Genesis and evolution of bitumen in Lower Cretaceous Lavas and implications for strata-bound copper deposits, North Chile

Economic Geology

Volumn 103, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 387-404

  Rieger, Ana ^a   Schwark, Lorenz ^b   Cisternas, María Eugenia ^c   Miller, Hubert ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF COLOGNE   (Germany)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CONCEPCIÓN   (Chile)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACTIVATED CARBON; AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS; ARSENIC COMPOUNDS; BIOMARKERS; BITUMINOUS MATERIALS; BRINES; COPPER; COPPER COMPOUNDS; DEPOSITS; FOSSIL FUELS; HYDROCARBONS; IGNEOUS ROCKS; METALS; MINERALOGY; MIXING; ORE DEPOSIT GEOLOGY; ORGANIC COMPOUNDS; PARAFFINS; PETROLEUM REFINERIES; SULFATE MINERALS; SULFUR; SULFUR COMPOUNDS; ZINC SULFIDE;

BASALTIC ANDESITES; BIOMARKER; COPPER MINERALIZATION; COPPER SULFIDE (CUS); COVELLITE; EVOLUTION (CO); HIGHER PLANTS; HYDROCARBON BIOMARKERS; HYDROTHERMAL FLUIDS; MARINE ENVIRONMENTS; OIL ACCUMULATION; PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS; PRECIPITATION (METALLOGRAPHY); SECONDARY POROSITY; SULFATE REDUCTION; SULFUR CONCENTRATIONS; VISCOUS OILS;

COPPER DEPOSITS;

ALKANE; ANDESITE; BASALT; BIOMARKER; BITUMEN; COPPER; CRETACEOUS; HYDROTHERMAL FLUID; LAVA; MINERALIZATION; PARAGENESIS; POROSITY; THERMAL ALTERATION;

ATACAMA; CHILE; COPIAPO; SOUTH AMERICA;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); EMBRYOPHYTA;

EID: 47849095338     PISSN: 03610128     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2113/gsecongeo.103.2.387     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. Åberg, G., Aguirre, L., Levi, B., and Nyström, O., 1984, Spreading subsidence and generation of ensialic marginal basins, an example from the early Cretaceous of central Chile, in Kokelaar, B.P. and Howells, M.F., eds., Marginal basins geology: Geological Society of London, Special Publication 16, p. 185-193.
2. Aguirre, L., 1985, The southern Andes, in Nairn, A.E.M., Stehli, F.G. and Uyeda, S., eds., the Pacific Ocean. The Ocean Basins and Margins, v. 7A: Plenum Press, p. 265-376.
3. Arévalo, C., ] 994, Mapa geológico del Cuadrángulo Los Loros, Region de Atacama. Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería: Documentos de Trabajo 6, scale 1:100.000.
4. Barker, C., and Pawlewicz, M., 1994, Calculation of vitrinite reflectance from thermal histories and peak temperatures: A comparison of methods, in Mnkhopadhyay P.K. and Dow, W.G., eds., Vitrinite reflectance as a maturity parameter, applications and limitations: Washington D.C., American Chemical Society, p. 216-229.
5. Bechtel, A., Sun, Y., Pütmann, W., Hoernes, S., Hoefs, J., 2001, Isotopic evidence for multi-stage base metal enrichment in the Kupferschiefer from the Sangerhausen basin: Chemical Geology, v. 176, p. 31-49.
6. Biese-Nickel, W.A., 1942, La distribución del Cretácico Inferior al sur de Copiapó: 1st Congreso de Ingeniería de Minas y Geología, Santiago de Chile, p. 429-466.
7. Brocks, J.J., Summons, RE., Buiek, R., Logan, G.A., 2003, Origin and significance of aromatic hydrocarbons in giant iron ore deposits of the late Archaean Hamersley Basin, Western Australia: Organic Geochemistry, v. 34, p. 1161-1176.
