Diversity, entrepreneurship, and the urban environment

Journal of Urban Affairs

Volumn 30, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 273-307

  Hackler, Darrene ^a   Mayer, Heike ^b  

^a GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ECONOMIC ANALYSIS; ECONOMIC GROWTH; ENTREPRENEUR; FIRM OWNERSHIP; HUMAN CAPITAL; METROPOLITAN AREA; POLICY MAKING; THEORETICAL STUDY; URBAN ECONOMY;

NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES;

EID: 47949086808     PISSN: 07352166     EISSN: 14679906     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9906.2008.00396.x     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. Aldrich, H. (1989). Networking among women entrepreneurs. In O. Hagan, C. Rivchun, & D. Sexton (Eds.), Women-owned businesses. New York: Praeger Publishers.
2. Aldrich, H., & Waldinger, R. (1990). Ethnicity and entrepreneurship. Annual Review of Sociology, 16, 111-135.
3. Aldrich, H., Carter, J., Jones, T., McEvoy, D., & Velleman, P. (1985). Ethnic residential concentration and protected market hypothesis. Social Forces, 63, 996-1009.
4. Aldrich, H., Reese, P. R., & Dubini, P. (1989). Women on the verge of a breakthrough: Networking among entrepreneurs in the United States and Italy. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 1, 339-356.
5. Basu, A. (2006). Ethnic minority entrepreneurship. In M. Casson, B. Yeung, A. Basu, & N. Wadeson (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of entrepreneurship (pp. 580-600). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
6. Bates, T. (1993). Theories of entrepreneurship. In R. Bingham & R. Mier (Eds.), Theories of local economic development: Perspectives from across the disciplines. Newbury Park: Sage Publications.
7. Bates, T. (1997). Race, self-employment, and upward mobility: An illusive American dream. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
8. Bates, T. (2006). The urban development potential of Black-owned businesses. Journal of the American Planning Association, 72(2), 227-237.
9. Blake, M. (2006). Gendered lending: Gender, context and the rules of business lending. Venture Capital, 8(2), 183-201.
10. Blanchflower, D., Levine, P., & Zimmerman, D. (2003). Discrimination in the small-business credit market. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 85(4), 930-943.
11. Bonacich, E. (1973). A theory of middleman minorities. American Sociological Review, 38, 583-594.
12. Boston, T. (2005). Black patronage of Black-owned businesses and Black employment. In C. Conrad, J. Whitehead, P. Mason, & J. Stewart (Eds.), African Americans in the U.S. economy (pp. 373-377). Oxford, UK: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers.
13. Boston, T., & Ross, C. (1997). Location preferences of successful African American-owned businesses in Atlanta. In T. Boston & C. Ross (Eds.), The inner city (pp. 337-357). New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers.
14. Boyd, R. L. (1991). A contextual analysis of Black self-employment in large metropolitan areas, 1970-1980. Social Forces, 70(2), 409-429.
15. Brush, C. (1992). Research on women business owners: Past trends, a new perspective and future directions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 16(4), 5-30.
16. Brush, C. (1997). Women owned businesses: Obstacles and opportunities. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 2(1), 1-25.
17. Brush, C., Carter, N., Gatewood, E., Greene, P., & Hart, M. (2004). Clearing the hurdles: Women building high-growth businesses. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.
18. Census. (2007). Survey of Business Owners (SBO). Available at http://www.census.gov/csd/sbo/. November 28, 2007.
19. Conrad, C. (2005). Black-owned businesses: Trends and prospects. In C. Conrad, J. Whitehead, C. Mason, & J. Stewart (Eds.), African Americans in the U.S. Economy (pp. 237-245). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
20. DeVol, R., & Wong, P. (1999). America's high-tech economy: Growth, development and risks for metropolitan areas. Santa Monica: Milken Institute.
21. Fagenson, E., & Jackson, J. (1993). The status of women managers in the United States. International Studies of Management & Organization, 23(2), 93-112.
22. Fainstein, S. (2005). Cities and diversity: Should we want it?Can we plan for it? Urban Affairs Review, 41(1), 3-19.
23. Fischer, M., & Massey, D. (2000). Residential segregation and ethnic enterprise in U.S. metropolitan areas. Social Problems, 47(3), 408-424.
24. Florida, R. (2002). The rise of the creative class and how it's transforming work, leisure, community and everyday life. New York: Basic Books.
25. Florida, R. (2004). Cities and the creative class. New York, London: Routledge.
26. Goldin, C. (2006). The quiet revolution that transformed women's employment, education, and family (Working Paper 11953). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
27. Goldin, C., Katz, L., & Kuziemko, I. (2006). The homecoming of American college women: The reversal of the college gender gap. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 20(4), 133-156.
28. Gujarati, D. N. (1995). Basic econometrics, Third edition. New York: McGraw-Hill
