Developmental changes in the human GH receptor and its signal transduction pathways

Journal of Endocrinology

Volumn 198, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 71-82

  Kenth, Gurvinder ^a   Mergelas, Jennifer A Manalo ^a   Goodyer, Cynthia Gates ^a,b  

^a MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF THE MCGILL UNIVERSITY HEALTH CENTRE   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GROWTH HORMONE RECEPTOR; JANUS KINASE 2; MESSENGER RNA; STAT1 PROTEIN; STAT3 PROTEIN; STAT5A PROTEIN; STAT5B PROTEIN; SUPPRESSOR OF CYTOKINE SIGNALING 1; SUPPRESSOR OF CYTOKINE SIGNALING 2; SUPPRESSOR OF CYTOKINE SIGNALING 3;

ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; FETUS; FETUS CELL; FETUS LIVER; FIRST TRIMESTER PREGNANCY; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; HUMAN TISSUE; IMMUNOBLOTTING; IMMUNOPRECIPITATION; LIVER CELL; PERINATAL PERIOD; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN ANALYSIS; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TISSUE LEVEL;

ANIMALS; CELL LINE; FETUS; HEPATOCYTES; HUMANS; JANUS KINASE 2; LIVER; MEMBRANE PROTEINS; RNA, MESSENGER; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; STAT TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS; SUPPRESSOR OF CYTOKINE SIGNALING PROTEINS;

EID: 47849129269     PISSN: 00220795     EISSN: 14796805     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1677/JOE-07-0648     Document Type: Article

References (123)

1. Adams TE, Baker L, Fiddes RJ & Brandon MR 1990 The sheep growth hormone receptor: molecular cloning and ontogeny of mRNA expression in the liver. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 73 135-145.
2. Adams TE, Hansen JA, Starr R, Nicola NA, Hilton DJ & Billestrup N 1998 Growth hormone preferentially induces the rapid, transient expression of SOCS-3, a novel inhibitor of cytokine receptor signaling. Journal of Biological Chemistry 273 1285-1287.
3. Alele J, Jiang J, Goldsmith JF, Yang X, Maheshwari HG, Black RA, Baumann G & Frank SJ 1998 Blockade of growth hormone receptor shedding by a metalloprotease inhibitor. Endocrinology 139 1927-1935.
4. Argetsinger LS, Campbell GS, Yang X, Witthuhn BA, Silvennoinen O, Ihle JN & Carter-Su C 1993 Identification of JAK2 as a growth hormone receptor-associated tyrosine kinase. Cell 74 237-244.
5. Audi L, Esteban C, Carrascosa A, Espadero R, Perez-Arroyo A, Arjona R, Clemente M, Wollmann H, Fryklund L & Parodi LA 2006 Exon 3-deleted/ full-length growth hormone receptor polymorphism genotype frequencies in Spanish short small-for-gestational-age (SGA) children and adolescents (n = 247) and in an adult control population (n = 289) show increased fl/fl in short SGA. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 91 5038-5043.
6. Ayling RM, Ross RJ, Towner P, Von Lane S, Finidori J, Moutoussamy S, Buchanan CR, Clayton PE & Norman MR 1999 New growth hormone receptor exon 9 mutation causes genetic short stature. Acta Paediatrica 88 168-172.
7. Ballesteros M, Leung KC, Ross RJ, Iismaa TP & Ho KK 2000 Distribution and abundance of messenger ribonucleic acid for growth hormone receptor isoforms in human tissues. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 85 2865-2871.
8. Barton DE, Foellmer BE, Wood WI & Francke U 1989 Chromosome mapping of the growth hormone receptor gene in man and mouse. Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics 50 137-141.
9. Bass SH, Mulkerrin MG & Wells JA 1991 A systematic mutational analysis of hormone-binding determinants in the human growth hormone receptor. PNAS 88 4498-4502.
10. Binder G, Baur F, Schweizer R & Ranke MB 2006 The d3-growth hormone (GH) receptor polymorphism is associated with increased responsiveness to GH in Turner syndrome and short small-for-gestational-age children. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 91 659-664.
11. Blum WF, Machinis K, Shavrikova EP, Keller A, Stobbe H, Pfaeffle RW & Amselem S 2006 The growth response to growth hormone (GH) treatment in children with isolated GH deficiency is independent of the presence of the exon 3-minus isoform of the GH receptor. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 91 4171-4174.