8. Budzinski, H., Garriges, Ph., Radke, M., Connan, J., and Oudin, J.L., 1993, Thermodynamic calculations on alkylated phenanthrenes: Geochemical applications to maturity and origin of hydrocarbons: Organic Geochemisty,, v. 20, p. 927-933.
9. Budzinski, H., Garriges, Ph., Connan, J., Devillers, J., Domine, D., Radke, M., and Oudin, J.L., 1995, Alkylated phenanthrene distributions as maturity and origin indicators in crude oils and rock extracts: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 59, p. 2043-2056.
10. Cisternas, M.E., and Díaz, L., 1990, Geologic evolution of the Atacama basin during the Lower Cretaceous: Society for Geology Applied to Mineral Deposits, Special Publication, no 8, p. 495-504.
11. Cisternas, M.E., and Frutos, J., 1996, Importancia metalogenética del volcanismo extensional del Cretácico Inferiores la Región de Copiapó, Chile: Congreso Brasileiro de Ceología, v. 7, p. 303-306.
12. Cisternas, M.E., and Hermosilla, J., 2006, The role of bitumen in stratabound copper deposit formation in the Copiapó area, Northern Chile: Mineralium Deposita, v. 41, p. 339-355.
13. Cisternas, M.E., Frutos, J., Galindo, E., and Spiro, B., 1999a, Lavas con bitumen en el Cretácico Inferior de Copiapó, Región de Atacama, Chile: Petroquímica e importancia metalogénica: Revista Geológica de Chile, no. 26, p. 205-226.
14. Cisternas, M.E., Haggan, T., and Parnell, J., 1999b, Andesite-hosted copper sulphide-bitumen mineralization in back arc Andean basin, North Central Chile, in Stanley, C.J. et al., eds., Mineral deposits, processes to processing: Rotterdam, Balkema, v. 1, p. 223-226.
15. Coira, B,, Davidson, J., Mpodozis, C., Ramos, V., 1982, Tectonic and magmatic evolution of the Andes of northern Argentina and Chile: Earth Science Review 18, p. 303-332.
16. 39Ar mineral ages: Journal of Geology, v. 104, p. 19-40.
17. Didyk, B.M., Simoneit, B.R.T., Brassell, S.C., and Eglinton, G., 1978, Organic geochemical indicators of palaeoenvironmental conditions of sedimentation: Nature, no. 272, p. 216-222.
18. Dissanayake, C.B., 1993, Gold and other metals in graphite: Society for Geology Applied to Mineral Deposits, Special Publication 9, p. 138-152.
19. Farrar, E., Clark, A.H., Haynes, S.J., Quirt, G:S., Conn, H., and Zentilli, M., 1970, K-Ar evidence for the post-Paleozoic migration of granitic intrusion foci in the Anden of northern Chile: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 10, p. 60-66.
20. Galindo, E., 1998, Petrografía y geoquímica de las lavas ocoíticas de la Formación Pabellón (Grupo Chañarcillo) III Región de Atacama Chile: Unpublished Memoria de Título, Concepción, Chile, Universidad de Concepción, 110 p.
21. Gize, A., 1999, Organic alteration in hydrothermal sulfide ore deposits: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 94, p. 967-980.
22. Gize, A., 2000, Organic petrology applied to ore deposits: Reviews in Economic Geology, v. 9, p. 63-85.
23. Haggan, T., Parnell, J., and Cisternas, M.E., 2003, Fluid history of andesite-hosted CuS-bitumen mineralization, Copiapó district, north central Chile: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 78-79, p. 631-635.
24. Hunt, J.M., 1996, Petroleum Geochemistry and Geology, 2nd ed.: New York, W.H. Freeman, 743 p.
25. Jacob, H., 1985, Disperse solid bitumens as an indicator for migration and maturity in prospecting for oil and gas: Erdoel Erdgas Kohle-Synopse 8522, v. 38, no 8, p. 365.
