Ocean acoustic tomography from a stormy start to an uncertain future

Physical Oceanography: Developments Since 1950

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 119-138

  Munk, Walter ^a  

^a Oceanography ^*  (United States)

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EID: 48249118324     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/0-387-33152-2_8     Document Type: Chapter

References (35)

1. Munk, W., and C. Wunsch, 1982. Observing the ocean in the 1990's. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London 307, 439-464.
2. Krümmel, O., 1911. Handbuch der Ozeanographie. J. Englehorn, Stuttgart: Vol. 1 526 pp, Vol. 2 764 pp.
3. Sverdrup, H. U., M.W. Johnson, and R. H. Fleming, 1942. The Oceans: Their Physics, Chemistry and General Biology. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1087 pp.
4. Defant, A., 1961. Physical Oceanography. Pergamon Press, New York. Vol. 1 729 pp, Vol. 2 598 pp. First completed in German in 1945. MWW p356-8.
5. Hamilton, G. R., 1977. Time variations of sound speed over long paths in the ocean. In: International Workshop on Low-Frequency Propagation and Noise (Woods Hole, MA, 14-19 October 1974), 7-30. Department of the Navy, Washington, DC. See MWW p331. MWW p358-9.
6. Garrett, C., andW. Munk, 1972. Space-time scales of internal waves. Geophys. Fluid Dyn. 2, 225-264. Munk, W. H., and F. Zachariasen, 1976. Sound propagation through a fluctuating stratified ocean: Theory and observation. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 59(4), 818-838.
7. Flatte, S. M., R. Dashen,W. Munk, K.Watson, and F. Zachariasen, 1979. Sound Transmission Through a Fluctuating Ocean. Cambridge University Press, London.
8. Worcester, P. F., 1977. Reciprocal acoustic transmission in a midocean environment: Fluctuations. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 62, 895-905. See MWW p360.
9. Spiesberger, J. L., R. C. Spindel, and K. Metzger, 1980. Stability and identification of ocean acoustic multipaths. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 67, 2011-2017. See MWW p362.
10. Munk, W., and C. Wunsch, 1979. Ocean acoustic tomography: A scheme for large scale monitoring. Deep-Sea Res. 26A, 123-161.
11. Munk, W., and C. Wunsch, 1982. Up/down resolution in ocean acoustic tomography. Deep-Sea Res. 29, 1415-1436.
12. Munk, W., and C. Wunsch, 1983. Ocean acoustic tomography: Rays and modes. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. 21(4), 777-793.
13. Munk, W., and C. Wunsch, 1985. Biases and caustics in longrange acoustic tomography. Deep-Sea Res. 32, 1317-1346.
14. Munk, W., and C. Wunsch, 1987. Bias in acoustic travel time through an ocean with adiabatic range-dependence. Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn. 39,1-24.
15. Munk, W., and C. Wunsch, 1982. Observing the ocean in the 1990's. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London 307, 439-464.
16. See footnote MWW p363.
17. See MWW p363-381.
18. OceanTomography Group, 1982.Ademonstration of ocean acoustic tomography. Nature 299, 121-125. SeeMWWp299. (Members of the Ocean Tomography Group are D. Behringer, T. Birdsall, M. Brown, B. Cornuelle, R. Heinmiller, R. Knox, K. Metzger, W. Munk, J. Spiesberger, R. Spindel, D. Webb, P. Worcester, and C. Wunsch.)
19. Spiesberger, J. L., T. G. Birdsall, K. Metzger, Jr., R. A. Knox, C.W. Spofford, and R. C. Spindel, 1983. Measurements of Gulf Stream meandering and evidence of seasonal thermocline development using long range acoustic transmissions. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 13, 1836-1846. See MWW p365.
20. Spiesberger, J. L., and K. Metzger, 1991. Basin-scale ocean tomography: A new tool for studying weather and climate. J. Geophys. Res. 96, 4869-4889. Spiesberger, J. L., and K. Metzger, 1992. Basin- scale ocean monitoring with acoustic thermometers. Oceanography 5, 92-98.