12. Brooks AJ, Wooh JW, Tunny KA & Waters MJ 2008 Growth hormone receptor; mechanism of action. International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (In Press).
13. Butler AA & Le Roith D 2001 Control of growth by the somatropic aids: growth hormone and the insulin-like growth factors have related and independent roles. Annual Review of Physiology 63 141-164.
14. Buzi F, Mella P, Pilotta A, Prandi E, Lanfranchi F & Carapella T 2007 Growth hormone receptor polymorphisms. Endocrine Reviews 11 28-35.
15. Carrascosa A, Esteban C, Espadero R, Fernandez-Cancio M, Andaluz P, Clemente M, Audi L, Wollman H, Fryklund L, Parodi L & the Spanish Study Group 2006 The d3-growth hormone receptor polymorphism does not influence the effect of GH treatment (66 μg/k/day) or the spontaneous growth in short non-GH-deficient small-for-gestational-age children: results from a two-year controlled prospective study in 170 Spanish patients. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 91 3281-3286.
16. Carter-Su C, Schwartz J & Smit LS 1996 Molecular mechanism of growth hormone action. Annual Review of Physiology 58 187-207.
17. Choi JH, Kim HS, Kim SH, Yang YK, Bae YS, Chang JS, Moo KH, Ryu SH & Suh PG 2006 Phospholipase Cgammal negatively regulates growth hormone signalling by forming a ternary complex with Jak2 and protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B. Nature Cell Biology 8 1389-1397.
18. Clackson T, Ultsch MH, Wells JA & De Vos AM 1998 Structural and functional analysis of the 1:1 growth hormone: receptor complex reveals the molecular basis for receptor affinity. Journal of Molecular Biology 277 1111-1128.
19. Cowan JW Wang X, Guan R, He K, Jiang J, Baumann G, Black RA, Wolfe MS & Frank SJ 2005 Growth hormone receptor is a target for presenihn-dependent gamma-secretase cleavage. Journal of Biological Chemistry 280 19331-19342.
20. Dastot F, Sobrier ML, Duquesnoy F, Duriez B, Goossens M & Amselem S 1996 Alternatively spliced forms in the cytoplasmic domain of the human growth hormone (GH) receptor regulate its ability to generate a soluble GH-bindmg protein. PNAS 93 10723-10728.
21. Davey HW, McLachlan MJ, Wilkins RJ, Hilton DJ & Adams TE 1999 STAT5b mediates the GH-induced expression of SOCS-2 and SOCS-3 mRNA in the liver. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 158 111-116.
22. Delitala G, Meloni T, Masala A, Alagna S, Devilla L & Costa R 1978 Action of somatostatin, levodopa and pyridoxine on growth hormone (GH) secretion in newborn infants. Biomedicine 29 13-15.
23. Dey BR, Spence SL, Nissley P & Furlanetto RW 1998 Interaction of human suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)-2 with the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor. Journal of Biological Chemistry 273 24095-24101.
24. Dos Santos C, Essioux L, Teinturier C, Tauber M, Goffin V & Bougneres P 2004 A common polymorphism of the growth hormone receptor is associated with increased responsiveness to growth hormone. Nature Genetics 36 720-724.
25. Esposito N, Paterlini P, Kelly PA, Postel-Vinay MC & Finidori J 1994 Expression of two isoforms of the human growth hormone receptor in normal liver and hepatocarcinoma. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 103 13-20.
26. Favre H, Benhamou A, Finidori J, Kelly PA & Edery M 1999 Dual effects of suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS-2) on growth hormone signal transduction. FEBS Letters 453 63-66.
27. Fisker S, Kristensen K, Rosenfalck AM, Pedersen SB, Ebdrup L, Richelsen B, Hilsted J, Christiansen JS & Jorgensen JO 2001 Gene expression of a truncated and the full-length growth hormone (GH) receptor in subcutaneous fat and skeletal muscle in GH-deficient adults: impact of GH treatment. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 86 792-796.
28. Fisker S, Hansen B, Fuglsang J, Kristensen K, Ovesen P, Orskov H & Jorgensen JO 2004 Gene expression of the GH receptor in subcutaneous and intraabdominal fat in healthy females: relationship to GH-binding protein. European Journal of Endocrinology 150 773-777.