26. Jacob, H., 1989, Classification, structure, genesis and practical importance of natural solid oil bitumen ("migrabitumen"): International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 11, p. 65-79.
27. Jacob, H., 1993, Nomenclature, classification, characterization and genesis of natural solid oil bitumen ("migrabitumen"): Society for Geology Applied to Mineral Deposits, Special Publication 9, p. 11-27.
28. Jurgan, H., 1977a, Zur Gliederung der Unterkreide-Serien in der Provinz Atacama. Chile: Geologische Rundschau, v. 66, p. 404-434.
29. Jurgan, H., 1977b, Strukturelle und lithofazielle Entwicklung des andinen Unterkreide-Beckens im Norden Chiles (Provinz Atacama): Geotektonische Forschung, v. 52, 138 p.
30. Krooss, B.M., Brothers, L., and Engel, M.H., 1991, Geochromatography in petroleum migration: Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 59, p. 149-163.
31. Landais, P., and Gize, A.P., 1997, Organic matter in hydrothermal systems, in Barnes, H.L., ed., Geochemistry of hydrothermal ore deposits, 3rd ed: New York, Wiley, p. 613-655.
32. Landis, C.R., and Castaño, J.R., 1995, Maturation and bulk chemical properties of a suite of solid hydrocarbons: Organic Geochemistry, v. 22, p. 137-149.
33. Large, D.J., and Gize, A.P., 1996, Pristane/phytane ratios in the mineralized Knpferschiefer of the fore-Sudetic monocline, southwest Poland: Ore Geology Reviews, v. 11, p. 89-103.
34. Leventhal, J.S., and Giordano, T.H., 2000, The nature and roles of organic matter associated with ores and ore-forming systems: An introduction: Reviews in Economic Geology, v. 9, p. 1-26.
35. Levi, B., and Aguirre, L., 1981, Ensialic spreading-subsidence in the Mesozoic and Palaeogene Andes of Central Chile: Journal of the Geological Society of London, v. 38, p. 75-81.
36. Machel, H.G., Krouse, H.R., Sassen, B., 1995, Products and distinguishing criteria of bacterial and thermochemical sulfate reduction: Applied Geochemistry, v. 10, p. 373-389.
37. Marschik, R., and Fontboté, L., 200la. The Candelaria-Punta del Cobre iron oxide Cu-Au(-Zn-Ag) deposits, Chile: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 96, p. 1799-1826.
38. Marschik, R., and Fontboté, L., 2001b, The Punta del Cobre Formation, Punta del Cobre-Candelaria arca, northern Chile: Journal of South American Earth Sciences, v. 14, p. 401-433.
39. Marschik, R., and Söllner, F., 2006, Early Cretaceous zircon U-Pb isotope ages for the Copiapó plutonic complex and implications for the IOCG mineralization at Candelaria, Atacama Region, Chile: Mineralium Deposita, v. 41, p. 785-801.
40. Marschik, R., Singer, B.S., Munizaga, F., Tassinari, C., Moritz, R., and Fontboté, L., 1997, Age of Cu(-Fe)-Au mineralization and thermal evolution of the Punta del Cobre district, Chile: Mineralium Deposita, v. 32, p. 531-546.
41. Mathur, R., Marschik, R., Ruiz, J., Munizaga, F., Leveille, R.A., and Martin, W., 2002, Age of mineralization of the Candelaria iron oxide Cu-Au deposit and the origin of the Chilean Iron Belt based on Re-Os isotopes: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 97, p. 59-71.
42. Monson, B., and Parnell, J., 1992, The origin of gilsonite vein deposits in the Uinta basin, Utah: Utah Geological Association Guidebook 20, p. 257-270.
43. Moscoso, R., Nasi, C., and Salinas, Z., 1982, Hoja Vallenar y parte norte de La Serena, regiones de Atacama y Coquimbo: Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería, Carta Geológica de Chile, no. 55, 100 p.
44. Mossman, D, 1999, Carbonaceous substances in mineral deposits: Implications for geochemical exploration: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 66, p. 241-247.
