메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 8, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 126-137

Ethics of mandatory premarital HIV testing in Africa: The case of Goma, Democratic Republic of Congo

Author keywords

Africa; Democratic Republic of Congo; Ethics; Health policy; HIV; Premarital testing; Public health

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; CONFIDENTIALITY; DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC CONGO; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; ETHICS; FEMALE; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; HUMAN RIGHTS; MALE; MANDATORY TESTING; MASS SCREENING; MEDICAL EXAMINATION; PUBLIC HEALTH; SOCIAL JUSTICE; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; VOLUNTARY PROGRAM;

EID: 48349102130     PISSN: 14718731     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-8847.2007.00199.x     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (16)

References (55)
  • 1
    • 48349088691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Joint United Nations Programme on HIVAIDS (UNAIDS) & World Health Organization WHO, 14 August. Geneva: UNAIDS/WHO. Available at:, Accessed 4 Apr 2007
    • Joint United Nations Programme on HIVAIDS (UNAIDS) & World Health Organization (WHO). 2006. WHO and UNAIDS Secretariat Statement on HIV Testing and Counseling. 14 August. Geneva: UNAIDS/WHO. Available at: http://www.who.int/hiv/toronto2006/WHO-UNAIDSstatement_TC_081406_dh.pdf [Accessed 4 Apr 2007].
    • (2006) WHO and UNAIDS Secretariat Statement on HIV Testing and Counseling
  • 2
    • 16544364850 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Introduction of Routine HIV Testing in Pre-natal Care - Botswana 2004
    • K. Seipone et al. Introduction of Routine HIV Testing in Pre-natal Care - Botswana 2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2004; 53: 1083-1086.
    • (2004) MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep , vol.53 , pp. 1083-1086
    • Seipone, K.1
  • 3
    • 33748857193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Revised Recommendation for HIV Testing in Adults, Adolescents and Pregnant Women in Health Care Settings
    • B.M. Branson et al. Revised Recommendation for HIV Testing in Adults, Adolescents and Pregnant Women in Health Care Settings. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rpt 2006; 55(RR-14): 1-17.
    • (2006) MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rpt , vol.55 , Issue.RR-14 , pp. 1-17
    • Branson, B.M.1
  • 4
    • 48349099623 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Geneva: WHO. Available at:, Accessed 4 Apr 2007
    • World Health Organization (WHO). 2006. HIV Testing and Counseling. Geneva: WHO. Available at: http://www.who.int/hiv/topics/vct/en/index.html [Accessed 4 Apr 2007].
    • (2006) HIV Testing and Counseling
  • 5
    • 0024398884 scopus 로고
    • Mandatory Premarital Testing for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. The Illinois Experience
    • B.J. Turnock & C.J. Kelly. Mandatory Premarital Testing for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. The Illinois Experience. JAMA. 1989; 261: 3415-3418;
    • (1989) JAMA , vol.261 , pp. 3415-3418
    • Turnock, B.J.1    Kelly, C.J.2
  • 6
    • 0025171465 scopus 로고
    • Premarital Testing for Antibodies to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in the United States. The Premarital Screening Study Group
    • L.R. Petersen & C.R.White. Premarital Testing for Antibodies to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in the United States. The Premarital Screening Study Group. Am J Public Health 1990; 80: 1087-1090.
    • (1990) Am J Public Health , vol.80 , pp. 1087-1090
    • Petersen, L.R.1    White, C.R.2
  • 7
    • 32044436271 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unfinished Business - Expanding HIV Testing in Developing Countries
    • K.M. De Cock et al. Unfinished Business - Expanding HIV Testing in Developing Countries. N Engl J Med 2006; 354: 440-442.
    • (2006) N Engl J Med , vol.354 , pp. 440-442
    • De Cock, K.M.1
  • 8
    • 0037030933 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • st century
    • st century. Lancet 2002; 360: 67-72.