29. Flores-Morales A, Greenhalgh CJ, Norstedt G & Rico-Bautista E 2006 Negative regulation of growth hormone receptor signaling. Molecular Endocrinology 20 241-253.
30. Frank SJ 2001 Growth hormone signalling and its regulation: preventing too much of a good thing. Growth Hormone and IGF Research 11 201-212.
31. Frank SJ 2002 Receptor dimerization in GH and erythropoietin action - it takes two to tango, but how? Endocrinology 143 2-10.
32. Gatto L, Berlato C, Poli V, Tininini S, Kinjyo I, Yoshimura A, Cassatella MA & Bazzoni F 2004 Analysis of SOCS-3 promoter responses to interferon gamma. Journal of Biological Chemistry 279 13746-13754.
33. Gent J, Van Den EM, van Kerkhof P & Strous GJ 2003 Dimerization and signal transduction of the growth hormone receptor. Molecular Endocrinology 17 967-975.
34. Gentili S, Waters MJ & McMillen IC 2006 Differential regulation of suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 in the liver and adipose tissue of the sheep fetus in late gestation, American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 290 R1044-R1051.
35. Gluckman PD, Grumbach MM & Kaplan SL 1981 The neuroendocrine regulation and function of growth hormone and prolactin in the mammalian fetus. Endocrine Reviews 2 363-395.
36. Gluckman PD, Gunn AJ, Wray A, Cutfield WS, Chatelain PG, Guilbaud O, Ambler GR, Wilton P & Albertsson-Wikland K 1992 Congenital idiopathic growth hormone deficiency associated with prenatal and early postnatal growth failure. The International Board of the Kabi Pharmacia International Growth Study. Journal of Pediatrics 121 920-923.
37. Gohlke BC, Fahnenstich H, Dame C & Albers N 2004 Longitudinal data for intrauterine levels of fetal IGF-I and IGF-II. Hormone Research 61 200-204.
38. Goodyer CG, Branchaud CL & Lefbvre Y 1993a Effects of growth hormone (GH)-releasing factor and somatostatin on GH secretion from early to midgestation human fetal pituitaries. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 76 1259-1264.
39. 2+ channels. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 76 1265-1270.
40. Goodyer CG, Figueiredo R, Krackovitch S, DeSouza Li L, Manalo J & Zogopoulos G 2001a Characterisaturn of the growth hormone receptor in human dermal fibroblasts and liver during development. American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism 281 1213-1220.
41. Goodyer CG, Zogopoulos G, Schwartzbauter G, Zheng H, Hendy GN & Menon RK 2001b Organisation and evolution of the human growth hormone receptor gene 5′ flanking region. Endocrinology 142 1923-1934.
42. Govers R, van Kerkhof P, Schwartz AL & Strous GJ 1997 Linkage of the ubiquitin-conjugating system and the endocytic pathway in ligand-induced internalization of the growth hormone receptor. EMBO Journal 16 4851-4858.
43. Greenhalgh CJ, Metcalf D, Thaus AL, Corbin JE, Uren R, Morgan PO, Fabri LJ, Zhang JG, Martin HM, Willson TA et al. 2002 Biological evidence that SOCS-2 can act either as an enhancer or suppressor of growth hormone signaling. Journal of Biological Chemistry 277 40181-40184.
44. Hansen JA, Lindberg K, Hilton DJ, Nielsen JH & Billestrup, N 1999 Mechanism of inhibition of growth hormone receptor signaling by suppressor of cytokine signaling proteins. Molecular Endocrinology 13 1832-1843.
45. Harding PA, Wang XZ, Kelder B, Souza S, Okada S & Kopchick JJ 1994 In vitro mutagenesis of growth hormone receptor Asn-linked glycosylation sites. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 106 171-180.
46. He B, You L, Uematsu K, Zang K, Xu Z, Lee AY, Costello JF, McCormick F & Jablons DM 2003 SOCS-3 is frequently silenced by hypermethylation and suppresses cell growth in human lung cancer. PNAS 100 14133-14138.
47. Hebenstreit D, Luft P, Schmiedlechner A, Regl G, Frischauf AM, Aberger F, Duschl A & Horejs-Hoeck J 2003 IL-4 and IL-13 induce SOCS-1 gene expression in A549 cells by three functional STAT6-binding motifs located upstream of the transcription initiation site. Journal of Immunology 171 5901-5907.