45. Mourgues, F.A., 2004, Advances in ammonite biostratigraphy of the marine Atacama basin (Lower Cretaceous), northern Chile, and its relationship with the Nenquén basin, Argentina: Journal of South American Earth Sciences, v. 17, p. 3-10.
46. Parnell, J., 2004, Titanium mobilization by hydrocarbon fluids related to sill intrusion in a sedimentary sequence, Scotland: Ore Geology Reviews, v. 24, p. 155-167.
47. Peters, K.E., Walters, C.C., Moldowan, J.M., 2004, The biomarker guide (interpreting molecular fossils in petroleum and ancient sediments), 2nd edition: Cambridge University Press, 1155 p.
48. Powell, TG., and McKirdy, D.M., 1973, The effect of source material, rock type and diagenesis on the n-alkane content of sediments: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 37, p. 523-633.
49. Powell, T.G., and Macqueen, R.W., 1984, Precipitation of sulfide ores and organic matter-sulfate reaction at Pine Point, Canada: Science, v. 224, p. 63-56.
50. Püttmann, W., Heppenheimer, H., and Diedel, R., 1990, Accumulation of base minerals in the Permian Kupfersehiefer: A result of postdepositional redox reactions: Organic Geochemistry, v. 16, p. 1145-1156.
51. Radke, M., 1987, Organic Geochemistry of aromatic hydrocarbons, in Brooks, J., and Welte, D., eds., Advances in Petroleum Geochemistry, v. 2: London, Academic Press, p. 141-207.
52. Radke, M., Welte, D.H., and Willsch, H., 1982, Geochemical study on a well in the western Canada basin; relation of the aromatic distribution pattern to maturity of organic matter: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 46, p. 1-10.
53. Radke, M., Horsfield, B., Littke, R., and Rullkötter, J., 1997, Maturation and petroleum generation, in Welte et al., eds., Petroleum and basin evolution: Berlin-Heidelberg, Springer, p. 171-229.
54. Rieger, A., 2003, Die Vulkanite der Unterkreide vom Typ Ocoit (Chile, III und IV Region) und die Bildung ihrer postmagmatisehen Bitumenführung und Kupfermineralisation: Münehener Geologisehe Hefte, v. 32, 145 p.
55. Rieger, A., 2007, Bitumen linked to stratabound Cu deposits in northern Chile: Source of the fluids whieh transported organic matter, in Andrew, C.J. et al., eds., Proceedings of the 9th Biennial Meeting of the Society for Geology Applied to Mineral Deposits: Dublin, Ireland, v. 1, p. 253-256.
56. Rospondek, M.J., de Leeuw, J.W., Bass, M., van Bergen, P.F., and Leereveld, H., 1994, The role of organically bound sulphur in stratiform ore sulphide deposits: Organic Geochemistry, v. 21, p. 1181-1191.
57. Rospondek, M.J., Marynowski, M., Góra, M., 2007, Novel arylated polyaromatic thiophenes: Phenylnaphtho i b]thiophenes and naphthylbenzo i b]thiophenes as markers of organic matter diagenesis buffered by oxidising solutions: Organic Geochemistry, v. 38, p. 1729-1756.
58. Schwark, L., and Frimmel, A., 2004, Chemostratigraphy of the Posidonia Black Shale, SW-Germany: II - Assessment of extent and persistence of Photic Zone Anoxia via aryl isoprenoid distributions: Chemical Geology, v. 206, p. 231-248.
59. Schwark, L., Vliex, M., and Schaeffer, R, 1998, Geochemical characterization of Malm Zeta laminated carbonates from the Franconian Alb, SW-Germany (II): Organic Geochemistry, v. 29, p. 1921-1952.
60. Segerstrom, K., 1960, Cuadrńgulo Quebrada Paipote, Provincia de Atacama: Instituto de Investigaciones Geológicas, Santiago, Carta geológica de Chile no. 2, 35 p.