    • (2002) Lancet , vol.360 , pp. 67-72
    • De Cock, K.M.1
  • 9
    • 23744496228 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Global Battle's Missing Weapon
    • 10 February: Op-ed. Available at:, Accessed 4 Apr 2007
    • R. Holbrooke & F. Furman. 2004. A Global Battle's Missing Weapon. The New York Times 10 February: Op-ed. Available at: http://query. nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res= 9C01E7D9173AF933A25751C0A9629C8B63 [Accessed 4 Apr 2007].
    • (2004) The New York Times
    • Holbrooke, R.1    Furman, F.2
  • 10
    • 48349102788 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human Rights Watch (HRW). 2006. AIDS Conference: Drive for HIV Testing must Respect Rights. Chicago. IL: HRW. Available at: http://hrw.org/ english/docs/2006/08/09/canada13944.htm [Accessed 4 Apr 2007].
    • Human Rights Watch (HRW). 2006. AIDS Conference: Drive for HIV Testing must Respect Rights. Chicago. IL: HRW. Available at: http://hrw.org/ english/docs/2006/08/09/canada13944.htm [Accessed 4 Apr 2007].
  • 11
    • 48349093499 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • London: Reuters: 20 December. Available at:, Accessed 4 Apr 2007
    • Reuters. 2006. Indian State Plans Obligatory Pre-marriage HIV Test. London: Reuters: 20 December. Available at: http://www.alertnet.org/ thenews/newsdesk/B457073.htm [Accessed 4 Apr 2007].
    • (2006) Indian State Plans Obligatory Pre-marriage HIV Test
    • Reuters1
  • 12
    • 48349120277 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Associated Press. 2005. Premarital HIV Testing to be Mandatory for Muslims in Malaysian State. New York, NY: Associated Press: 26 May. Available at: http://www.thebody.com/cdc/news_updates_archive/2005/may26_05/ malaysia_hiv_testing.html [Accessed 4 Apr 2007].
    • Associated Press. 2005. Premarital HIV Testing to be Mandatory for Muslims in Malaysian State. New York, NY: Associated Press: 26 May. Available at: http://www.thebody.com/cdc/news_updates_archive/2005/may26_05/ malaysia_hiv_testing.html [Accessed 4 Apr 2007].
  • 13
    • 48349114090 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. 2006. Global Challenges: Chinese Province To Require Couples To Receive HIV Tests Before Marriage. Online: Kaisernetwork.org. Available at: http://www.kaisernetwork.org/daily_reports/ rep_index.cfm?DR_ID=41447 [Accessed 4 Apr 2007].
    • Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. 2006. Global Challenges: Chinese Province To Require Couples To Receive HIV Tests Before Marriage. Online: Kaisernetwork.org. Available at: http://www.kaisernetwork.org/daily_reports/ rep_index.cfm?DR_ID=41447 [Accessed 4 Apr 2007].
  • 14
    • 21244452297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Personal History of Voluntary HIV Counseling and Testing (VCT) among Adults Aged 19-35 Years Living in Periurban Communities, Chiang Mai, Northern Thailand
    • S. Kawichai et al. Personal History of Voluntary HIV Counseling and Testing (VCT) among Adults Aged 19-35 Years Living in Periurban Communities, Chiang Mai, Northern Thailand. AIDS Behav 2005; 9: 233-242.
    • (2005) AIDS Behav , vol.9 , pp. 233-242
    • Kawichai, S.1
  • 15
    • 84882059389 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Press Release. Online: Amnestey International. Available at:, Accessed 4 Apr 2007
    • Amnesty International. 2004. Albania: Disability and the Right to Marry. Press Release. Online: Amnestey International. Available at: http://web.amnesty.org/library/index/engeur110052004 [Accessed 4 Apr 2007].
    • (2004) Albania: Disability and the Right to Marry
  • 16
    • 48349087597 scopus 로고
    • Premarital HIV Testing: The Case of Mexico
    • Abstract
    • C. Del Rio et al. Premarital HIV Testing: The Case of Mexico. Int Conf AIDS 1994; 10: 328 (Abstract PC0243).
