Transfer of radionuclides in aquatic ecosystems - Default concentration ratios for aquatic biota in the Erica Tool

Journal of Environmental Radioactivity

Volumn 99, Issue 9, 2008, Pages 1408-1429

  Hosseini, A ^a   Thorring H ^a   Brown, J E ^a   Saxen R ^b   Ilus, E ^b  

^a NORWEGIAN RADIATION PROTECTION AUTHORITY   (Norway)

^b STUK RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY   (Finland)

Author keywords

Aquatic biota; Concentration factor; Concentration ratio; Transfer parameters

Indexed keywords

RADIOISOTOPES; RISK ASSESSMENT; SOLAR CONCENTRATORS;

ACTIVITY CONCENTRATIONS; AQUATIC BIOTA; AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS; CONCENTRATION RATIOS; DISTRIBUTION COEFFICIENTS; ENVIRONMENTAL MEDIUM; INTEGRATED APPROACH;

CONCENTRATION (PROCESS);

FRESH WATER; RADIOISOTOPE;

BIOGEOCHEMISTRY; BIOTA; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEM; MARINE ECOSYSTEM; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; RADIOACTIVITY; RADIONUCLIDE; RISK ASSESSMENT; TRANSPORT PROCESS;

AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT; ARTICLE; BIOGEOCHEMISTRY; BIOTA; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); CONTROLLED STUDY; DATA BASE; DOCUMENTATION; ENVIRONMENT; INFORMATION; IONIZING RADIATION; MARINE ENVIRONMENT; MEDICAL LITERATURE; METHODOLOGY; NONHUMAN; PARAMETER; RISK; TAXONOMY;

BIODIVERSITY; ECOSYSTEM; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; FRESH WATER; MARINE BIOLOGY; RADIATION, IONIZING; RADIOISOTOPES; RISK ASSESSMENT; SEAWATER; WATER POLLUTANTS, RADIOACTIVE;

ERICA;

EID: 48349124307     PISSN: 0265931X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2008.01.012     Document Type: Article

References (254)