61. Segerstrom, K., Engranaje de sedimentos calcáreoscon rocas volcánicas y clásticas en el Neocomiano del Geosinclinal Andino: Sociedad Geológica de Chile, Symposium sobre el Geoinclinal Andino no. 1, p. 1-8.
62. Segerstrom, K., 1968, Geología de las hojas Copiapó y Ojos dei Salado, Provincia de Atacama: Instituto de Investigaciones Geológicas, Santiago, 58 p.
63. Segerstrom, K., and Parker, R.L., 1959, Geología del Cuadrángulo Cerrillos, Provincia de Atacama: Instituto de Investigaciones Geológicas, Santiago, Carta geológica de Chile, no. 2, 33 p.
64. Sinninghe-Damsté, J.S., Eglington, T.I. de Leeuw, J.W., and Schenck, RA., 1989, Organic sulphur in macromolecular sedimentary organic matter I. Structure and origin of sulphur-containing moieties in Kerogen, asphaltene and coal as revealed by flash pyrolysis: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 53, p. 873-889.
65. Spangenberg, J., and Herlec, 2006, Hydrocarbon biomarkers in the Topla-Mežica zinc-lead deposits, Northern Karavanke/Drau Range, Slovenia: Paleoenvironment at the site of ore formation: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 101, p. 997-1021.
66. Stasiuk, L.D., 1998, The origin of pyrobitumens in Upper Devonian Leduc Formation gas reservoirs, Alberta, Canada; An optical an EDS study of oil to gas transformation: Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 14, p. 915-929.
67. Tissot, B.P., and Welte, D.H., 1978, Petroleum Formation and Occurrence: Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, Springer, 598 p.
68. Tilling, R., 1976, El Batolito andino cerca de Copiapó, Provincia de Atacama. Geología y Petrología: Revista Geológica de Chile, no 3, p. 1-24.
69. Villalobos, H., 1995, Antecedentes para un modelo genético dei yacimiento Veta Negra y su relación con el yacimiento de cobre El Soldado: Unpublished Memoria de Título, Concepción, Chile, Universidad de Concepción, 91p.
70. Wilson, N., 2000, Organic petrology, chemical composition, and reflectance of pyrobitumen from the El Soldado Cu deposit, Chile: Coal Geology, v. 43, p. 53-82.
71. Wilson, N., and Zentilli, M., 1999, The role of organic matter in the genesis of the El Soldado volcanic-hosted manto type Cu Deposit, Chile: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, V. 94, p. 1115-1136.
72. Wilson, N., and Zentilli, M., 2006, Association of pyrobitumen with copper mineralization from the Uehumi and Talcuna districts, central Chile: Coai Geology, v. 65, p. 158-169.
73. Wilson, N., Zentilli, M., and Spiro, B., 2003, A sulfur, carbon, oxygen, and strontium isotope study of the volcanic-hosted El Soldado manto type copper deposit, Chile: The essential role of bacteria and petroleum: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 98, p. 163-174.
74. Winchester, J.A., and Floyd P.A., 1977, Geochemical discrimination of different magma series and their differentiation products using immobile elements: Chemical Geology, v. 20, p. 325-343.
75. Zentilli, M., and Graves, M.C., 1990, Carbon compounds and ore deposits models [abs.]: International Association on the Genesis of Ore Deposits Symposium, Ottawa, p. A110.
76. Zentilli, M., Bode, R., Munizaga, F., Graves, M.C., 1994, Petroleum involvement in the genesis of some stratabound copper deposit of Chile: 7th Congreso geológico chileno, v. 2, p. 1542-1546.
77. Zentilli, M., Munizaga, F., Graves, M,C., Boric, R., Wilson, N.S.F., Mukhopadhyay, P.K., and Snowdon, L.R., 1997, Hydrocarbon involvement in the genesis of ore deposits: An example in Cretaceous stratabound (manto-type) copper deposits of central Chile: International Geology Review, v. 39, p. 1-21.