M. W., Mejia, L. H., and Idriss, I. M. (1998). "Behavior of a fine-grained soil during the Loma Prieta earthquake." Can. Geotech. J. CGJOAH0008-367410.1139/cgj-35-1-146, 35, 146-158.
15. Bray, J. D., (2002). "Documenting incidents of ground failure resulting from the August 17, 1999 Kocaeli, Turkey Earthquake, May 2003, data report characterizing subsurface conditions." Geoengineering Research Rep. No. UCB/GE-03/02, Univ. of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, Calif.
16. Byrne, P. M. (1991). "A model for predicting liquefaction induced displacement." Proc., 2nd Int. Conf. on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics, St. Louis, Mo., Paper No. 7.14.
17. Castro, G. (1995). "Empirical methods in liquefaction evaluation." Proc., 1st Annual Leonardo Zeevaert Int. Conf., Vol. 1, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico, 1-41.
18. Cetin, K. O., Seed, R. B., Der Kiureghian, A., Tokimatsu, K., Harder, L. F., Jr., Kayen, R. E., and Moss, R. E. S. (2004a). "Standard penetration test-based probabilistic and deterministic assessment of seismic soil liquefaction potential." J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. JGGEFK1090-024110.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2004)130:12(1314), 130(12), 1314-1340.
19. Cetin, K. O., Youd, T. L., Seed, R. B., Bray, J. D., Sancio, R., Lettis, W., Yilmaz, M. T., and Durgunoglu, H. T. (2002). "Liquefaction-induced ground deformations at Hotel Sapanca during Kocaeli (Izmit), Turkey earthquake." Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. SDEEEJ0267-726110.1016/S0267-7261(02)00134-3, 22, 1083-1092.
20. Cetin, K. O., Youd, T. L., Seed, R. B., Bray, J. D., Stewart, J. P., Durgunoglu, H. T., Lettis, W., and Yilmaz, M. T. (2004b). "Liquefaction-induced lateral spreading at Izmit Bay during the Kocaeli (Izmit)-Turkey earthquake." J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. JGGEFK1090-024110.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2004)130:12(1300), 130(12), 1300-1313.
21. Charlie, W. A., Doehring, D. O., Brislawn, J. P., and Hassen, H. (1998). "Direct measurement of liquefaction potential in soils of Monterey County, California." The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989-Liquefaction, T. L. Holzer, ed., USGS, Washington, D.C., Professional Paper No. 1551-B, B181-B221.
22. Chiru-Danzer, M., Juang, C. H., Christopher, R. A., and Suber, J. (2001). "Estimation of liquefaction-induced horizontal displacements using artificial neural networks." Can. Geotech. J. CGJOAH0008-3674, 38, 200-207.
23. Christensen, S. A. (1995). "Liquefaction of cohesionless soils in the March 2, 1987 Edgecumbe earthquake, Bay of Plenty, New Zealand, and other earthquakes." MS thesis, Univ. of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
24. Chu, D. B., Stewart, J. P., Youd, T. L., and Chu, B. L. (2006). "Liquefaction-induced lateral spreading in near-fault regions during the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan earthquake." J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. JGGEFK1090-024110.1061/ (ASCE)1090-0241(2006)132:12(1549), 132(12), 1549-1565.
25. Davis, A. P., Jr., Poulos, S. J., and Castro, G. (1988). "Strengths backfigured from liquefaction case histories." Proc., 2nd Int. Conf. on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering, Rolla, Mo., 1693-1701.
26. Dobry, R., and Abdoun, T. (1998). "Post-triggering response of liquefied sand in the free field and near foundations." Proc., Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics III, ASCE Geotechnical Specialty Publication No. 75, Vol. 1, ASCE, Reston, Va., 270-300.
27. Dobry, R., and Baziar, M. H. (1992). "Modeling of lateral spreads in silty sands by sliding soil blocks." Stability and performance of slopes and embankments-II, Geotechnical Specialty Publication No. 31, Vol. 1, ASCE, Reston, Va., 25-652.
28. Elgamal, A. W., Dobry, R., Parra, E., and Yang, Z. (1998). "Soil dilation and shear deformation during liquefaction." Proc., 4th Int. Conf. on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering, S. Prakash, ed., Rolla, Mo.
29. Elgamal, A. W., Zeghal, M., and Parra, E. (1995). "Identification and modeling of earthquake ground response." Proc., 1st Int. Conf. on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 3, Tokyo, Japan, 1369-1406.