1. Aarkrog A., Aastrup P., Asmund G., Bjerregaard P., Boertmann D., Carlsen L., Christensen J., Cleemann M., Dietz R., Fromberg A., Storr-Hansen E., Heidam N.Z., Johansen P., Larsen H., Paulsen G.B., Petersen H., Pilegaard K., Poulsen M.E., Pritzl G., Riget F., Skov H., Spliid H., Weihe P., and Wåhlin P. AMAP Greenland 1994-1996. Environmental Project No. 356 (1997), Ministry of Environment and Energy, Danish Environmental Protection Agency, Copenhagen
2. Abu-Hilal A.H. Effect of depositional environment and sources of pollution on uranium concentration in sediment, coral, algae and seagrass species from the Gulf of Aqaba (Red Sea). Marine Pollution Bulletin 28 (1994) 81-88
3. Alam M.N., Chowdhury M.I., Kamal M., Ghose S., Matin A.K.M.A., and Ferdousi G.S.M. Radionuclide concentrations in mussels collected from the southern coast of Bangladesh. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 47 (1999) 201-212
4. 210Pb Levels in Sediment, Seawater and Selected Marine Organisms. AECS-PR/RSR 232, 27 pp.
5. AMAP. Assessment Report: Arctic Pollution Issues (1998), Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), Oslo
6. AMAP. Assessment Report: Radioactive Contamination in the Russian Arctic. Report by Russian Experts (1999), Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), Oslo
7. Amiard J.C., and Amiard-Triquet C. Health and ecological aspects of cobalt-60 transfer in seawater food chain typical of an intertidal mud-flat. International Journal of Environmental Studies 10 (1977) 113-118
8. 110mAg contamination mechanisms in a marine benthic food chain. 3. Influence of the mode of contamination upon the distribution of the radionuclide. Helgolaender Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen 31 (1978) 444-456
9. Amiard, J.C., 1978b. A Study of the Uptake and Toxicity of Some Stable and Radioactive Pollutants in Marine Organisms: Antimony, Silver, Cobalt and Strontium in Mollusks, Crustaceans and Teleosts. Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique-R4928.
10. Ancellin J., Guegueniat P., and Germaine P. Radioecologie Marine (1979), Eyrolles, Paris
11. Ancellin J., and Vilquin A. Nouvelles etudes de contaminations experimentales d'especes marines par le cesium-137, le ruthenium-106 et le cerium-144. Radioprotection 3 3 (1968) 185-213 (Dunot)
12. ARCTICMAR. Radiological Assessment of Consequences from Radioactive Contamination of Arctic Marine Areas. In: Iosjpe M. (Ed). Annual Progress Report 01.09.99-31.08.00 (2000), Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, Østerås
13. Auerbach S.I., Reickle D.E., and Struxness E.G. Actinide Elements in Aquatic and Terrestrial Environments. ORNL-5365 (1978), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee
14. Avila R., Beresfold N., Broed R., Brown J., Iospje M., Agüero A., Robles B., and Suañez A. Study of the uncertainty in estimation of the exposure of non-human biota to ionizing radiation. Journal of Radiological Protection 24 (2004) A105-A122
15. Baker, D.A., 1992. Methods for Estimating Doses to Organisms from Radioactive Materials Released into the Aquatic Environment, 12 pp.
16. Bayer, A., 1978. The Radiological Exposure of the Population of the Rhine-Meuse Region by Nuclear Installations during Normal Operation. Report to the CEC, Luxembourg.
17. Ben Ekanem S., Acima M.J., and Ekere M.M. Studies on some reproductive aspects of Pseudotolithus elongatus in the Cross River Estuary, Nigeria. Scientia Marina 68 2 (2004) 265-271
18. Beresford N., Brown J., Copplestone D., Garnier-Laplace J., Howard B.J., Larsson C.-M., Oughton D., Pröhl G., and Zinger I. D ERICA: an Integrated Approach to the Assessment and Management of Environmental Risks from Ionising Radiation. Description of Purpose, Methodology and Application. A Deliverable Report for the Project "ERICA" (Contract No. FI6R-CT-2004-508847) within the EC's VIth Framework Programme (2007), Swedish Radiation Protection Authority, Stockholm 82 pp.
19. Beresford N.A., Barnett C.L., Howard B.J., Scott A., Brown J.E., and Copplestone D. Derivation of transfer parameters for use within the ERICA Tool and the default concentration ratios for terrestrial biota. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 99 (2008) 1393-1407
20. In: Beresford N.A., Wright S.M., Brown J.E., and Sazykina T. (Eds). Review of Approaches for the Estimation of Radionuclide Transfer to Reference Arctic Biota (2003), CEH, Grange-over-Sands, UK Deliverable Report 3 for EPIC. EC Inco-Copernicus Project ICA2-CT-2000-10032
21. In: Beresford N.A., Wright S.M., and Sazykina T. (Eds). Reference Arctic Organisms (2001), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Grange-over-Sands Deliverable for EPIC. EC Inco-Copernicus Project ICA2-CT-2000-10032
22. Berrow S.D., Long S.C., McGarry A.T., Pollard D., Rogan E., and Lockyer C. Radionuclides (Cs-137 and K-40) in harbour porpoises Phocoena phocoena from British and Irish coastal waters. Marine Pollution Bulletin 36 8 (1998) 569-576
23. Bertine K.K., and Goldberg E.D. Trace elements in clams mussels and shrimps. Limnology and Oceanography 17 (1972) 877-884
24. Blaylock B.G. Radionuclide data bases available for bioaccumulation factors for freshwater biota. In: Chester R.O., and Garten Jr. C.T. (Eds). Environmental Effects. Nuclear Safety 23 (1982) 4
25. Boisson F., Hutchins D.A., Fowler S.W., Fisher N.S., and Teyssie J.L. Influence of temperature on the accumulation and retention of 11 radionuclides by the marine alga Fucus vesiculosus (L.). Marine Pollution Bulletin 35 7-12 (1997) 313-321
26. Bondietti E.A. Transuranics in native frogs from Pond 3513. In: Auerbach S.I., Reickle D.E., and Struxness E.G. (Eds) (1978), ORNL-5365, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee 71
27. Bondietti E.A. Chemistry of plutonium, americium, curium and uranium, in Pond 3513 water. In: Auerbach S.I., Reickle D.E., and Struxness E.G. (Eds) (1978) ORNL-5365
28. Bonotto S., Bossus A., Nuyts G., Kirchmann R., Cantillon G., and Declerck R. Contamination d'organismes marins par le H-3, le Cs-134 et le Co-60. Revue Internationale d'Oceanographie Medicale 49 (1978) 127-133
29. Bonotto S., Carraro G., Stract S., Luttke A., Colard J., Koch G., and Kirchmann R. Ten years of investigations on radioactive contamination of the marine environment. Impacts of Radionuclide Releases into the Marine Environment, Proceedings Symposium, Vienna, 1980 (1981), IAEA-SM-248/105, Vienna 649-660
30. Boroughs H., Chipman W.A., and Rice T.R. Laboratory experiments on the uptake, accumulation, and loss of radionuclides by marine organisms. The Effects of Atomic Radiation on Oceanography and Fisheries (1957), National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council, Washington, D.C. Publication No. 551
31. Bourlat Y., Millies-Lacroix J.C., Chiappini R., Le Petit G., and Bablet J.P. Determination of long-lived radionuclides in biological samples collected at Mururoa by a scientific delegation headed by the IAEA. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 226 1-2 (1997) 15-22
32. Bowen H.J.M. Environmental Chemistry of the Elements (1979), Academic Press, London
33. Brown J., Børretzen P., Dowdall M., Sazykina T., and Kryshev I. The derivation of transfer parameters in the assessment of radiological impacts to Arctic marine biota. Arctic 57 3 (2004) 279-289
34. Brown, J., Iosjpe, M., 2001. In Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority Report: Radioactivity in the Marine Environment 1999, vol. 9, pp. 29-30.
35. Brown J.E., Kolstad A.K., Brungot A.L., Lind B., Rudjord A.L., Strand P., and Føyn L. Levels of Tc-99 in seawater and biota samples from Norwegian coastal waters and adjacent seas. Marine Pollution Bulletin 38 7 (1999) 560-571