48. Hellgren G, Jansson JO, Carlsson LM & Carlson B 1999 The growth hormone receptor associates with Jak1, Jak2 and Tyk2 in human liver. Growth Hormone and IGF Research 9 212-218.
49. Herrington J & Carter-Su C 2001 Signaling pathways activated by the growth hormone receptor. Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism 12 252-257.
50. Herrington J, Smit LS, Schwartz J & Carter-Su C 2000 The role of STAT proteins in growth hormone signaling. Oncogene 19 2585-2597.
51. Hill DJ 1992 What is the role of growth hormone and related peptides in implantation and the development of the embryo and fetus. Hormone Research 38 (Suppl 1) 28-34.
52. Hill DJ, Freemark M, Strain AJ, Handwerger S & Milner RD 1988 Placental lactogen and growth hormone receptors in human fetal tissues: relationship to fetal plasma human placental lactogen concentrations and fetal growth. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 66 1283-1290.
53. Hill DJ, Camacho-Hubner C, Rashid P, Strain AJ & Clemmons DR 1989 Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding protein release by human fetal fibroblasts: dependency on cell density and IGF peptides. Journal of Endocrinology 122 87-98.
54. Hill DJ, Riley SC, Bassett NS & Waters MJ 1992 Localization of the growth hormone receptor, identified by immunocytochemistry, in second trimester human fetal tissues and in placenta throughout gestation. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 75 646-650.
55. Hocquette JF, Postel-Vinay MC, Kayser C, de Hemptinne B & Amar-Costesec A 1989 The human liver growth hormone receptor. Endocrinology 125 2167-2174.
56. Hocquette JF, Postel-Vinay MC, Djiane J, Tar A & Kelly PA 1990 Human liver growth hormone receptor and plasma binding protein: characterization and partial purification. Endocrinology 127 1665-1672.
57. Hujeirat Y, Hess O, Shalev S & Terienbaum-Rakover Y 2006 Growth hormone receptor sequence changes do not play a role in determining height in children with idiopathic short stature. Hormone Research 65 210-216.
58. Hwa V, Little B, Adiyaman P, Kofoed EM, Pratt KL, Ocal G, Berberoglu M & Rosenfeld RG 2005 Severe growth hormone insensitivity resulting from total absence of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5b. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 90 4260-4266.
59. Iida K, Takahashi Y, Kaji H, Takahashi MO, Okimura Y, Nose O, Abe H & Chihara K 1999 Functional characterization of truncated growth hormone (GH) receptor-(1-277) causing partial GH insensitivity syndrome with high GH-binding procein. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 84 1011-1016.
60. Jensen RB, Jeppesen KA, Vielwerth S, Michaelsen KF, Main KM, Skakkebaek NE & Juul A 2005 Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1) and IGF-binding protein 3 as diagnostic markers of growth hormone deficiency in infancy. Hormone Research 63 15-21.
61. Jorge AA, Marchisotti FG, Montenegro LR, Carvalho LR, Mendonca BB & Arnhold IJ 2006 Growth hormone (GH) pharmacogenetics: influence of GH receptor exon 3 retention or deletion on first-year growth response and final height in patients with severe GH deficiency. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 91 1076-1080.
62. Kamura T, Sato S, Haque D, Liu L, Kaelin WG Jr, Conaway RC & Conaway JW 1998 The Elongin BC complex interacts with the conserved SOCS-box motif present in members of the SOCS, ras, WD-40 repeat, and ankyrin repeat families. Genes and Development 12 3872-3881.
63. Kaplan SL, Grumbach MM & Aubert ML 1976 The ontogenesis of pituitary hormones and hypothalamic factors in the human fetus: maturation of central nervous system regulation of anterior pituitary function. Recent Progress in Hormone Research 32 161-243.
64. Kato Y, Murakami Y, Sohmiya M & Nishiki M 2002 Regulation of human growth hormone secretion and its disorders. Internal Medicine 41 7-13.
65. Kenth G, Shao Z, Cole DE & Goodyer CG 2007 Relationship of the human growth hormone receptor Exon 3 genotype with final adult height and bone mineral density. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 92 725-728.
66. van Kerkhof P, Smeets M & Strous GJ 2002 The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway regulates the availability of the GH receptor. Endocrinology 143 1243-1252.