    • (1994) Int Conf AIDS , vol.10 , Issue.328
    • Del Rio, C.1
  • 18
    • 33845207136 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mandatory Premarital HIV Testing in Nigeria: The Public Health and Social Implications
    • C.J. Uneke et al. Mandatory Premarital HIV Testing in Nigeria: The Public Health and Social Implications. AIDS Care 2007; 19: 116-121.
    • (2007) AIDS Care , vol.19 , pp. 116-121
    • Uneke, C.J.1
  • 19
    • 22144454920 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • From Mandatory to Voluntary Testing: Balancing Human Rights, Religious and Cultural Values, and HIV/AIDS Prevention in Ghana
    • I.N. Luginaaah, E.K.Yiridoe & NM Taabazuing. From Mandatory to Voluntary Testing: Balancing Human Rights, Religious and Cultural Values, and HIV/AIDS Prevention in Ghana. Soc Sci Med 2005; 61: 1689-1700.
    • (2005) Soc Sci Med , vol.61 , pp. 1689-1700
    • Luginaaah, I.N.1    Yiridoe, E.K.2    Taabazuing, N.M.3
  • 20
    • 48349105898 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HIV Test for Burundian Weddings
    • Online: BBC. Available at:, Accessed 4 Apr 2007
    • BBC News. 2006. HIV Test for Burundian Weddings. Online: BBC. Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/1/hi/world/africa/4842858.stm [Accessed 4 Apr 2007].
    • (2006) BBC News
  • 22
    • 48349105192 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conseil Oecumenique des Eglises. 2003. Modèles et Prédications et Méditations Bibliques dans le Contexte du VIH/SIDA en Afrique. Available at: http://www.wcc-coe.org/wcc/what/mission/ predications.pdf [Accessed 4 Apr 2007].
    • Conseil Oecumenique des Eglises. 2003. Modèles et Prédications et Méditations Bibliques dans le Contexte du VIH/SIDA en Afrique. Available at: http://www.wcc-coe.org/wcc/what/mission/ predications.pdf [Accessed 4 Apr 2007].
  • 23
    • 34447508777 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Background paper. Online: Public Health Program, Open Society Institute. Available at:, Accessed 4 Apr 2007
    • R. Jurgens. 2007. 'Routinizing' HIV Testing in Low- and Middle-income Countries. Background paper. Online: Public Health Program, Open Society Institute. Available at: http://www.soros.org/initiatives/health/ articles_publications/publications/routinizing_20061213 [Accessed 4 Apr 2007].
    • (2007) Routinizing' HIV Testing in Low- and Middle-income Countries
    • Jurgens, R.1
  • 24
    • 0023620911 scopus 로고
    • Compulsory Premarital Screening for the Human Immunodeficiency Virus
    • P.D. Cleary et al. Compulsory Premarital Screening for the Human Immunodeficiency Virus. JAMA 1987; 258: 1757-1762.
    • (1987) JAMA , vol.258 , pp. 1757-1762
    • Cleary, P.D.1
  • 25
    • 48349091401 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Compulsory HIV Tests for Couples
    • See, for example:, Online: BBC. Available at:, Accessed 4 Apr 2007
    • See, for example: BBC News. 2006. Compulsory HIV Tests for Couples. Online: BBC. Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/ 6193507.stm [Accessed 4 Apr 2007];
    • (2006) BBC News
  • 26
    • 48349119669 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New Vision. 2006. HIV Testing before Marriage should be Compulsory. Online: New Vision (Kampala): 15 November. Available at: http://www.aegis.com/news/nv/2006/NV061122.html [Accessed 4 Apr 2007].
    • New Vision. 2006. HIV Testing before Marriage should be Compulsory. Online: New Vision (Kampala): 15 November. Available at: http://www.aegis.com/news/nv/2006/NV061122.html [Accessed 4 Apr 2007].
  • 27
    • 0028535965 scopus 로고
    • Mandatory Premarital HIV Testing: Political Exploitation of the AIDS Epidemic
    • M. Closen et al. Mandatory Premarital HIV Testing: Political Exploitation of the AIDS Epidemic. Tulane Law Rev 1994; 69: 71-115.