30. Fear, C. E. (1996). "In-situ testing for liquefaction evaluation of sandy soils." Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta., Canada.
31. Hamada, M., and O'Rourke, T. D., eds. (1992). "Large ground deformations and their effects on lifelines: 1979 San Fernando earthquake. Case studies of liquefaction and lifeline performance during past earthquakes." Tech. Rep. No. NCEER-92-0001, Vol. 1, National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, State Univ. of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, N.Y.,.
32. Harder, L. F. (1988). "Use of penetration tests to determine the cyclic loading resistance of gravelly soils during earthquake shaking." Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, Calif.
33. Holzer, T. L., Bennett, M. J., Ponti, D. J., and Tinsley, J. C. (1998). "Liquefaction and soil failure during 1994 Northridge earthquake." J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. JGGEFK1090-024110.1061/ (ASCE)1090-0241(1999)125:6(438), 125(6), 438-452.
34. Holzer, T. L., Bennett, M. J., Tinsley, J. C., Ponti, D. J., and Sharp, R. V. (1996). "Causes of ground failure in alluvium during the Northridge, California, earthquake of January 17, 1994." Proc., 6th U.S.-Japan Workshop on Earthquake Resistant Design of Lifeline Facilities and Countermeasures Against Soil Liquefaction, Tech. Rep. No. NCEER 96-0012, National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, State Univ. of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, N.Y., 345-360.
35. Holzer, T. L., Noce, T. E., Bennett, M. J., Di Alessandro, C., Boatwright, J., Tinsley, J. C., Sell, R. W., and Rosenberg, L. I. (2004). "Liquefaction-induced lateral spreading in Oceano, California during the 2003 San Simeon earthquake." USGS Open-File Rep. No. 2004-1269, Washington, D.C.
36. Holzer, T. L., Tinsley, J. C., Bennett, M. J., and Mueller, C. S. (1994). "Observed and predicted ground deformation-Miller Farm lateral spread, Watsonville, California." Proc., 5th U.S.-Japan Workshop on Earthquake Resistant Design of Lifeline Facilities and Countermeasures against Soil Liquefaction, Technical Rep. NCEER 94-0026, National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, State Univ. of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, N.Y.
37. Holzer, T. L., Youd, T. L., and Hanks, T. C. (1989). "Dynamics of liquefaction during the 1987 Superstition Hills, California earthquake." Science SCIEAS0036-8075, 244, 56-59.
38. Houston, S. L., Houston, W. N., and Padilla, J. M. (1987). "Microcomputer-aided evaluation of earthquake-induced permanent slope deformations." Microcomput. Civ. Eng. MCENR70885-9507, 2(3), 207-222.
39. Hryciw, R. D., Shewbridge, S. E., Kropp, A., and Homolka, M. (1998). "Postearthquake investigations at liquefaction sites in Santa Cruz and on Treasure Island." The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989 - Liquefaction, T. L. Holzer, ed., USGS, Washington, D.C., Professional Paper No. 1551-B, B165-B180.
40. Ishihara, K. (1993). "Liquefaction and flow failure during earthquakes." Geotechnique GTNQA80016-8505, 43(3), 351-415.
41. Ishihara, K., Acacio, A. A., and Towhata, I. (1993). "Liquefaction-induced ground damage in Dagupan in the July 16, 1990 Luzon earthquake." Soils Found. SOIFBE0038-0806, 33(1), 133-154.
42. Ishihara, K., Haeri, S. M., Moinfar, A. A., Towhata, I., and Tsujino, S. (1992). "Geotechnical aspects of the June 20, 1990 Manjil earthquake in Iran." Soils Found. SOIFBE0038-0806, 32(3), 61-78.
43. Ishihara, K., Verdugo, R., and Acacio, A. A. (1991). "Characterization of cyclic behavior of sand and postseismic stability analyses." Proc., 9th Asian Regional Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Vol. 2, Bangkok, Thailand, 17-40.
44. Jamiolkowski, M., Ladd, C. C., Germaine, J. T., and Lancellotta, R. (1985). "New developments in field and laboratory testing of soils." Proc., 11th Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Vol. 1, San Francisco, Calif., 57-153.
45. Jefferies, M. G., Been, K., and Hachey, J. E. (1990). "Influence of scale on the constitutive behavior of sand." Proc., 43rd Canadian Geotechnical Engineering Conf., Vol. 1, Quebec, Canada, 263-273.
46. Jibson, R. W., and Jibson, M. W. (2003). "Java programs for using Newmark's method and simplified decoupled analysis to model slope performance during earthquakes." U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Rep. No. 03-005, Washington, D.C.