67. Kile BT & Alexander WS 2001 The suppressors of cytokine signalling (SOCS). Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 58 1627-1635.
68. Krebs DL & Hilton DJ 2001 SOCS proteins: negative regulators of cytokine signaling. Stem Cells 19 378-387.
69. Lanning NJ & Carter-Su C 2006 Recent advances in growth hormone signaling. Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders 7 225-235.
70. Lettre G, Butler JL, Ardlie KG & Hirschhorn JN 2007 Common genetic variation in eight genes of the GH/IGF1 axis does not contribute to adult height variation. Human Genetics 122 129-139.
71. Leung DW, Spencer SA, Cachianes G, Hammonds RG, Collins C, Henzel WJ, Barnard R, Waters MJ & Wood WI 1987 Growth hormone receptor and serum binding protein: purification, cloning and expression. Nature 330 537-543.
72. Levy DE & Darnell JE Jr 2002 Stats: transcriptional control and biological impact. Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology 3 651-662.
73. Matsumoto A, Masuhara M, Mitsui K, Yokouchi M, Ohtsubo M, Misawa H, Miyajima A & Yoshimura A 1997 CIS, a cytokine inducible SH2 protein, is a target of the JAK-STAT5 pathway and modulates STAT5 activation. Blood 89 3148-3154.
74. Matsumoto A, Seki Y, Kubo M, Ohtsuka S, Suzuki A, Hayashi I, Tsuji K, Nakahata T, Okabe M, Yamada S et al. 1999 Suppression of STAT5 functions in liver, mammary glands, and T cells in cytokine-inducible SH2-containing protein 1 transgenic mice. Molecular and Cellular Biology 19 6396-6407.
75. Mehta A, Hindmarsh PC, Stanhope RG, Turton JP, Cole TJ, Preece MA & Dattani MT 2005 The role of growth hormone in determining birth size and early postnatal growth, using congenital growth hormone deficiency (GHD) as a model. Clinical Endocrinology 63 223-231.
76. Mericq V, Roman R, Iniguez G, Angel B, Salazar T, Avila A, Perez-Bravo F & Cassorla F 2007 Relationship between nocturnal growth hormone concentrations, serum IGF-I/IGFBP-3 levels, insulin sensitivity and GH receptor allelic variant in small for gestational age children. Hormone Research 68 132-138.
77. Metcalf D, Greenhalgh CJ, Viney E, Willson TA, Starr R, Nicola NA, Hilton DJ & Alexander WS 2000 Gigantism in mice lacking suppressor of cytokine signalling-2. Nature 405 1069-1073.
78. Munsick RA 1984 Human fetal extremity lengths in the interval from 9 to 21 menstrual weeks of pregnancy. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 149 883-887.
79. Naka T, Narazaki M, Hirata M, Matsumoto T, Minamoto S, Aono A, Nishimoto N, Kajita T, Taga T, Yoshizaki K et al. 1997 Structure and function of a new STAT-induced STAT inhibitor. Nature 387 924-929.
80. Osafo J, Wei Y, Kenth G & Goodyer CG 2005 Growth hormone during development. Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders 6 173-182.
81. Pantel J, Machinis K, Sobrier ML, Duquesnoy P, Goossens M & Amselem S 2000 Species-specific alternative splice mimicry at the growth hormone receptor locus revealed by the lineage of retroelements during primate evolution. Journal of Biological Chemistry 275 18664-18669.
82. Phornphutkul C, Frick GP, Goodman HM, Berry SA & Gruppuso PA 2000 Hepatic growth hormone signaling in the late gestation fetal rat. Endocrinology 141 3527-3533.
83. Pilotta A, Mella P, Filisetti M, Felappi B, Prandi E, Parrinello G, Notarangelo LD & Buzi F 2006 Common polymorphisms of the growth hormone (GH) receptor do not correlate with the growth response to exogenous recombinant human GH in GH-deficient children. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 91 1178-1180.
84. Piwien-Pilipuk G, Huo JS & Schwartz J 2002 Growth hormone signal transduction. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism 15 771-786.
85. Rabkin R & Schaefer F 2004 New concepts: growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-I and the kidney. Growth Hormone and IGF Research 14 270-276.
86. Ram PA & Wayman DJ 1999 SOCS/CIS protein inhibition of growth hormone-stimulated STAT5 signaling by multiple mechanisms. Journal of Biological Chemistry 274 35553-35561.