36. Brown J.E., Alfonso B., Avila R., Beresford N.A., Copplestone D., Pröhl G., and Ulanovsky A. The ERICA Tool. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 99 (2008) 1371-1383
37. Brown J.E., Hosseini A., Børretzen P., and Thørring H. Development of a methodology for assessing the environmental impact of radioactivity in northern marine environments. Marine Pollution Bulletin 52 (2006) 1127-1137
38. In: Brown J.E., Thørring H., and Hosseini A. (Eds). The "EPIC" Impact Assessment Framework. Towards the Protection of the Arctic Environment from the Effects of Ionising Radiation (2003) Deliverable Report for the EC Project EPIC. EC Inco-Copernicus Project ICA2-CT-2000-10032
39. In: Brown J.E., Strand P., Hosseini A., and Børretzen P. (Eds). Handbook for Assessment of the Exposure of Biota to Ionising Radiation from Radionuclides in the Environment (2003), Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, Østerås, Norway 101 Deliverable Report for the EC Project FASSET (Contract No. FIGE-CT-2000-00102)
40. Brungot A.L., Carrol J.L., Rudjord A.L., and Foyn L. A presentation of the Norwegian national surveillance programme of radioactivity in the marine environment in the period 1996-1998. In: Strand P., and Jølle T. (Eds). Extended Abstracts of the Fourth International Conference on Environmental Radioactivity in the Arctic (1999), Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, Østerås 189-192
41. Busby R., McCartney M., and McDonald P. Technetium-99 concentration factors in Cumbrian seafood. Radioprotection - Colloques 32 (1997) C2
42. Cameron J.N. The bone compartment in a teleost fish, Ictalurus punctatus: size, composition and acid-base response to hypercapnia. Journal of Experimental Biology 117 1 (1985) 307-318. http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/content/abstract/117/1/307 Available from:
43. Carpenter J.H., and Grant V.F. Concentration and state of cerium in coastal waters. Journal of Marine Research 25 (1967) 228-238
44. Carvalho F.P. Po-210 in marine organisms: a wide range of natural radiation dose domains. Radiation Protection Dosimetry 24 1/4 (1988) 113-117
45. CEA/NRPB. Methodology for Evaluating the Radiological Consequences of Radiation Effluents (1979), Commission of the European Communities, Luxemburg DOE V/3865/79
46. Chapman, W.H., Fisher, H.L., Pratt, M.W., 1968. Concentration Factors of Chemical Elements in Edible Aquatic Organisms. Report No. UCRL-50564, Cited in RWMC, 1994. Concentration Factors of Radionuclides in Freshwater Organisms. Environmental Parameters Series 3 Report Number RWMC-94-P-15, March 1994.
47. Chellappa S., Camara M.R., Chellappa N.T., Beveridge M.C.M., and Huntingford F.A. Reproductive ecology of a neotropical cichlid fish, Cichla monoculus (Osteichthyes: Cichlidae). Brazilian Journal of Biology 63 (2003) 17-23
48. Cherry R.D., and Shannon L.V. The alpha radioactivity of marine organisms. Atomic Energy Review 12 (1974) 3-45
49. Christensen G.C., and Steinnes E. Radionuclides in minke whale from the Arctic Ocean. In: Strand P., and Jølle T. (Eds). Extended Abstracts of the Fourth International Conference on Environmental Radioactivity in the Arctic (1999), Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, Østerås 197-199
50. Clulow F.V., Dave N.K., Lim T.P., and Avadhanula R. Radium-226 in water, sediments and fish from lakes near the city of Elliot Lake, Ontario, Canada. Environmental Pollution 99 (1998) 13-28
51. Cohen B.L. Bioaccumulation factors in marine organisms. Health Physics 49 (1985) 1290-1294
52. Conti M.E., and Cecchetti G. A biomonitoring study: trace metals in algae and molluscs from Tyrrhenian coastal areas. Environmental Research 93 (2003) 99-112
53. Cooper L.W., Larsen I.L., O'Hara T.M., Dolvin S., Woshner V., and Cota G.F. Radionuclide contamination burdens in Arctic marine mammals harvested during subsistence hunting. Arctic 53 2 (June 2000) 174-182
54. Copplestone D., Wood M.D., Bielby S., Jones S.R., Vives J., and Beresford N.A. Habitat Regulations for Stage 3 Assessments: Radioactive Substances Authorisations. R&D Technical Report P3-101/SP1a (2003), Environment Agency, Bristol
55. Corcoran E.F., and Kimball J.F. The uptake, accumulation and exchange of strontium-90 by open sea phytoplankton. In: Schultz V., and Klement Jr. A.W. (Eds). Radioecology (1961), Reinhold Publishing/American Institute of Biological Sciences, NY/Washington, D.C. 187-191
56. Coughtrey P.J., and Thorne M.C. Radionuclide Distribution and Transport in Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems - a Critical Review of Data vol. 1 (1983), A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam
57. Coughtrey P.J., and Thorne M.C. Radionuclide Distribution and Transport in Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems - a Critical Review of Data vol. 2 (1983), A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam
58. Coughtrey P.J., Jackson D., Jones C.H., Kane P., and Thorne M.C. Radionuclide Distribution and Transport in Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems - a Critical Review of Data vol. 4 (1984), A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam/Boston
59. Coughtrey P.J., Jackson D., Jones C.H., and Thorne M.C. Radionuclide Distribution and Transport in Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems - a Critical Review of Data vol. 5 (1984), A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam/Boston
60. Coughtrey P.J., Jackson D., and Thorne M.C. Radionuclide Distribution and Transportation in Terrestrial and Aquatic Environments vol. 3 (1983), A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam
61. Dahlgaard H., Bergan T.D.S., and Christensen G.C. Technetium-99 and caesium-137 time series at the Norwegian coast monitored by the brown alga Fucus vesiculosus. Radioprotection - Colloques 32 (1997) 353-358
62. Dietz R., Pacyna J., and Thomas D.J. Heavy Metals. AMAP Assessment Report: Arctic Pollution Issues (1998), Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), Oslo, Norway 373-524
63. Edgington D.N., Wahlgren M.A., and Marshall J.S. The behaviour of plutonium in aquatic ecosystems: a summary of studies on the Great Lakes. In: Miller M.W., and Stannard J.N. (Eds). Environmental Toxicity of Aquatic Radionuclides: Models and Mechanisms (1976), Ann Arbor Science Publishers Inc. 45-79 (Chapter 4)
64. El-Moselhy K.M., and Gabal M.N. Trace metals in water, sediments and marine organisms from the northern part of the Gulf of Suez, Red Sea. Journal of Marine Systems 46 (2004) 39-46
65. Emery R.M., and Klopfer D.C. The distribution of transuranic elements in a freshwater pond ecosystem. In: Miller M.W., and Stannard J.N. (Eds). Environmental Toxicity of Aquatic Radionuclides: Models and Mechanisms (1976), Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Inc. 269-285 (Chapter 13)
66. Emery, R.M., Klopfer, D.C., Garland, T.R., Weimer, W.C., 1976. The Ecological Behaviour of Plutonium and Americium in a Freshwater Ecosystem. PNL Annual Report for 1975, Pt. 2, Ecological Sciences. BNWL-2000 (Pt. 2), Richland, Washington, USA.
67. Feldt, W., 1990. Personal Communication, Cited in RWMC, 1994. Concentration Factors of Radionuclides in Freshwater Organisms. Environmental Parameters Series 3 Report Number RWMC-94-P-15, March 1994.
68. Feldt W., Lauer R., Melzer M., and Siebert W. Radioactivity and Environment. In: Kellerman H.J. (Ed). Konzentrations faktoren fur fishe vol. 2 (1978) 584-601 INIS-mf-5888
69. Fisher N.S., Fowler S.W., Boisson F., Carroll J., Rissanen K., Salbu B., Sazykina T.G., and Sjoeblom K.L. Radionuclide bioconcentration factors and sediment partition coefficients in Arctic Seas Subject to contamination from dumped nuclear wastes. Environmental Science & Technology 33 (1999) 1979-1982