47. Keane, C. M., and Prevost, J. H. (1990). "Preliminary results of numerical technique to model flow failure induced by soil liquefaction." Proc., 3rd Japan-U.S. Workshop on Earthquake Resistant Design of Lifeline Facilities and Countermeasures for Soil Liquefaction, San Francisco, Calif., 253-267.
48. Kokusho, T. (2003). "Current state of research on flow failure considering void redistribution in liquefied deposits." Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. SDEEEJ0267-7261, 23, 586-603.
49. Kramer, S. L., and Smith, M. W. (1997). "Modified Newmark model for seismic displacements of compliant slopes." J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. JGGEFK1090-024110.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1997)123:7(635), 123(7), 635-644.
50. Kulasingam, R., Malvick, E. J., Boulanger, R. W., and Kutter, B. L. (2004). "Strength loss and localization at silt interlayers in slopes of liquefied sand." J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. JGGEFK1090-024110.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2004)130:11(1192), 130(11), 1192-1202.
51. Kulhawy, F. H., and Mayne, P. W. (1990). "Manual on estimating soil properties for foundation design." Electric Power Research Institute EL-6800, Project No. 1493-6.
52. Kutter, B. L., Gajan, S., Manda, K. K., and Balakrishnan, A. (2004). "Effects of layer thickness and density on settlement and lateral spreading." J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. JGGEFK1090-024110.1061/ (ASCE)1090-0241(2004)130:6(603), 130(6), 603-614.
53. Kuwano, J., and Ishihara, K. (1988). "Analysis of permanent deformation of earth dam due to earthquakes." Soils Found. SOIFBE0038-0806, 28(1), 41-55.
54. Lin, J.-S., and Whitman, R. V. (1983). "Decoupling approximation to the evaluation of earthquake induced plastic slip in earth dams." Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. IJEEBG0098-884710.1002/eqe.4290110506, 11, 667-678.
55. Mabey, M. A., and Youd, T. L. (1998). "Development of a correlation between residual strength and (N1)60 for lateral spreads in natural materials." Proc., Workshop on Post-Liquefaction Shear Strength of Granular Soils, T. D. Stark, S. M. Olson, S. L. Kramer, and T. L. Youd, eds., University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Ill., 194-199.
56. Makdisi, F. I., and Seed, H. B. (1978). "Simplified procedure for estimating dam and embankment earthquake-induced deformations." J. Geotech. Engrg. Div. AJGEB60093-6405, 104(7), 1427-1434.
57. Matasovic, N., Kavazanjian, E., and Yan, L. (1997). "Newmark deformation analysis with degrading yield acceleration." Proc., Geosynthetics '97, Long Beach, Calif.
58. Mejia, L. H. (1998). "Liquefaction at Moss Landing." The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989 - Liquefaction, T. L. Holzer, ed., USGS, Washington, D.C., Professional Paper No. 1551-B, B129-B150.
59. Miller, E. A., and Roycroft, G. A. (2004). "Seismic performance and deformation of levees: Four case studies." J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. JGGEFK1090-024110.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2004)130:4(344), 130(4), 344-354.
60. Moss, R. E. S. (2003). "CPT-based probabilistic assessment of seismic soil liquefaction initiation." Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, Calif.
61. Newmark, N. M. (1965). "Effects of earthquakes on dams and embankments." Geotechnique GTNQA80016-8505, 15(2), 139-160.
62. Olson, S. M., and Stark, T. D. (2002). "Liquefied strength ratio from liquefaction flow failure case histories." Can. Geotech. J. CGJOAH0008-367410.1139/t02-001, 39, 629-647.
63. O'Rourke, T. D., Pease, J. W., and Stewart, H. E. (1992). "Lifeline performance and ground deformation during the earthquake." The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989 - Marina District, T. D. O'Rourke, ed., T.L. Holzer, coord., USGS, Washington, D.C., Professional Paper 1551-F, F155-F179.
64. Power, M. S., Egan, J. A., Shewbridge, S. E., deBecker, J., and Faris, J. R. (1998). "Analysis of liquefaction-induced damage on Treasure Island." The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989 - Liquefaction, T. L. Holzer, ed., USGS, Washington, D.C., Professional Paper 1551-B, B87-B119.
65. Rathje, E. M., and Bray, J. D. (2000). "Nonlinear coupled seismic sliding analysis of earth structures." J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. JGGEFK1090-024110.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2000)126:11(1002), 126(11), 1002-1014.