87. Ram PA & Waxman DJ 2000 Role of the cytokine-inducible SH2 protein CIS in desensitization of STAT5b signaling by continuous growth hormone. Journal of Biological Chemistry 275 39487-39496.
88. Raz B, Janner M, Petkovic V, Lochmatter D, Eble A, Dattani MT, Hindmarsh PC, Fluck CE & Mullis PE 2008 Influence of growth hormone receptor d3 and full-length isoforms on growth hormone response and final height in patients with severe growth hormone deficiency. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 93 974-980.
89. Reddy GR, Pushpanathan MJ, Ransom RF, Holzman LB, Brosius FC III, Diakonova M, Mathieson P, Saleem MA, List EO, Kopchick JJ et al. 2007 Identification of the glomerular podocyte as a target for growth hormone action. Endocrinology 148 2045-2055.
90. Ronn SG, Hansen JA, Lindberg K, Karlsen AE & Billestrup N 2002 The effect of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 on GH signaling in beta-cells. Molecular Endocrinology 16 2124-2134.
91. Rosenfeld RG, Kofoed E, Buckway C, Little B, Woods KA, Tsuhaki J, Pratt KA, Bezrodnik L, Jasper H, Tepper A et al. 2005 Identification of the first patient with a confirmed mutation of the JAK-STAT system. Pediatric Nephrology 20 303-305.
92. Rosenfeld RG, Belgorosky A, Camacho-Hubner C, Savage MO, Wit JM & Hwa V 2007 Defects in growth hormone receptor signaling. Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism 18 134-141.
93. Ross RJM 1999 Truncated growth hormone receptor isoforms. Acta Paediatrica 428 164-166.
94. Ross RJ, Esposito N, Shen XY, Von Laue S, Chew SL, Dobson PR, Postel-Vinay MC & Finidori J 1997 A short isoform of the human growth hormone receptor functions as a dominant negative inhibitor of the full-length receptor and generates large amounts of binding protein. Molecular Endocrinology 11 265-273.
95. Shimano S, Suzuki S, Nagashima K, Yagi H, Sakaguchi M & Kuroume T 1985 Growth hormone responses to growth hormone releasing factor in neonates. Biology of the Neonate 47 367-370.
96. Shoba L, An MR, Frank SJ & Lowe WL Jr 1999 Developmental regulation of insulin-like growth factor-I and growth hormone receptor gene expression. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 152 125-136.
97. Simard M, Manthos H, Giaid A, Lefebvre Y & Goodyer CG 1996 Ontogeny of growth hormone receptors in human tissues: an immunohistochemical study. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 81 3097-3102.
98. Sobrier ML, Duquesnoy P, Duriez B, Amselem S & Goossens M 1993 Expression and binding properties of two isoforms of the human growth hormone receptor. FEBS Letters 319 16-20.
99. Socolovsky M, Fallon AE, Wang S, Brugnara C & Lodish HF 1999 Fetal anemia and apoptosis of red cell progenitors in Stat5a-/-5b-/- mice: a direct role for Stat5 in Bcl-X(L) induction. Cell 98 181-191.
100. Strain AJ, Hill DJ, Swenne I & Milner RD 1987 Regulation of DNA synthesis in human fetal hepatocytes by placental lactogen, growth hormone, and insulin-like growth factor I/somatomedin- C. Journal of Cellular Physiology 132 33-40.
101. Strous GJ, van Kerkhof P, Govers R, Rotwein P & Schwartz AL 1997 Growth hormone-induced signal tranduction depends on an intact ubiquitin system. Journal of Biological Chemistry 272 40-43.
102. Symonds ME, Mostyn A & Stephenson T 2001 Cytokines and cytokine receptors in fetal growth and development. Biochemical Society Transactions 29 33-37.
103. Tapanainen J, Kellokumpu-Lehtinen P, Pelliniemi L & Huhtaniemi I 1981 Age-related changes in endogenous steroids of human fetal testis during early and midpregnancy. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 52 98-102.
104. Tollet-Egnell P, Flores-Morales A, Stavreus-Evers A, Sahlin L & Norstedt G 1999 Growth hormone regulation of SOCS-2, SOCS-3, and CIS messenger ribonucleic acid expression in the rat. Endocrinology 140 3693-3704.