    • (1994) Tulane Law Rev , vol.69 , pp. 71-115
    • Closen, M.1
  • 28
    • 84942945884 scopus 로고
    • HIV Testing, Counseling, and Prophylaxis after Sexual Assault
    • L.O. Gostin et al. HIV Testing, Counseling, and Prophylaxis after Sexual Assault JAMA 1994; 271: 1436-1444.
    • (1994) JAMA , vol.271 , pp. 1436-1444
    • Gostin, L.O.1
  • 29
    • 0030271862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Compulsory Testing for HIV in Hungary
    • R. Danziger. Compulsory Testing for HIV in Hungary. Soc Sci Med 1996; 43: 1199-1204.
    • (1996) Soc Sci Med , vol.43 , pp. 1199-1204
    • Danziger, R.1
  • 30
    • 0037309665 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Getting Married in China: Pass the Medical First
    • T. Hesketh. Getting Married in China: Pass the Medical First. BMJ 2003; 326: 277-279.
    • (2003) BMJ , vol.326 , pp. 277-279
    • Hesketh, T.1
  • 31
    • 48349088692 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Luginaah et al, op. cit. note 18
    • Luginaah et al., op. cit. note 18.
  • 32
    • 48349120020 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Uneke, op. cit. note 17
    • Uneke, op. cit. note 17.
  • 33
    • 48349142609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Malaysia-AIDS: Compulsory HIV Tests in Malaysian State a Setback in AIDS War: Experts
    • Agence France-Presse, 25 November. Available at:, Accessed 4 Apr 2007
    • Agence France-Presse. 2001. Malaysia-AIDS: Compulsory HIV Tests in Malaysian State a Setback in AIDS War: Experts. Online: Agence France-Presse: 25 November. Available at: http://www.aegis.com/NEWS/AFP/2001/ AF011192.html [Accessed 4 Apr 2007].
    • (2001) Online: Agence France-Presse
  • 34
    • 0003462242 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS UNAIDS, Geneva:, Available at:, Accessed 4 Apr, 2007
    • Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). 2006. Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic 2006. Geneva: UNAIDS. Available at: http://www.unaids.org/en/HIV_data/2006GlobalReport/default.asp [Accessed 4 Apr 2007].
    • (2006) Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic
  • 35
    • 48349103464 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Programme National de Lutte contre le VIH/SIDA et les IST PNLS, Online: Available at:, Accessed 4 Apr 2007
    • Programme National de Lutte contre le VIH/SIDA et les IST PNLS. 2005. Etat des Lieux de la Lutte Contre la VIH/SIDA en République Démocratique de Congo. Online: Available at: http://www.dsrp-rdc.org/ documents/Etats_des_lieux/Etats%20des%20lieux%20revises/ ETAT%20DES%20LIEUX%20DE%20LA%20LUTTE%20CONTRE%20LE%20VIH.swf [Accessed 4 Apr 2007].
    • (2005) Etat des Lieux de la Lutte Contre la VIH/SIDA en République Démocratique de Congo
  • 36
    • 48349092436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Etude Pilote de Risques et de la Vulnérabilité en République Démocratique de Congo
    • version. Online. Available at:, Accessed 4 Apr 2007
    • A. Mossige et al. 2003. Etude Pilote de Risques et de la Vulnérabilité en République Démocratique de Congo. Deuxième version. Online. Available at: http://www.grandslacs.net/ doc/3813.pdf [Accessed 4 Apr 2007].
    • (2003) Deuxième
    • Mossige, A.1
  • 37
    • 48349106241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • P. Ndoole. 2005. Nord-Kivu: Le Test du Sida Fait peur aux Fiancés de Goma. Online: Syfia/Grands Lacs Agence de Presse. Available at: http://www.syfia-grands-lacs.info/index.php5?view= articles&action=voir&idArticle=322&PHPSESSID= 6e12800a36632b02bedaff8645d3717e [Accessed 4 Apr 2007].