21. Worcester, P. F., J. F. Lynch, W. M. L. Morawitz, R. Pawlowicz, P. J. Sutton, B. D. Cornuelle, O. M. Johannessen, W. H. Munk, W. B. Owens, R. Shuchman, and R. C. Spindel, 1993. Evolution of the large-scale temperature field in the Greenland Sea during 1988-89 from tomographic measurements. Geophys. Res. Lett. 20, 2211-2214.
22. Sutton, P. J.,W. M. L. Morawitz, B. D. Cornuelle, G. Masters, and P. F. Worcester, 1994. Incorporation of acoustic normal mode data into tomographic inversions in the Greenland Sea. J. Geophys. Res. 99, 12487-12502.
23. Pawlowicz, R., J. F. Lynch, W. B. Owens, P. F. Worcester, W. M. L. Morawitz, and P. J. Sutton, 1995. Thermal evolution of the Greenland Sea Gyre in 1988-89. J. Geophys. Res. 100, 4727-4750.
24. Morawitz, W. M. L., P. J. Sutton, P. F.Worcester, B. D. Cornuelle, J. F. Lynch, and R. Pawlowicz, 1996. Three-dimensional observations of a deep convective chimney in the Greenland Sea during winter 1988/1989. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 26, 2316-2343.
25. Sutton, P. J.,W. M. L. Morawitz, P. F.Worcester, and B. D. Cornuelle, 1997. Temperature evolution of the upper ocean in the Greenland Sea January to March 1989. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 27, 861-27,874.
26. Munk, W. H., and A. M. G. Forbes, 1989. Global ocean warming: An acoustic measure? J. Phys. Oceanogr. 19, 1765-1778.
27. MWW p337-9, p344-5. Vol. 59, No. 4, October 1994 of the J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
28. 62 ATOC research papers 1992-2003 and 15 arctic tomography papers have been assembled by P. Worcester in four volumes. The first volume has a brief chronology and a preface by W. Munk, P. Worcester, and R. Spindel (MWS).
29. Potter, J. R., 1994. ATOC: sound policy or enviro-vandalism? Aspects of a modern media-fueled policy issue. J. Environ. Dev. 3, 47-62. See MWW p379.
30. Dushaw, B. D., B. D. Cornuelle, P. F. Worcester, B. M. Howe, and D. S. Luther, 1995. Barotropic and baroclinic tides in the central North Pacific Ocean determined from long-range reciprocal acoustic transmissions. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 25, 631-647.
31. THETIS Group, 1994. Open-ocean deep convection explored in the Mediterranean. EOS, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 75, 219-221. (Members of the THETIS Group are F. Schott, U. Send, G. Krahmann, C. Mertens, M. Rhein, M. Visbeck, Y. Desaubies, F. Gaillard, T. Terre, J. Papadakis, M. Taroudakis, G. Athanassoulis, and E. Skarsoulis.)
32. Mikhalevsky, P. N., A. N. Gavrilov, and A. B. Baggeroer, 1999. The Transarctic Acoustic Propagation experiment and climate monitoring in the Arctic. IEEE J. Oceanic Eng. 24(2), 183-201.
33. We refer the reader to the Proceedings of the International Symposium on Acoustic Tomography and Acoustic Thermometry held in Tokyo in February 1999 under the auspices of the Japan Marine Science and Technology Center (JAMSTEC).
34. Worcester, P. F., W. H. Munk, and R. C. Spindel, 2005. Acoustic remote sensing of ocean gyres. Acoustics Today, in press.
35. Dushaw, B. D., G. Bold, C.-S. Chui, J. A. Colosi, B. D. Cornuelle,Y. Desaubies, M. A. Dzieciuch, A. M. G. Forbes, F. Gaillard, A. Gavrilov, J. Gould, B. M. Howe, M. Lawrence, J. F. Lynch, D. Menemenlis, J. A. Mercer, P. Mikhaelvsky,W. H. Munk, I. Nakano, F. Schott, U. Send, R. C. Spindel, T. Terre, P. F. Worcester, and C.Wunsch, 2001. Observing the ocean in the 2000's: A strategy for the role of acoustic tomography in ocean climate observation. In: Observing the Oceans in the 21st Century,C. J.Koblinsky and N. R. Smith, eds., GODAE Project Office, Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, 391-418.