105. Urbanek M, MacLeod JN, Cooke NE & Liebhaber SA 1992 Expression of a human growth hormone (hGH) receptor isoform is predicted by tissue-specific alternative splicing of exon 3 of the hGH receptor gene transcript. Molecular Endocrinology 6 279-287.
106. Uyttendaele I, Lemmens I, Verhee A, De Smet AS, Vandekerckhove J, Lavens D, Peelman F & Tavernier J 2007 MAPPIT analysis of STAT5, CIS and SOCS2 interactions with the growth hormone receptor. Molecular Endocrinology 21 2821-2831.
107. Veldhuis JD, Roemmich JN, Richmond EJ, Rogol AD, Lovejoy JC, Sheffield-Moore M, Mauras N & Bowers CY 2005 Endocrine control of body composition in infancy, childhood, and puberty. Endocrine Reviews 26 114-146.
108. De Vos AM, Ultsch M & Kossiakoff AA 1992 Human growth hormone and extracellular domain of its receptor: crystal structure of the complex. Science 255 306-312.
109. Walker JL, Moats-Staats BM, Stiles AD & Underwood LE 1992 Tissue-specific developmental regulation of the messenger ribonucleic acids encoding the growth hormone receptor and the growth hormone binding protein in rat fetal and postnatal tissues. Pediatric Research 31 335-339.
110. Waters MJ & Kaye PL 2002 The role of growth hormone in fetal development. Growth Hormone and IGF Research 12 137-146.
111. Waters MJ, Hoang HN, Fairlie DP, Pelekanos RA & Brown RJ 2006 New insights into growth hormone action. Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 36 1-7.
112. Wei Y, Rhani Z & Goodyer CG 2006 Characterization of growth hormone receptor messenger ribonucleic acid variants in human adipocytes. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 91 1901-1908.
113. Welniak LA, Tian ZG, Sun R, Keller JR, Richards S, Ruscetti FW & Murphy WJ 2000 Effects of growth hormone and prolactin on hematopoiesis. Leukemia & Lymphoma 38 435-445.
114. Wickelgren RB, Landin KL, Ohlsson C & Carlsson LM 1995 Expression of exon 3-retaining and exon 3-excluding isoforms of the human growth hormone-receptor is regulated in an interindividual, rather than a tissue-specific, manner. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 80 2154-2157.
115. Wit JM & van Unen H 1992 Growth of infants with neonatal growth hormone deficiency. Archives of Disease in Childhood 67 920-924.
116. Woods KA, Dastot F, Preece MA, Clark AJ, Postel-Vinay MC, Chatelain PG, Ranke MB, Rosenfeld RG, Amselem S & Savage MO 1997 Phenotype: genotype relationships in growth hormone insensitivity syndrome. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 82 3529-3535.
117. Wormald S & Hihon DJ 2004 Inhibitors of cytokine signal transduction. Journal of Biological Chemistry 279 821-824.
118. Ymer SI & Herington AC 1992 Developmental expression of the growth hormone receptor gene in rabbit tissues. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 83 39-49.
119. Zhang JG, Farley A, Nicholson SE, Willson TA, Zugaro LM, Simpson RJ, Moritz RL, Cary D, Richardson R, Hausmann G et al. 1999 The conserved SOCS box motif in suppressors of cytokine signaling binds to elongins B and C and may couple bound proteins to proteasomal degradation. PNAS 96 2071-2076.
120. Zhang Y, Guan R, Jiang J, Kopchick JJ, Black RA, Baumann G & Frank SJ 2001 Growth hormone (GH)-induced dimerization inhibits phorbol ester-stimulated GH receptor proteolysis. Journal of Biological Chemistry 276 24565-24573.
121. Zhu T, Gob EL, Graichen R, Ling L & Lobie PE 2001 Signal transduction via the growth hormone receptor. Cellular Signalling 13 599-616.
122. Zogopoulos G, Albrecht S, Pietsch T, Alpert L, von Schweinitz D, Lefebvre Y & Goodyer CG 1996a Fetal- and tumor-specific regulation of growth hormone receptor mRNA expression in human liver. Cancer Research 56 2949-2953.
123. Zogopoulos G, Figueiredo R, Jenab A, Ali Z, Lefebvre Y & Goodyer CG 1996b Expression of exon 3-retaining and -deleted human growth hormone receptor messenger ribonucleic acid isoforms during development. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 81 775-782.