70. Fisher N.S., and Reinfelder J.R. The trophic transfer of metals in marine systems. In: Tessier A., and Turner D.R. (Eds). Metal Speciation and Bioavailability in Aquatic Systems (1995), John Wiley & Sons, Chichester 363-406
71. Fisher N.S., Bjerregaard P., and Fowler S.W. Interactions of marine plankton with transuranic elements. 1. Biokinetics of neptunium, plutonium, americium, and californium in phytoplankton. Limnology and Oceanography 28 3 (1983) 432-447
72. 210Pb in two marine algae. Marine Ecology Progress Series 11 (1983) 233-237
73. Fisher N.S., Teyssie J.L., Krishnaswami S., and Baskaran M. Accumulation of Th, Pb, U, and Ra in marine phytoplankton and its geochemical significance. Limnology and Oceanography 32 19 (1987) 131-142
74. Folsom, T.R., Wong, K.M., Hodge, V.F., 1973. Some extreme accumulations of natural polonium radioactivity observed in certain oceanic organisms. In: The Natural Radiation Environment II, CONF-720805, pp. 863-882.
75. Foster P. Concentrations and concentration factors of heavy metals in brown algae. Environmental Pollution 10 (1976) 45-53
76. Foulquier, L., 1978. Synthesis of the Radiohydrobiology Publications of the Radiology Department. CEA-BIB-229.
77. Fowler S.W., and Heyraud M. Accumulation and retention of Am-241 in marine zooplankton. Activities of the International Laboratory of Marine Radioactivity (1974), IAEA 28-32
78. Fowler, S.W., Teyssie, J.L., Acosta, A. Gattuso, J.P., Jaubert, J., 1999. Radiotracer studies on radionuclide and trace element cycling in corals. In: International Symposium on Marine Pollution Monaco (Monaco), 5-9 October 1998. IAEA-TECDOC-1094.
79. Franić Z., and Lokobauer N. Sr-90 and Cs-137 in pilchards from the Adriatic Sea. Arhiv za Higijenu Rada i Toksikologiju 44 (1993) 293-301
80. Garten C.T., Trabalka J.R., and Bogle M.A. Comparative food chain behaviour and distribution of actinide elements in and around a contaminated fresh-water pond. Environmental Migration of Long-lived Radionuclides (1982), IAEA-SM-257, IAEA, Vienna 299-312
81. Germain P., Leclerc G., Le Cavelier S., Solier L., and Baron Y. Évolution spatio-temporelle des concentrations, des rapports isotopiques et des facteurs de concentration du plutonium dans une espèce d'algue et deux espèces de mollusques en Manche. Radioprotection 35 2 (2000) 175-200
82. Gomez, L.S., Marietta, M.G., Jackson, D.W., 1991. Compilation of Selected Marine Radioecological Data for the Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial Action Program: Summaries of Available Radioecological Concentration Factors and Biological Half-lives.
83. Guary J.C., Masson M., and Fraizier A. Etude preliminaire, in situ, de la distribution duplutonium dans differents tissues et organes de Cancer pagurus (Crustcea: Decapoda) et de pleuronectes platessa (Pisces: Pleuronectidae). Marine Biology 36 (1976) 13-17
84. Guary J.C., Higgo J.J.W., Cherry R.D., and Heyraud M. High concentrations of transuranics and natural radioactive elements in the branchial hearts of the cephalopod, Octopus vulgaris. Marine Ecology Progress Series 4 (1981) 123-126
85. Guary J.C., and Fowler S.W. Experimental study of the transfer of transuranium nuclides in marine decapod crustaceans. Marine Ecology Progress Series 60 (1990) 253-270
86. Guthrie R.K., Davis E.M., Cherry D.S., and Murray H.E. Biomagnification of heavy metals by organisms in the marine microcosm. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 31 (1979) 53-61
87. Gwynn, J.P., Andersen, M., Dowdall, M., Lydersen, C., Kovacs, K., 2005. Cesium-137 in marine mammals from Svalbard and the Barents and Greenland Seas. In: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Environmental Radioactivity in the Arctic and Antarctic, 2-6 October 2005, Nice, France.
88. Halfon E., and Bergmann R.E. System identification of radioisotope flows in aquatic microcosms. In: Cushing C.E. (Ed). Radioecology and Energy Resources, Ecological Society of America (1975), Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross Inc., Pennsylvania 184-193 Special Publication No. 1.1
89. Hameed P.S., Shaheed K., Somasundaram S.S.N., and Iyengar M.A.R. Radium-226 levels in the Cauvery river system ecosystem. Journal of Biosciences 22 2 (1997) 225-231
90. Hameed P.S., Shaheed K., and Somasundaram S.S.N. A study on distribution of natural radionuclide polonium-210 in a pond ecosystem. Journal of Biosciences 22 5 (1997) 627-634
91. Harr M.E. Reliability-based Design in Civil Engineering (1987), McGraw-Hill
92. Harrison, F.L., 1986. Laboratory-determined Concentration Factors and Elimination Rates of Some Anthropogenic Radiocuclides in Marine Vertebrates and Invertebrates.
93. Harvey R.S. Uptake and loss of radionuclides by freshwater clam, Lampsilis radiata. Health Physics 17 (1969) 149-154
94. Hayashi N., Katagiri H., Narita O., and Kinoshita M. Concentration factors of plutonium and americium for marine products. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 138 2 (1990) 331-336
95. Heft R.E., Harrison F.L., and Phillips W.A. Radioecological study of the Humboldt Bay marine environment. In: Vogt J.R., Parkinson T.F., and Clark R.L. (Eds). Nuclear Methods in Environmental Research (1971), University of Missouri, Columbia 158-168
96. Heldal H.E., Stupakoff I., and Fisher N.S. Bioaccumulation of Cs-137 and Co-57 by five marine phytoplankton species. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 57 (2001) 231-236
97. Hesslein R.H., and Slavicek E. Geochemical pathways and biological uptake of radium in small Canadian Shield lakes. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 41 3 (1984) 459-468
98. Heyraud M., and Cherry R.D. Polonium-210 and lead-210 in marine food chains. Marine Biology 52 (1979) 227-236
99. Holm E. Polonium-210 and radiocesium in muscle tissue of fish from different Nordic marine areas. In: Dahlgaard H. (Ed). Nordic Radioecology - the Transfer of Radionuclides through Nordic Ecosystems to Man (1994), Elsevier, New York 119-127
100. Holm E., Ballestra S., Lopez J.J., Bulos A., Barci-Funel G., and Ardisson G. Transuranium elements in macroalgae at Monaco following the Chernobyl accident. European Journal of Solid State and Inorganic Chemistry 28 (1991) 375-378
101. Holm E., Ballestra S., Lopez J.J., Bulos A., Whitehead N.E., Barci-Funel G., and Ardisson G. Radionuclides in macro algae at Monaco following the Chernobyl accident. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 177 1 (1994) 51-72
102. Holm E., Persson B.R.R., Hallstadius L., Aarkrog A., and Dahlgaard H. Radiocesium and transuranium elements in the Greenland and Barents Seas. Oceanologica Acta 6 (1983) 457-462
103. Holm E., and Persson R.B.R. Behaviour of natural (Th, U) and artificial (Pu, Am) actinides in coastal waters. Marine Radioecology, Proceedings of the Third NEA Semiar, Tokyo, 1979 (1980), OECD, Paris 237-244
104. Hoppenheit M., Murray C.N., and Woodhead D.S. Uptake and effects of americium-243 in a brackish-water amphipod. Helgolaender Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen 33 (1980) 138-152
105. Hou X., and Yan X. Study on the concentration and seasonal variation of inorganic elements in 35 species of marine algae. Science of the Total Environment 222 (1998) 141-156
106. Hubelm K., Herman H., and Ruf M. Long-term concentration factors for fish and sediments in the Bavarian Danube area. Biological Implications of Radionuclids Released from the Nuclear Industry (1979), IAEA, Vienna 407-420 STI/PUB 522