29. Hackler, D., Harpel, E., & Mayer, H. (2008). Human capital and women's business ownership. Washington, DC: U.S. Small Business Administration, Office of Advocacy.
30. Hanson, S., & Pratt, G. (1988). Reconceptualizing the link between home and work in urban geography. Economic Geography, 64(4), 299-321.
31. Hanson, S., & Pratt, G. (1991). Job search and the occupational segregation of women. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 81(2), 229-253.
32. Intuit, & Institute for the Future. (2007). Intuit future of small business report. First installment: Demographic trends and small business. Available at http://http-download.intuit.com/http.intuit/CMO/ intuit/futureofsmallbusiness/SR-1037_intuit_SmallBiz_Demog.pdf. March 5, 2007.
33. Ladies Who Launch. (2007). What is the Ladies Who Launch incubator? Available at http://www.ladieswholaunch.com/incubator-joininfo.cfm. March 28, 2007.
34. Lee, S. Y., Florida, R., & Acs, Z. J. (2004). Creativity and entrepreneurship: A regional analysis of new firm formation. Regional Studies, 38(8), 879-891.
35. Light, I. (1972). Ethnic enterprise in America. Berkeley: University of California Press.
36. Light, I. (1980). Asian enterprise in America: Chinese, Japanese and Koreans in Small Business. In S. Cummings (Ed.), Self help in America: Patterns of minority economic development (pp. 33-57). Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press.
37. Lofstrom, M., & Wang, C. (2006). Hispanic self-employment: A dynamic analysis of business ownership. Available at http://ssrn.com/abstract= 900377. January 4, 2008.
38. Loscocco, K., & Robinson, J. (1991). Barriers to women's small-business success in the United States. Gender & Society, 5(4), 511-532.
39. Lowrey, Y. (2006). Women in business: A demographic review of women's business ownership. Washington, DC: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration.
40. Malecki, E. J. (1997). Technology and economic development, Second edition. Essex: Addison Wesley Longman.
41. Markusen, A. (2006). Urban development and the politics of a creative class: Evidence from a study of artists. Environment and Planning A, 38, 1921-1940.
42. Massey, D. (1995). Masculinity, dualisms and high technology. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 20, 487-499.
43. Massey, D., & Denton, N. (1993). American apartheid: Segregation and the making of the underclass. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
44. Mayer, H. (2007). Segmentation and segregation patterns of women-owned high-tech firms in four metropolitan regions in the United States. Regional Studies.
45. Mayer, H., Hackler, D., & McFarland, C. (2007). Skills, capital and connections, too: A regional social environment perspective of women entrepreneurs. Canadian Journal of Regional Science, 30(3).
46. Orhan, M., & Scott, D. (2001). Why women enter into entrepreneurship: An explanatory model. Women in Management Review, 16(5/ 6), 232-243.
47. Peck, J. (2005). Struggling with the creative class. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 29(4), 740-770.
48. Rausch, S., & Negrey, C. (2006). Does the creative engine run? A consideration of the effect of creative class on economic strength and growth. Journal of Urban Affairs, 28(5), 473-489.
49. Robb, A., & Fairlie, R. (2006). Access to financial capital among U.S. businesses: The case of African American firms. Available at http://www.ces.census.gov/index.php/ces/1.00/cespapers?down_key=101775. April 22, 2007.
50. Saxenian, A. (1994). Regional advantage: Culture and competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
51. Saxenian, A. (2002). Silicon Valley's new immigrant high-growth entrepreneurs. Economic Development Quarterly, 16(1), 20-31.
52. Scott, A. (2006a). Creative cities: Conceptual issues and policy questions. Journal of Urban Affairs, 28(1), 1-17.
53. Scott, A. (2006b). Entrepreneurship, innovation and industrial development: Geography and the creative field revisited. Small Business Economics, 26, 1-24.
54. Small Business Administration. (2006). The small business economy: 2006. Available at http://www.sba.gov/advo/research/sb_econ2006.pdf. April 22, 2007.
55. Thomas, J. M., & Darnton, J. (2006). Social diversity and economic development in the metropolis. Journal of Planning Literature, 21(2), 153-168.
56. U.S. Census. (2006a). Growth of Hispanic-owned businesses triples the national average. Available at http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/ releases/archives/business_ownership/006577.html. March 27, 2007.
57. U.S. Census. (2006b). Revenues for Black-owned firms near $89 billion, number of businesses up 45 Percent. Available at http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/ business_ownership/006711.html. March 27, 2007.
58. Weiler, S., & Bernasek, A. (2001). Dodging the glass ceiling? Networks and the new wave of women entrepreneurs. The Social Science Journal, 38, 85-103.
59. Williams, K., & Kang, C. (2006). The Latino small-business boom economy, demographics make surge even more pronounced here. Washington Post, A01. March 22, 2006.
60. WITI. (2007). About us. Available at http://www.witi.com/center/ aboutwiti/. March 29, 2007.