66. Rauch, A. F., and Martin, J. R., II. (2000). "EPOLLS model for predicting average displacements on lateral spreads." J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. JGGEFK1090-024110.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2000)126:4(360), 126(4), 360-371.
67. Rollins, K. M., and McHood, M. D. (1998). "Comparison of computed and measured liquefaction-induced settlements in the Marina District, San Francisco." The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989 - Liquefaction, T. L. Holzer, ed., USGS, Washington, D.C., Professional Paper 1551-B, B223-B239.
68. Seed, H. B. (1987). "Design problems in soil liquefaction." J. Geotech. Engrg. JGENDZ0733-9410, 113(8), 827-845.
69. Seed, R. B., and Harder, L. F., Jr. (1990). "SPT-based analysis of cyclic pore pressure generation and undrained residual strength." Proc., H.B. Seed Memorial Symp., Vol. 2, Bi-Tech Publishing Ltd., 351-376.
70. Seed, H. B., Tokimatsu, K., Harder, L. F., and Chung, R. (1985). "Influence of SPT procedures in soil liquefaction resistance evaluations." J. Geotech. Engrg. JGENDZ0733-9410, 111(12), 861-878.
71. Shamoto, Y., Zhang, J.-M., and Tokimatsu, K. (1998). "Horizontal residual postliquefaction deformation of level ground." Proc., 3rd Int. Conf. on Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics, ASCE Special Publication No. 75, Vol. 1, ASCE, Reston, Va., 373-384.
72. Sharp, M. K., Dobry, R., and Abdoun, T. (2003). "Liquefaction centrifuge modeling of sands of different permeability." J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. JGGEFK1090-024110.1061/ (ASCE)1090-0241(2003)129:12(1083), 129(12), 1083-1091.
73. Spencer, E. (1967). "A method of analysis of the stability of embankments assuming parallel inter-slice forces." Geotechnique GTNQA80016-8505, 17(1), 11-26.
74. Stark, T. D., and Mesri, G. (1992). "Undrained shear strength of liquefied sands for stability analysis." J. Geotech. Engrg. JGENDZ0733-941010.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1992)118:11(1727), 118(11), 1727-1747.
75. Stark, T. D., Olson, S. M., Kramer, S. L., and Youd, T. L. (1998). "Shear strength of liquefied soil." Proc., Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics III, ASCE Geotechnical Specialty Publication No. 75, Vol. 1, ASCE, Reston, Va., 313-324.
76. Stokoe, K. H., Andrus, R. D., Rix, G. J., Sanchez-Salinero, I., Sheu, J.-C., and Mok, Y.-J. (1988). "Field investigation of gravelly soils which did and did not liquefy during the 1983 Borah Peak, Idaho, earthquake." Geotechnical Engineering Rep. No. GR87-1, Univ. of Texas at Austin, Austin, Tex.
77. Taboada, V. M., Abdoun, T., and Dobry, R. (1996). "Prediction of liquefaction-induced lateral spreading by dilatant sliding block model calibrated by centrifuge tests." Proc., 11th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, Acapulco, Mexico, Paper No. 1037.
78. Taboada-Urtuzuastegui, V. M., and Dobry, R. (1998). "Centrifuge modeling of earthquake-induced lateral spreading in sand." J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. JGGEFK1090-024110.1061/ (ASCE)1090-0241(1998)124:12(1195), 124(12), 1195-1206.
79. Tatsuoka, F., Zhou, S., Sato, T., and Shibuya, S. (1990). "Evaluation method of liquefaction potential and its application." Rep. on Seismic Hazards on the Ground in Urban Areas, Ministry of Education of Japan, Tokyo, 75-109 (in Japanese).
80. Taylor, H. T., Cameron, J. T., Vahdani, S., and Yap, H. (1992). "Behavior of the seawalls and shoreline during the earthquake." The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989 - Marina District, T. D. O'Rourke, ed., T.L. Holzer, coord., USGS, Washington, D.C., Professional Paper 1551-F, F141-F153.
81. Tinsley, J. C., Egan, J. A., Kayen, R. E., Bennett, M. J., Kropp, A., and Holzer, T. L. (1998). "Appendix: Maps and descriptions of liquefaction and associated effects." The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989 - Liquefaction, T. L. Holzer, ed., USGS, Washington, D.C., Professional Paper 1551-B, B287-B314.
82. Tokimatsu, K., Kojima, H., Kuwayama, S., Abe, A., and Midorikawa, S. (1994). "Liquefaction-induced damage to buildings in 1990 Luzon earthquake." J. Geotech. Engrg. JGENDZ0733-941010.1061/ (ASCE)0733-9410(1994)120:2(290), 120(2), 290-307.