107. Hurtgen C., Koch G., van der Ben D., and Bonotto S. The determination of technetium-99 in the brown marine alga Fucus spiralis collected along the Belgian coast. Science of the Total Environment 70 (1988) 131-149
108. IAEA. Management of Wastes from Uranium Milling and Mining (1982), International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna
109. IAEA. Generic Models and Parameters for Assessing the Environmental Transfer of Radionuclides from Routine Releases. Safety Series No. 57 (1982), International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna
110. ds and Concentration Factors for Radionuclides in the Marine Environment. Technical Report Series No. 247 (1985), International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna
111. IAEA. Handbook of Parameter Values for the Prediction of Radionuclide Transfer on Temperate Environments, Produced in Collaboration with the International Union of Radioecologists. Technical Reports Series No. 364 (1994), International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna
112. IAEA. Modelling of the Transfer of Radiocaesium from Deposition to Lake Ecosystems. IAEA-TECDOC-1143. Report of the VAMP Aquatic Working Group, Part of the IAEA/CEC Coordinated Research Programme on the Validation of Environmental Model Predictions (VAMP) (2000), International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna
113. IAEA. Generic Models for Use in Assessing the Impact of Discharges of Radioactive Substances to the Environment. Safety Report Series No. 19 (2001), International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna
114. IAEA. Sediment Distribution Coefficients and Concentration Factors for Biota in the Marine Environment. Technical Reports Series No. 422 (2004), International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna
115. ICRP. Part 1. Limits of Intakes of Radionuclides by Workers. ICRP Publication 30 (1979), Pergammon Press, Oxford 116 pp.
116. Ichikawa R., and Ohno S. Levels of cobalt, caesium and zinc in some marine organisms in Japan. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 40 (1974) 501-508
117. Ikaheimonen T.K., Rissanen K., Matishov D.G., and Matishov G.G. Plutonium in Fish, Algae, and Sediments in the Barents, Petshora, and Kara Sea. International Conference on Environmental Radioactivity in the Arctic, 21-25 August, Oslo (1995), Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, Østerås 227-232
118. Ilus, E., 2005. Summary Report of the NKS-B/INDOFERN Project (New Indicator Organisms for Environmental Radioactivity). In: Proceedings of the Summary Seminar within the NKS-B Programme 2002-2005, 24-25 October 2005, Tartu, Estonia. NKS-143, ISBN: 87-7893-206-8, pp. 1-13.
119. Ilus, E., Klemola, S., Ikäheimonen, K., 2005a. Radiocaesium in seals and terns off the Finnish coast after the Chernobyl accident. In: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Environmental Radioactivity in the Arctic and Antarctic, 2-6 October 2005, Nice, France.
120. Ilus, E., Klemola, S., Ikäheimonen, T.K., Vartti, V.-P., Mattila, J., 2005b. Indicator value of certain aquatic organisms for radioactive substances in the sea areas off the Loviisa and Olkiluoto nuclear power plants (Finland). In: Proceedings of the Summary Seminar within the NKS-B Programme 2002-2005, 24-25 October 2005, Tartu, Estonia. NKS-143, ISBN: 87-7893-206-8, pp. 67-73.
121. Ishii, T., Suzuki, H., Iimura, M., Koyanagi, T., 1976. Concentration of Trace Elements in Marine Organisms. NIRS-R-5, pp. 28-29.
122. Iwashima K., and Yamagata N. Environmental contamination with radioruthenium. Journal of Radiation Research 7 (1966) 91-111
123. Jeffree, R.A., Szymczak, R., Peck, G.A., 2004. Po-210 and Pb-210 concentration factors for zooplankton and pellets in the oligotrophic South-West Pacific. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Isotopes in Environmental Studies - Aquatic Forum 2004, 25-29 October 2004, Monte-Carlo, Monaco.
124. Jenkins C.E. Radionuclide distribution in Pacific Salmon. Health Physics 17 3 (1969) 507-512
125. Jørgensen S.E., Nielson S.N., and Jørgensen L.A. Handbook of Ecological Parameters and Ecotoxicology (1991), Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.
126. Kahn B., and Turgeon K.S. The bioaccumulation factor for phosphorus-32 in edible fish tissue. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission; NUREG/CR-1336 (1980), NTIS, Springfield, VA.
127. Kanisch G., and Nagel G. Radioaktivitaet in Fishchen aus der Nordsee. Informationen fuer die Fischwirtschaft aus der Fischereiforschung 39 1 (1992) 32-39
128. 40K concentrations in Dall's porpoises Phocoenoides dalli in coastal waters of Japan. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 1 3 (1999) 275-278
129. Kershaw P.J., McMahon C.A., Rudjord A.L., Smedley C., and Leonard K.S. Spatial and temporal variations in concentration factors in NW European Seas - secondary use of monitoring data. Radioprotection 40 Suppl. 1 (2005) S93-S99
130. Kilizhenko V.P. Some data on Barents Sea contamination. Atomic Energy on Sea Safety and Ecology. International Scientific Seminar of the USSR Nuclear Society, September 24-28, 1990, Moscow (1992), Nuclear Society 250-252
131. Kimura Y., Ogawa Y., Honda Y., and Katsurayama K. Studies on the concentration of radioactive substances by plankton, Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Hoken Bstsuri 25 (1990) 361-368
132. Kirchman, N.C., 1974. Contamination of Fresh Water Fishes by Mn-54 and Co-60. Rapport EUR 5167e.
133. Kolstad, A.K., Rudjord, A.L., 2005. Organ distribution of technetium-99 in lobster (Homarus gammarus) from Norwegian coastal areas. In: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Environmental Radioactivity in the Arctic and Antarctic, 2-6 October 2005, Nice, France.
134. Kurabayashi M., Fukuda S., and Kurokawa Y. Concentration Factors of Marine Organisms Used for the Environmental Dose Assessment. Marine Radioecology (1980), NEA/OECD, Paris 335-345
135. Kuznetsov Yu.V., Nosov N.A., and Legin V.K. Dumping of radioactive waste disposal in the sea environment: scientific and practical aspects. In: Strand P., and Holm E. (Eds). Environmental Radioactivity in the Arctic and Antarctic (1993), Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, Østerås 37-51
136. Kuzo G.B., Fraley Jr. L., and Markham O.D. Transuranic concentrations in selected biotic and abiotic components of the Idaho national engineering laboratory test reactor area ponds. In: Markham O.D. (Ed). Ecological Studies on the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory Site (1978), Department of Energy, Idaho Falls, USA 15-27 IDO-12087
137. Lanno R.P., and Dixon D.G. Chronic toxicity of waterbourne thiocyanate to rainbox trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 53 (1996) 2137-2146
138. Larsson C.M. An overview of the ERICA Integrated Approach to the assessment and management of environmental risks from ionising contaminants. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 99 (2008) 1364-1370
139. Larsson C.-M. The FASSET framework for assessment of environmental impact of ionising radiation in European ecosystems - an overview. Journal of Radiological Protection 24 (2004) A1-A13
140. Leal M.C.F., Vasconcelos M.T., Sousa-Pinto I., and Cabral J.P.S. Biomonitoring with benthic macroalgae and direct assay of heavy metals in seawater of the Oporto coast (Northwest Portugal). Marine Pollution Bulletin 34 12 (1997) 1006-1015
141. Lentsch J.W., Kneip T.J., Wren McDonald E., Howells G.P., and Eisenbud M. Stable Mn and Mn-54 distributions in the physical and biological components of the Hudson River Estuary. In: Nelson D.J. (Ed). Radionuclides in Ecosystems (1971) 752-768 CONF-710501(2)
