Security and democracy: The ASEAN charter and the dilemmas of regionalism in South-East Asia

International Affairs

Volumn 84, Issue 4, 2008, Pages

  Jones, David Martin ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA   (Malaysia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 47949109525     PISSN: 00205850     EISSN: 14682346     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2346.2008.00735.x     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. John Rawls, The law of peoples (London: Harvard University Press, 2002), p. 30.
2. Ibid.
3. The 'Table of ASEAN treaties/agreements and ratifications' updated to July 2005 reveals that, of the 138 agreements, declarations, memorandums of understanding, protocols and treaties governing iuter-ASEAN conduct or made between the organization and states external to it, 99 have been codified, ratified or declared since 1997. See http://www.aseansec.org/Ratification/pdf, accessed 21 Dec. 2007.
4. The Vision sought 'to enhance economic cooperation through economic development strategies'. See http://www.aseansec.org/1814.htm, accessed 12 July 2007.
5. See http://www.aseansec.org/18030.htm, accessed 13 July 2007.
6. Charter of the Association of South-East Asian Nations (hereafter ASEAN charter), article 1: 7, http ://www.aseansec.org/21069.pdf, accessed 12 July 2007.
7. ASEAN charter, preamble and articles 14: 1, 14: 2.
8. The Report of the Eminent Persons' Group on the ASEAN Charter, http://www.aseansec.org/19247.pdf, accessed 16 Jan. 2008, p. 3.
9. Report of the Eminent Persons' Group, p. 3.
10. Report of the Eminent Persons' Group, paras 29 and 30, pp. 10-12.
11. Report of the Eminent Persons' Group, para. 44, p. 21.
12. The charter's article 21:2 allows for the implementation of economic commitments by some member states- 'ASEAN minus X' - when all of the states cannot reach a consensus. See also article 24: 3.
13. Report of the Eminent Persons' Group, cap 44, p. 4.
14. See ASEAN charter, article 20, para. 4, p. 18.
15. John Rawls, The law of peoples (Boston, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999), p. 128.
16. See Michael Doyle, Ways of war and peace (New York: Norton, 1997), and 'Kant, Uberal legacies and foreign affairs', PAPA 12, Summer-Fall 1983, p. 213.
17. See also John O'Neal and Bruce Russett, 'The classic liberals were right : democracy, independence and conflict', International Studies Quarterly, June 1997.
18. Alain Mine, Ce monde qui vient (Paris : B. Grasset, 2004).
19. See Philip G. Cerny, 'Plurality, pluralism and power : elements of pluralist analysis in an age of globalization', in Rainer Esifeld, ed., Socio-political pluralism, 'Pluralism: developments in the theory and practice of democracy', no. 16 (Opladen and Farmington Hills : Barbara Budrich for International Political Science Association Research Committee, 2006), pp. 81-111.
20. Walter Russell Mead, Power, terror, peace and war: America's grand strategy in a world at risk (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2004), p. 74.
21. See Denis Hew, ed., Brick by brick: the building of the ASEAN economic community (Singapore: Asia Pacific Press, 2007), pp. 2-3.
22. Lorrell C. de Dios, 'Non tariff barriers to trade in the ASEAN priority goods sector', in Hew, ed., Brick by brick, p. 101.
23. See Rina Oktaviani, Amzul Rifin and Henry Reinhardt, 'A review of regional tariffs and trade in the ASEAN priority goods sector', in Hew, ed., Brick by brick, p. 63.
24. de Dios, 'Non tariff barriers to trade', p. 98.
25. Denis Hew, 'Introduction', in Hew, ed., Brick by brick, p. 9.
26. Sen Rahul and Das Sauchita Basu, 'ASEAN's FTA negotiations with dialogue partners', in Hew, ed., Brick by brick, p. 177.
27. Hew, 'Introduction', p. 2.
28. In Indonesia, for example, the traditional practice of bapakism (paternalism) involves more than just a patron-client relationship : it also entails an understanding of cooperative (gotong nyong) deference arrived at via consensus (musyawarah). Similarly, in Thailand rule requires a leader's karuna to guide and illuminate his otherwise insecure followers. See Ludan W. Pye, Asian power and politics: the cultural dimensions of authority (Cambridge, MA : Belknap, 1985), pp. 109-13.
29. See also Roden Mas Koentjaraningrat, Javanese culture (Oxford : Oxford University Press, 1990), p. 39, on the magical (sakti) and theatrical aspects of traditional rule.
30. Michael Leifer, 'ASEAN's search for regional order', in Kin Wah Chin and Leo Suryadinata, eds, Michael Leifer: selected works on South-East Asia (Singapore: Institute for South-East Asian Studies, 2005), p.104.