83. Tokimatsu, K., and Seed, H. B. (1987). "Evaluation of settlements in sands due to earthquake shaking." J. Geotech. Engrg. JGENDZ0733-9410, 113(8), 861-878.
84. Toprak, S., Holzer, T. L., Bennett, M. J., and Tinsley, J. C. (1999). "CPT- and SPT-based probabilistic assessment of liquefaction potential." Proc., 7th U.S.-Japan Workshop on Earthquake Resistant Design of Lifeline Facilities and Countermeasures Against Soil Liquefaction, T. D. O'Rourke, J.-P. Bardet, and M. Hamada, eds., Technical Rep. MCEER 99-0019, Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, State Univ. of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, N.Y., 69-86.
85. Wride (Fear), C. E., McRoberts, E. C., and Robertson, P. K. (1999). "Reconsideration of case histories for estimating undrained shear strength in sandy soils." Can. Geotech. J. CGJOAH0008-3674, 36, 907-933.
86. Yan, L., Matasovic, N., and Kavazanjian, E., Jr. (1996). "Seismic response of rigid block on inclined plane to vertical and horizontal ground motions acting simultaneously." Proc., 11th ASCE Engineering Mech. Conf., ASCE, Reston, Va., 1111-1113.
87. Yegian, M. K., Ghahraman, V. G., Nogole-Sadat, M. A. A., and Daraie, H. (1995a). "Liquefaction during the 1990 Manjil, Iran, earthquake, I: Case history data." Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. BSSAAP0037-1106, 85(1), 66-82.
88. Yegian, M. K., Ghahraman, V. G., Nogole-Sadat, M. A. A., and Daraie, H. (1995b). "Liquefaction during the 1990 Manjil, Iran, earthquake, II: Case history analysis." Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. BSSAAP0037-1106, 85(1), 83-92.
89. Yoshimine, M., Robertson, P. K., and Wride (Fear), C. E. (1999). "Undrained shear strength of clean sands to trigger flow liquefaction." Can. Geotech. J. CGJOAH0008-3674, 36(5), 891-906.
90. Youd, T. L. (1971). "Landsliding in the vicinity of the Van Norman Lakes." The San Fernando, California, Earthquake of February 9, 1971, USGS Professional Paper 733, U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 105-109.
91. Youd, T. L. (1973). "Ground movements in Van Norman Lake vicinity during San Fernando earthquake." San Fernando, California, Earthquake of February 9, 1971, L. M. Murphy, ed., Vol. 3, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 197-206.
92. Youd, T. L. (1985). "Liquefaction studies in the Imperial Valley, California." Proc., Workshop on In-Situ Testing Methods for Evaluation of Soil Liquefaction Susceptibility, San Francisco, Calif., 109-139.
93. Youd, T. L. (2003). "Liquefaction mechanisms and induced ground failure." International handbook of earthquake and engineering seismology, Academic, New York, Part B, Chap. 70, 1159-1173.
94. Youd, T. L., and Bennett, M. J. (1983). "Liquefaction sites, Imperial Valley, California." J. Geotech. Engrg. JGENDZ0733-9410, 109(3), 440-457.
95. Youd, T. L., Hansen, C. B., and Bartlett, S. F. (2002). "Revised multilinear regression equations for prediction of lateral spread displacement." J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. JGGEFK1090-024110.1061/ (ASCE)1090-0241(2002)128:12(1007), 128(12), 1007-1017.
96. Youd, T. L., Harp, E. L., Keefer, D. K., and Wilson, R. C. (1985). "The Borah Peak, Idaho earthquake of October 28, 1983-liquefaction." Earthquake Spectra EASPEF8755-293010.1193/ 1.1585303, 2(1), 71-89.
97. Youd, T. L., and Perkins, D. M. (1987). "Mapping of liquefaction severity index." J. Geotech. Engrg. JGENDZ0733-9410, 113(GT11), 1374-1391.
98. Youd, T. L., and Wieczorek, G. F. (1982). "Liquefaction and secondary ground failure." The 1979 Imperial Valley Earthquakes, USGS, Washington, D.C., Professional Paper 1254, 223-246.
99. Zhang, G., Robertson, P. K., and Brachman, R. W. I. (2004). "Estimating liquefaction-induced lateral displacements using the standard penetration test or cone penetration test." J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. JGGEFK1090-024110.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2004)130:8(861), 130(8), 861-871.