142. Lindahl P., Roos P., Holm E., and Dahlgaard H. Studies of Np and Pu in the marine environment of Swedish-Danish waters and the North Atlantic Ocean. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 82 3 (2005) 285-301
143. Locatelli C., and Torsi G. Determination of Se, As, Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn an Mn by anodic and cathodic stripping voltammetry in marine environmental matrices in the presence of reciprocal interference. Proposal of a new analytic procedure. Microchemical Journal 65 (2000) 293-303
144. Lydersen C., Ryg M.S., Hammill M.O., and O'Brien P.J. Oxygen stores and aerobic dive limit of ringed seals (Phoca hispida). Canadian Journal of Zoology 70 (1992) 458-461
145. Marchyulenene E.D.P., and Dusaukiene-Duz. Intake of Sr-90, Cs-137, Ce-144, and Ru-106 by freshwater organisms with food and water. Lietuvos TSR Mokslu Akademijos Darbal Serija C Biologijos Mokslai 2 (1978) 145-152
146. Marchyulenene E.D.P. Exchange of certain radionuclides between environment and freshwater algae. Ekologiya 2 (1978) 80-81
147. Marchyulenene E.D.P. Interactions of radionuclides and pollutants with phytocoenoses in freshwater ecosystems. Agrochemical Residue - Biota Interactions in Soil and Aquatic Ecosystems (1980), IAEA 113-124 STI/PUB/548
148. Mart L., and Nurnberg H.W. Trace metal levels in the Eastern Arctic ocean. Science of the Total Environment 39 (1984) 1-14
149. Marumo K., Ishii T., Ishikawa, and Ueda T. Concentration of elements in marine zooplankton from coastal waters of Boso Peninsula, Japan. Fisheries Science 64 2 (1998) 185-190
150. Masson M., van Weers A.W., Groothuis R.E.J., Dahlgaard H., Ibbett R.D., and Leonard K.S. Time series for seawater and seaweed of Tc-99 and Sb-125 originating from releases at La Hague. Journal of Marine Systems 6 (1995) 397-413
151. In: Matishov G.G., and Rodin A.V. (Eds). Atlantic Cod. Biology, Ecology, Fishery (1996), Nauka, St. Petersburg
152. 137Cs in fish and seaweed of the Barents Sea. In: Strand P., and Jølle T. (Eds). Extended Abstracts of the Fourth International Conference on Environmental Radioactivity in the Arctic (1999), Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, Østerås 242-243
153. Matishov G.G., Matishov D.G., Szczypa J., and Rissanen K. Radionuclides in the Ecosystem of the Barents and Kara Seas Region (1994), Kola Science Center, Apatity (in Russian)
154. Mauchline J., and Templeton W.L. Dispersion in the Irish Sea of the radioactive liquid effluent from Windscale Works of the UK Atomic Energy Authority. Nature 198 (1963) 623-626
155. McDonald P., Baxter M.S., and Fowler S.W. Distribution of radionuclides in mussels, winkles and prawns. Part 1. Study of organisms under environmental conditions using conventional radio-analytical techniques. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 18 (1993) 181-202
156. McDonald P., Cook G.T., and Baxter M.S. Natural and anthropogenic radioactivity in coastal regions of the UK. Radiation Protection Dosimetry 45 1/4 (1992) 707-710
157. Meinhold A.F., and Hamilton L.D. Radium concentration factors and their use in health and environmental risk assessment. In: Ray J.P., and Engelhardt F.R. (Eds). Produced Water: Technological/Environmental Issues and Solutions, Proceedings of the 1992 International Produced Water Symposium. February 4-7, 1992, San Diego, California. Environmental Science Research vol. 46 (1990), Plenum Press, New York 293-302
158. Melhuus A., Seip K.L., Seip H.M., and Myklestad S. A preliminary study of the use of benthic algae as biological indicators of heavy metal pollution in Sørfjorden, Norway. Environmental Pollution 15 (1978) 101-107
159. In: Miller C.W. (Ed). Models and Parameters for Environmental Radiological Assessment (1984) Report DOE/TIC - 11468, Cited in RWMC, 1994. Concentration Factors of Radionuclides in Freshwater Organisms. Environmental Parameters Series 3 Report Number RWMC-94-P-15, March 1994.
160. Millero F.J. Chemical Oceanography. Second ed. (1996), CRC Press, Inc. 469 pp.
161. Murray C.N., Hoppenheit M., and Rade H. Accumulation of americium-243 in selected brackish and marine invertebrates. Helgolaender Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen 31 (1978) 34-54
162. Nakahara M., Koyanagi T., and Saiki M. Concentrations of radioactive cobalt by seaweeds in the food chains. Impacts of Nuclear Releases into the Aquatic Environment, Proceedings Symposium, Otaniemi, 1975 (1975), IAEA-SM-198/20, Vienna 301-312
163. Nakamura, R., Suzuki, Y., Ueda, T., 1976. Distribution of Radionuclides among Green Algae (Ulva pertusa), Seawater and Marine Sediment. NIRS-R-5, pp. 20-23.
164. Napier, B.A., 1988. GENII - The Hanford Environmental Radiation Dosimetry Software System.
165. Naustvoll S., Ovrevoll B., Hellstrom T., and Eikelmann J.M.H. Radiocaesium in marine fish in the coastal waters of Northern Norway and in the Barents Sea. In: Strand P. (Ed). Extended Abstracts of the Third International Conference on Environmental Radioactivity in the Arctic (1997), Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, Østerås 215-216
166. Nelson D.J. Clams as indicators of Sr-90. Science 137 (1962) 38-39
167. Nevissi A., and Schell W.R. Po-210, Pu-240 in biological and water samples from the Bikini and Eniwetok atolls. Nature 255 5506 (1975) 321-323
168. Newman G. Concentration Factors for Stable Metals and Radionuclides in Fish, Mussels, and Crustaceans. A Literature Survey, Rep. SNUPM 1976E (1985), National Swedish Environmental Protection Board, Solna 36
169. Nilsson M., Dahlgaard H., Edgren M., Holm E., Mattsson S., and Notter N. Radionuclides in Fucus from inter-Scandinavian waters. Impacts of Radionuclide Releases into the Marine Environment, Proceedings Symposium, Vienna, 1980 (1981), IAEA-SM-248/107, Vienna 501-513
170. Nolan C., Whitehead N., and Teyssie J.-L. Tellurium - speciation in seawater and accumulation by marine phytoplankton and crustaceans. Journal of Environmental radioactivity 13 2 (1991) 153-169
171. Nonnis-Marzano F., and Triulzi C. Radioecological research on the marine environment facing the Italian base in Antarctica (1989-91). International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 55 (1994) 243-252
172. NRPA. Technetium-99 Contamination in the North Sea and in Norwegian Coastal Areas 1996 and 1997. In: Brown J., Kolstad A.K., Lind B., Rudjord A.L., and Strand P. (Eds) (1998), Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, Østerås
173. NRPA. Radioactive Contamination at Dumping Sites for Nuclear Waste in the Kara Sea. Results from Norwegian-Russian 1993 Expedition to the Kara Sea (1994), Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, Østerås
174. NRPA. Radioactivity in the Marine Environment. In: Sickel M.A.K., Selnes T.D., Christensen G.C., Boe B., Strand P., and Hellstrom T. (Eds) (1995), Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, Østerås
175. NRPA. Radioactive Contamination at Dumping Sites for Nuclear Waste in the Kara Sea. Results from Norwegian-Russian 1992-1994 Expeditions to the Kara Sea (1996), Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, Østerås
176. NRPA. Radioactive Contamination in the Marine Environment. In: Brungot A.L., Sickel M.A.K., Bergan T.D., Boe B., Hellstrom T., and Strand P. (Eds) (1997), Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, Østerås
177. NRPA. Radioactive Contamination in the Marine Environment. In: Brungot A.L., Foen L., Caroll J., Kolstad A.K., Brown J., Rudjord A.L., Boe B., and Hellstrom T. (Eds) (1999), Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, Østerås