31. See also Michael Leifer, "The Indochina problem', in T. B. Millar and James Walter, eds, Asian-Pacific security after the Cold War (St Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin, 1993), p. 68.
32. In this context, see the Declaration of ASEAN Concord II (Bali Concord II), Bali, Indonesia, 7 Oct. 2003, which envisaged 'a dynamic, cohesive, resilient and integrated ASEAN community' (http://www.aseansec.org/15159.htm, accessed 8 January 2008).
33. See also 'ASEAN Vision 2020' (Hanoi, Dec. 1997), which envisaged both a 'peaceful and stable South-East Asia . . . bound by a common regional identity' and the ASEAN Regional Forum 'as an established means for confidence building and preventive diplomacy' (http ://www.aseansec.org/1814.htm, accessed 8 January 2008).
34. With the exception of the Philippines, where neither authoritarian nor democratic styles of government succeeded in engineering significant economic growth.
35. Mahathir Mohamad, Reflections on ASEAN: selected speeches of Dr Mahathir Mohamad (Subang : Pelanduk, 2004), p. 251.
36. Kishore Mahbubani has revived these ideas on East Asian style development in The new Asian hemisphere: the irresistible shift of global power to the east (New York: Public Affairs, 2008).
37. 'Investors need incentives', Asia Monitor 17,12 Dec. 2006.
38. Rebecca Weisser, 'SBY passes first tests', The Australian, 31 July 2006.
39. http://uewsvote.bbc.co.uk//mapps/pagetools/print/news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/ asia-padfic/country, accessed 27 Sept. 2006.
40. 'Investors need incentives'.
41. 'Lao Communist Party chief steps down but reforms unlikely ', Agence France Presse, 21 March 2006.
42. The Director General of the Department of Geology and Mines estimated that the country generated over $200 million in mineral export revenues by the second quarter of 2006.
43. 'Laos risk summary', Asia Monitor 17, 6 Aug. 2006. Thailand is particularly invested in Laotian infrastructure and hydroelectric projects, and remains the landlocked state's primary commercial partner.
44. See also Saw Swee Hock, Sheng Lijun and Chin Kin Wall, eds, Asean - China relations: realities and prospects (Singapore : Institute for South-East Asian Studies, 2005), p. 52.
45. 'Lao Communist Party chief steps down but reforms unlikely'.
46. Quoted in Denis D. Gray, 'Communist Party to continue tight control over Laos', Associated Press, 22 March 2006.
47. 'US, Vietnam hail vote to normalize trade relations', Financial Times, 12 Dec. 2006.
48. 'Vietnam Congress mixes old with new', http://newsvote.bbc.uk/mpapps/ pagetools/print/news.bbc.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/49417, accessed 29 Sept. 2006.
49. The scandal, revealed in the normally docile state-controlled press, centred upon the Transport Ministry project management bureau known as PMU-18, which manages over $2 billion worth of infrastructure contracts. Rather than building roads, senior members of the ministry instead gambled over US$7 million on European soccer matches.
50. Anthony Paul, 'Myanmar's capital: a bunker too far?' Straits Times, 24 March 2006.
51. It took power when the military junta cancelled the 1990 election result, which gave a landslide victory to the opposition National League for Democracy.
52. Connie Levett, 'A land where freedom is a dirty word', Sydney Morning Herald, 20 May 2006.
53. Sean Turnell, 'Burma's economy 2004 crisis making stagnation', in Trevor Wilson, ed., Myanmar's long road to national reconciliation (Singapore: Asia-Padfic Press, ), p. 77.
54. See Lee Siew Hua, 'Myanmar to accept global aid via ASEAN', Straits Times, 20 May 2008.
55. Suthiphand Chirathivat, 'ASEAN-China FTA: opportunities, modalities and prospects,' in Saw, Sheng and Chin, ASEAN-China relations, p. 240. The FTA affects the original members of ASEAN plus Brunei from 2010, the more recent members from 2015.
56. Suthiphand, 'ASEAN-ChinaFTA', p. 230.
57. Shen Danyang, 'ASEAN-China FTA', in Saw, Sheng and Chin, ASEAN-China relations, p. 220.
58. Thus FDI in ASEAN fell from US$15 billion to US$14 billion between 2001 and 2002, while FDI in China rose to US$53 billion over the same period. See UNCTAD, World Investment Report (Geneva, 2003), p. 41.
59. Suthiphand, 'ASEAN-China FTA', p. 235.
60. Mead, Power, terror, peace and war, pp. 73-7.
61. The threats posed include transnational terror, crime, and increased environmental and biological risk.
62. Bali Concord II, B 1.
63. The quotation is from the McKinsey report, commissioned in 2002, whose findings were endorsed by the Report of the Eminent Persons' Group, p. 12: seewww.aseansec.org/19247pdf, accessed 7 January 2008.
64. Report of the Eminent Persons' Group, p. 3.