    • P. Ndoole. 2005. Nord-Kivu: Le Test du Sida Fait peur aux Fiancés de Goma. Online: Syfia/Grands Lacs Agence de Presse. Available at: http://www.syfia-grands-lacs.info/index.php5?view= articles&action=voir&idArticle=322&PHPSESSID= 6e12800a36632b02bedaff8645d3717e [Accessed 4 Apr 2007].
  • 38
    • 0034762771 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An Ethics Framework for Public Health
    • N. Kass. An Ethics Framework for Public Health. Am J Public Health 2001; 91: 1776-1782.
    • (2001) Am J Public Health , vol.91 , pp. 1776-1782
    • Kass, N.1
  • 39
    • 48349083815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • nd edn. New York, NY: MacMillan: 2178-2181.
    • nd edn. New York, NY: MacMillan: 2178-2181.
  • 40
    • 48349084463 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Luginaaah, op. cit. note 18
    • Luginaaah, op. cit. note 18.
  • 41
    • 22344444456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meta-analysis of High-risk Sexual Behavior in Persons Aware and Unaware they are Infected with HIV in the United States
    • G. Marks et al. Meta-analysis of High-risk Sexual Behavior in Persons Aware and Unaware they are Infected with HIV in the United States. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2005; 39: 446-453.
    • (2005) J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr , vol.39 , pp. 446-453
    • Marks, G.1
  • 42
    • 48349094510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ndoole, op. cit. note 35
    • Ndoole, op. cit. note 35.
  • 43
    • 48349121615 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Uneke et al, op. cit. note 17, p. 118
    • Uneke et al., op. cit. note 17, p. 118.
  • 46
    • 48349146846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Turnock & Kelly, op. cit. note 5; Closen et al., op. cit. note 25.
    • Turnock & Kelly, op. cit. note 5; Closen et al., op. cit. note 25.
  • 47
    • 48349107619 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • De Cock et al, op. cit. note 7
    • De Cock et al., op. cit. note 7.
  • 48
    • 48349102108 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trefon, op. cit. note 43
    • Trefon, op. cit. note 43.
  • 50
    • 48349127186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Closen, op. cit. note 25
    • Closen, op. cit. note 25.
  • 51
    • 48349103791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human Rights Watch (HRW). 2005. Seeking Justice: The Prosecution of Sexual Violence in the Congo War. Chicago. IL, HRW. Available at: http://hrw.org/reports/2005/drc0305/ [Accessed 4 Apr 2007].
    • Human Rights Watch (HRW). 2005. Seeking Justice: The Prosecution of Sexual Violence in the Congo War. Chicago. IL, HRW. Available at: http://hrw.org/reports/2005/drc0305/ [Accessed 4 Apr 2007].
  • 53
    • 48349115836 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conseil Oecumenique des Eglises, op. cit. note 21
    • Conseil Oecumenique des Eglises, op. cit. note 21.
  • 54
    • 48349090730 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Discussion Paper. London: Nuffield Council on Bioethics. Available at:, Accessed 4 Apr 2007
    • Nuffield Council on Bioethics. 2005. The Ethics of Healthcare Related Research in Developing Countries: A Follow-up Discussion Paper. London: Nuffield Council on Bioethics. Available at: http://www.nuffieldbioethics.org/ go/ourwork/developingcountries/publication_169.html [Accessed 4 Apr 2007].
    • (2005) The Ethics of Healthcare Related Research in Developing Countries: A Follow-up
  • 55
    • 21544431947 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS & World Health Organization UNAIDS/WHO, Geneva: UNAIDS/WHO. Available at:, Accessed 4 Apr 2007
    • Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS & World Health Organization (UNAIDS/WHO). 2004. UNAIDS/WHO Policy Statement on HIV Testing. Geneva: UNAIDS/WHO. Available at: http://www.who.int/rpc/research_ethics/ hivtestingpolicy_en_pdf.pdf [Accessed 4 Apr 2007].
    • (2004) UNAIDS/WHO Policy Statement on HIV Testing


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.