178. NRPA. Radionuclide Uptake and Transfer in Pelagic Food Chains of the Barents Sea and Resulting Doses to Man and Biota. Final Report. Norwegian Transport and Effects Programme (2000), Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, Østerås
179. Noshkin V.E., Bowen V.T., Wong K.M., and Burke J.C. Plutonium in North Atlantic Ocean organisms: ecological relationships. In: Nelson D.J. (Ed). Proceedings of the Third National Symposium on Radioecology (1971), Oak Ridge, Tennessee 688-691 CONF. 710501-P2
180. Noshkin V.E., Wong K.M., Eagle R.J., and Gatrousis C. Transuranics and other radionuclides in Bikini Lagoon: concentration data retrieved from aged coral sections. Limnology and Oceanography 20 5 (1975) 729-742
181. Ophel I.L., and Fraser C.D. The fate of Co-60 in a natural freshwater ecosystem. In: Nelson D.J. (Ed). Proceedings of the Third National Symposium on Radioecology (1973) 323-327 USAEC Report CONF-710501
182. Osvath I., Bologa A., and Dovlete C. Environmental Cs-137 concentration factors for Black Sea biota. Preliminary data. Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer. Medit. 32 (1990) 320
183. Patin S.A., and Petrov A.A. Sr-90 and Cs-137 content in fishes. Radiobiologiya 18 (1978) 730-733
184. Patzer, R.G., 1976. Concentration Factors and Transport Models for Radionuclides in Aquatic Environments. A Literature Report. PB-255 097/8ST.
185. Pentreath R.J. Radionuclides in marine fish. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review 15 (1977) 365-460
186. Pentreath R.J. Monitoring of Radionuclides. Fish Techical Paper 150 (1976), FAO, Rome 8
187. Pentreath R.J., and Lovett M.B. Transuranic nuclides in plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) from the north-eastern Irish Sea. Marine Biology 48 (1978) 19-26
188. Pertsov L.A. Biological Aspects of Radioactive Contamination of Sea (1978), Atomizdat, Moscow (in Russian)
189. Polikarpov G.G. Ability of some Black Sea organisms to accumulate fission products. Science 133 (1961) 1127-1128
190. Polikarpov G.G. Radioecology of Aquatic Organisms: the Accumulation and Biological Effects of Radioactive Substances (1966), Reinhold, New York
191. Porntepkasemsan B., and Nevissi A.E. Mechanism of radium-226 transfer from sediments and water to marine fishes. Geochemical Journal 24 (1990) 223-228
192. Poston T.M., and Klopfer D.C. Concentration factors used in the assessment of radiation dose to consumers of fish: a review of 27 radionuclides. Health Physics 55 5 (November 1988) 751-766
193. Poston T.M. Observations on the bioaccumulation potential of thorium and uranium in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 28 (1982) 682-690
194. Poston T.M., and Klopfer D.C. A Literature Review of the Concentration Ratios of Selected Radionuclides in Freshwater and Marine Fish (1986), Pacific Northwest Laboratory/NTIS, Richland, WA/Springfield, VA PNL-5484
195. Rice T.R. The accumulation and exchange of strontium by marine planktonic algae. Limnology and Oceanography 1 2 (1956) 123-138
196. Rissanen K., Ikaheimonen T.K., Matishov D., and Matishov G.G. Radioactivity levels in fish, benthic fauna, seals, and sea birds collected in the northwest arctic of Russia. Radioprotection - Colloques 32 (1997) 323-331
197. Rissanen K., Ikaheimonen T.K., Vlipieti J., Matishov D.G., and Matishov G.G. Plutonium in algae, sediments and biota in the Barents, Pechora and Kara Seas. In: Inaba J., Hisamatsu S., and Ohtsuka (Eds). Proceedings of the International Workshop on Distribution and Speciation of Radionuclides in the Environment (2000), Institute of Environmental Sciences, Rokkasho, Aomori, Japan 107-114
198. Rissanen K., Matishov D.G., and Matishov G.G. Radioactivity levels in Barents, Petshora, Kara Sea, Laptev and White Sea. International Conference on Environmental Radioactivity in the Arctic, 21-25 August (1995), Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, Østerås 208-214
199. 90Sr and selected metal concentrations in organs of Greenland seal pups in the White Sea area. In: Strand P., and Jølle T. (Eds). Extended Abstracts of the Fourth International Conference on Environmental Radioactivity in the Arctic (1999), Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, Østerås 186-188
200. Robbins J.A., McCall P.L., Fisher J.B., and Krezoski J.R. Effects of deposit feeders on migration of Cs-137 in lake sediments. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 42 (1979) 277-287
201. Rudjord A.L., Kolstad A.K., and Heldal H.E. Concentration factor for Technetium-99 in lobster (Homarus gammarus) from Norwegian coastal areas. Proceedings of the International Conference on Isotopes in Environmental Studies. Aquatic Forum 2004, 25-29 October 2004 (2004), Monte-Carlo, Monaco
202. Ryan T.P., Dowdall A.M., McGarry A.T., Pollard D., and Cunningham J.D. Po-210 in Mytilus edulis in the Irish marine environment. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 43 (1999) 325-342
203. Salo A. Finnish studies in the Baltic Sea on the behaviour of radionuclides due to global fallout and releases from nuclear power plants. Marine Radioecology (1980), OECD, Paris pp. 359-371
204. Sanchez-Cabeza J.A., Merino J., Masque P., Mitchell P.I., Vintro L.L., Schell W.R., Cross L., and Calbet A. Concentration of plutonium and americium in plankton from the western Mediterranean Sea. Science of the Total Environment 31 (2003) 233-245
205. 137Cs in fishes and water in Finnish lakes - considerations for radiological risk assessment. Proceedings of the International Congress ECORAD 2004. Aix-en-Provence, 6-10 September 2004. Radioprotection 40 Suppl. 1 (2005) 649-654
206. Sazykina T.G. Long-distance radionuclide transfer in the Arctic Seas related to fish migrations. Radiation Protection Dosimetry 75 1-4 (1998) 219-222
207. In: Scott-Russell (Ed). Radioactivity and Human Diet (1966), Pergamon Press, New York
208. Shaheed K., Somasundaram S.S.N., Hameed S.H., and Iyengar M.A.R. A study of polonium-210 distribution aspects in the riverine ecosystem of Kaveri, Tiruchirappalli, India. Environmental Pollution 95 3 (1997) 371-377
209. Shorti Z.F., Olson P.B., Palumbo R.F., Donaldson J.R., and Lowman F.G. Uptake of molybdenum marked with Mo-99 by the biota of Fern Lake, Washington in a laboratory and field experiment. In: Nelson D.J. (Ed). Radionuclides in Ecosystems (1971) 474-485 CONF-710501-Pt.1
210. Shorti Z.F., Palumbo R.F., Olson P.B., and Donaldson J.R. Uptake of I-131 by biota of Fern Lake, Washington in a laboratory and field experiment. Ecology 50 (1969) 979-989
211. Shutov V.N., Bruk G.Ya., Travnikova I.G., Balonov M.I., Kaduka M.V., Basalaeva L.N., Skuterud L., Mehli H., and Strand P. The current radioactive contamination of the environment and foodstuffs in the Kola Region of Russia. In: Strand P., and Jølle T. (Eds). Extended Abstracts of the Fourth International Conference on Environmental Radioactivity in the Arctic (1999), Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, Østerås 307-309
212. Skwarzec B., and Bojanowski R. Po-210 content in seawater and its accumulation in southern Baltic plankton. Marine Biology 97 (1988) 301-307
213. Skwarzec B., and Falkowski L. Accumulation of Po-210 in Baltic invertebrates. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 8 (1988) 99-109
214. Smith J.T., Kudelsky A.V., Ryabov I.N., and Hadderingh R.H. Radiocaesium concentration factors of Chernobyl-contaminated fish: a study of the influence of potassium, and "blind" testing of a previously developed model. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 48 (2000) 359-369
215. Smith V., Fegan M., Pollard D., Long S., Hayden E., and Ryan T.P. Technetium-99 in the Irish marine environment. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 56 (2001) 269-284
216. Spigarelli S.A. Ecological factors affecting the simulation of Cs-137 by natural population of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). In: Nelson D.J. (Ed). Proceedings of the Third National Symposium on Radiology (1971) 328-333 USAEC Report, CONF-710501
217. Steele A.K. Derived concentration factors for Cs-137 in edible species of North Sea fish. Marine Pollution 21 12 (1990) 591-594
218. Stepnowski P., and Skwarzec B. A comparison of Po-210 accumulation in molluscs from the southern Baltic, the coast of Spitsbergen and Sasek Wielki lake in Poland. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 49 (2000) 201-208
219. Strand P., Rudjord A.L., Salbu B., Christensen G., Føyn L., Lind B., Bjørnstad H., Bjerk T., Nikitin A.I., Kryshev A.I., Chumishev V.B., Dahlgaard H., and Holm E. Survey of artificial radionuclides in the Kara Sea. In: Strand P., and Holm E. (Eds). Environmental Radioactivity in the Arctic and Antarctic (1993), Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, Østerås 53-65
220. Suzuki H., Koyanagi T., and Saiki M. Studies on rare elements in seawater and uptake by marine organisms. Impacts of Nuclear Releases into the Aquatic Environment, Proceedings Symposium, Otaniemi, 1975 (1975), IAEA-SM-198/19, Vienna 77-91
221. Suzuki, H., Ishii, T., Iimura, M., Koyanagi, T., 1978. Studies on Concentration of Minor Stable Elements in Marine Environmental Samples. NIRS-R-8, Chiba, Japan, pp. 17-21.
222. Swift D.J., and Pentreath R.J. The accumulation of plutonium by the edible winkle (Littorina littorea L.). Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 7 (1988) 29-48
223. Tateda Y., and Koyanagi T. Concentration factors for Cs-137 in marine algae from Japanese coastal waters. Journal of Radiation Research 35 (1994) 213-221
224. Tateda Y., and Koyanagi T. Concentration factors for Cs-137 in Japanese coastal fish (1984-1990). Journal of Radiation Research 37 (1996) 71-79
225. Templeton W.L. Fission products and aquatic organisms. The Effects of Pollution on Living Material (1959), Institute for Biology, London 125-140
226. Thiels G.M., and Vanderborght O.L.J. Distribution of Am-24 in freshwater snail, Lymnaea stagnalis L. and water acidity. Health Physics 39 (1980) 679-682
227. Thomann R.V. Equilibrium model of fate of microcontaminants in diverse aquatic food chains. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 38 (1981) 280-296
228. Thompson, S., Burton, A., Quinn, D., Ng, Y., 1972. Concentration Factors of Chemical Elements in Edible Aquatic Organisms. UCRL-50564, Revision 1, TID-4500.
229. Thompson S.E. Effective half-life of fallout radionuclides on plants with special emphasis on I-131. Report UCRL-12388 (1965), U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Washington, D.C.
230. Thompson, S.E., Quinn, D.J., Ng, Y.C., 1968. Concentration Factors of Elements in Edible Aquatic Organisms. Report Number UCRL-50564, Cited in RWMC, 1994. Concentration Factors of Radionuclides in Freshwater Organisms. Environmental Parameters Series 3 Report Number RWMC-94-P-15, March 1994.
231. Till J.E., and Meyer H.R. Radiological Assessment: a Textbook on Environmental Risk Analysis. NUREG/CR-3332, ORNL-5968 (1983), U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, D.C.
232. Till, John E., 1983. Radiological Assessment: A Textbook on Environmental Dose Analysis.
233. Timofeeva N.A., and Kulikov N.V. The role of freshwater plants in accumulation of Sr-90 and its distribution in the components of a reservoir. Radiological Concentration Processes, Proceedings of an International Symposium Held in Stockholm, 1966 (1969), Pergamon Press, Oxford 835-841
234. US Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1972. Calculations of Annual Dose to Man from Routine Releases of Reactor Effluents for the Purpose of Evaluating Compliance with 10 CFR Part 50, Appendix 2. Regulatory Guide 1. 109 Revision 1. Cited in RWMC, 1994. Concentration Factors of Radionuclides in Freshwater Organisms. Environmental Parameters Series 3 Report Number RWMC-94-P-15, March 1994, (English Issue).
235. Van As D., Fourie H.O., and Vleggaar C.M. Trace element concentrations in marine organisms from the Cape West Coast. South African Journal of Science 71 (1975)
236. Van Weers A.W. Uptake and loss of Zn-65 and Co-60 by the mussel Mytilus edulis L. Radioactive Contamination of the Marine Environment, Proceedings Symposium, Seattle 1972 (1973), IAEA-SM-158/24, Vienna 385-401
237. Van Weers, Q.W., van Raaphorst, J.G., 1979. Accumulation of trace metals in coastal marine organisms. In: Marine Radioecology, Proceedings of a NEA Symposium, Tokyo, October 1979, pp. 303-312.
238. Vanderploeg H.A., Parzyck D.C., Wilcox W.H., Kercher J.R., and Kaye S.V. Bioaccumulation Factors for Radionuclides in Freshwater Biota. ORNL-5002, Publication No. 783 (1975), Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee
239. Vives i Batlle J., Wilson R.C., McDonald P., and Parker T.G. Uptake and depuration of 131I by the edible periwinkle Littorina littorea: uptake from seawater. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 78 (2005) 51-67
240. Vives i Batlle J., Wilson R.C., and McDonald P. Allometric methodology for the calculation of biokinetic parameters for marine biota. Science of the Total Environment 388 (2007) 256-269
241. Vose D. Quantitative Risk Analysis - a Guide to Monte Carlo Simulation Modelling (1996), John Wiley & Sons
242. Vose D. Risk Analysis - a Quantitative Guide. Second ed. (2000), John Wiley & Sons
243. Waite D.T., Joshi S.R., and Sommerstad H. The effect of uranium mine tailings on radionuclide concentrations in Langley Bay, Saskatchewan, Canada. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 17 (1988) 373-380
244. Wang W.-X., and Dei R.C.H. Effects of major nutrient additions on metal uptake in phytoplankton. Environmental Pollution 111 (2001) 233-240
245. Wang W.-X., and Dei R.C.H. Metal uptake in a coastal diatom influenced by major nutrients (N, P, and Si). Water Research 35 1 (2001) 315-321
246. Wang W.-X., and Dei R.C.H. Influences of phosphate and silicate on Cr(VI) and Se(IV) accumulation in marine phytoplankton. Aquatic Toxicology 52 (2001) 39-47
247. Wong K.M., Noshkin V.E., Suprenant L., and Bowen V.T. Plutonium-239 in Some Marineorganisms and Sediments. Pages I-25 to I-33 in Fallout Program, Hardy, E.P. (comp.), Health and Safety Laboratory Report, HASL-227 (1970), USAEC, New York
248. 131I by the edible periwinkle Littorina littorea: uptake from labelled seaweed (Chondrus crispus). Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 80 (2005) 259-271
249. Yamato A., kinoshita M., and Kurokawa V. Plutonium contents in the coastal environment of Japan. Proceedings of the Fourth Congress, Paris (1977), IRPA, Washington, D.C. 865-868
250. Yeats P., Stenson G., and Hellou J. Essential elements and priority contaminants in liver, kidney, muscle and blubber of harp seal beaters. Science of the Total Environment 243/244 (1999) 157-167
251. Yen J. Sorption of plutonium-237 by two species of marine phytoplankton. Journal of Phycology 17 (1981) 346-352
252. 40K) in marine mammals. Environmental Science & Technology 37 (2003) 4597-4602
253. Zhang G.H., Hu M.H., Huang Y.P., and Harrison P.J. Se uptake and accumulation in marine phytoplankton and transfer of Se to the calm Puditapes philippnarum. Marine Environmental Research 30 3 (1990) 179-190
254. In: Zinger I. (Ed). Considerations for Applying the ERICA Integrated Approach (2007), Swedish Radiation Protection Authority, Stockholm 127 A Deliverable Report (D8) for the Project "ERICA" (Contract No. FI6R-CT-2004-508847) within the EC's VIth Framework Programme