Legal Protection Against the UN-Security Council Between European and International Law: A Kafkaesque Situation?

German Law Journal

Volumn 8, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 279-293

  Ley, Isabelle ^a  

^a HUMBOLDT UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 47849091038     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20718322     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S2071832200005587     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (44)

1. Information on this program is available at: http://www.grakov-berlin.de.
2. Kadelbach / Kleinlein even speak of three debates, Stefan Kadelbach / Thomas Kleinlein, Überstaatliches Verfassungsrecht, 44 ARCHIV DES VÖLKERRECHTS 235, 236 (2006). Von Bogdandy emphasizes that this debate comes in as many variants as there are scholars: von Bogdandy, Constitutionalism in International Law: Comment on a proposal from Germany, 47 HARVARD INTERNATIONAL LAW JOURNAL, 223 (2006).
3. Kadelbach / Kleinlein even speak of three debates, Stefan Kadelbach / Thomas Kleinlein, Überstaatliches Verfassungsrecht, 44 ARCHIV DES VÖLKERRECHTS 235, 236 (2006). Von Bogdandy emphasizes that this debate comes in as many variants as there are scholars: von Bogdandy, Constitutionalism in International Law: Comment on a proposal from Germany, 47 HARVARD INTERNATIONAL LAW JOURNAL, 223 (2006).
4. Brun-Otto Bryde, Konstitutionalisierung des Völkerrechts und Internationalisierung des Verfassungsrechts, 42 Der Staat 61 (2003); Bardo Fassbender, The UN charter as Constitution of the international community, 36 COLUMBIA JOURNAL OF TRANSNATIONAL LAW 529 (1998); Dinah Shelton, Normative Hierarchy in International Law, 100 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 291 (2006); Christian Tomuschat, Die internationale Gemeinschaft, 33 ARCHIV DES VÖLKERRECHTS 1 (1995); Erika de Wet, The International Constitutional Order, 55 INTERNATIONAL AND COMPARATIVE LAW QUARTERLY 51 (2006).
5. Brun-Otto Bryde, Konstitutionalisierung des Völkerrechts und Internationalisierung des Verfassungsrechts, 42 Der Staat 61 (2003); Bardo Fassbender, The UN charter as Constitution of the international community, 36 COLUMBIA JOURNAL OF TRANSNATIONAL LAW 529 (1998); Dinah Shelton, Normative Hierarchy in International Law, 100 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 291 (2006); Christian Tomuschat, Die internationale Gemeinschaft, 33 ARCHIV DES VÖLKERRECHTS 1 (1995); Erika de Wet, The International Constitutional Order, 55 INTERNATIONAL AND COMPARATIVE LAW QUARTERLY 51 (2006).
6. Brun-Otto Bryde, Konstitutionalisierung des Völkerrechts und Internationalisierung des Verfassungsrechts, 42 Der Staat 61 (2003); Bardo Fassbender, The UN charter as Constitution of the international community, 36 COLUMBIA JOURNAL OF TRANSNATIONAL LAW 529 (1998); Dinah Shelton, Normative Hierarchy in International Law, 100 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 291 (2006); Christian Tomuschat, Die internationale Gemeinschaft, 33 ARCHIV DES VÖLKERRECHTS 1 (1995); Erika de Wet, The International Constitutional Order, 55 INTERNATIONAL AND COMPARATIVE LAW QUARTERLY 51 (2006).
7. Brun-Otto Bryde, Konstitutionalisierung des Völkerrechts und Internationalisierung des Verfassungsrechts, 42 Der Staat 61 (2003); Bardo Fassbender, The UN charter as Constitution of the international community, 36 COLUMBIA JOURNAL OF TRANSNATIONAL LAW 529 (1998); Dinah Shelton, Normative Hierarchy in International Law, 100 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 291 (2006); Christian Tomuschat, Die internationale Gemeinschaft, 33 ARCHIV DES VÖLKERRECHTS 1 (1995); Erika de Wet, The International Constitutional Order, 55 INTERNATIONAL AND COMPARATIVE LAW QUARTERLY 51 (2006).
8. Brun-Otto Bryde, Konstitutionalisierung des Völkerrechts und Internationalisierung des Verfassungsrechts, 42 Der Staat 61 (2003); Bardo Fassbender, The UN charter as Constitution of the international community, 36 COLUMBIA JOURNAL OF TRANSNATIONAL LAW 529 (1998); Dinah Shelton, Normative Hierarchy in International Law, 100 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 291 (2006); Christian Tomuschat, Die internationale Gemeinschaft, 33 ARCHIV DES VÖLKERRECHTS 1 (1995); Erika de Wet, The International Constitutional Order, 55 INTERNATIONAL AND COMPARATIVE LAW QUARTERLY 51 (2006).
9. JÜRGEN HABERMAS, Die postnationale Konstellation, in 91 DIE POSTNATIONALE KONSTELLATION - POLITISCHE ESSAYS, (1998); JÜRGEN HABERMAS, Hat die Konstitutionalisierung des Völkerrechts noch eine Chance?, in 113 DER GESPALTENE WESTEN (2004).
10. JÜRGEN HABERMAS, Die postnationale Konstellation, in 91 DIE POSTNATIONALE KONSTELLATION - POLITISCHE ESSAYS, (1998); JÜRGEN HABERMAS, Hat die Konstitutionalisierung des Völkerrechts noch eine Chance?, in 113 DER GESPALTENE WESTEN (2004).
11. DAVID HELD, DEMOCRACY AND THE GLOBAL ORDER - FROM THE MODERN STATE TO COSMOPOLITAN GOVERNANCE, (1995).
12. Christian Tomuschat, International Law: Ensuring the Survival of Mankind on the Eve of a New Century, General Course on Public International Law, 281 RECUEIL DES COURS 10 (1999); for a comprehensive résumé see Armin von Bogdandy, Constitutionalism in International Law: Comment on a Proposal from Germany, 47 HARVARD INTERNATIONAL LAW JOURNAL 223 (2006).
13. Christian Tomuschat, International Law: Ensuring the Survival of Mankind on the Eve of a New Century, General Course on Public International Law, 281 RECUEIL DES COURS 10 (1999); for a comprehensive résumé see Armin von Bogdandy, Constitutionalism in International Law: Comment on a Proposal from Germany, 47 HARVARD INTERNATIONAL LAW JOURNAL 223 (2006).
14. Ravi Afonso Pereira.
15. Elaine Mak.
16. Osvaldo Alejandro Saldias Collao.
17. Thorsten Thiel, http://www.grakov-berlin.de (27 February 2007).
18. Court of First Instance, Yusuf and Al Barakaat International Foundation v. Council and Commission, Judgment of 21 September 2005, Case T-306/01 (Yusuf).
19. Court of First Instance, Yassin Abdullah Kadi v. Council of the European Union and Commission of the European Communities, Judgment of 21 September 2005, Case T-315/01 (Kadi).
20. Court of First Instance, Hassan v. Council and Commission, Judgment of 12 July 2006, Case T-49/04 (Hassan).
21. Court of First Instance, Chafiq Ayadi v. Council, Judgment of 12 July 2006, Case T-253/02 (Ayadi).
22. SC Res. 1267 of 15 October 1999, no.4 incited to "freeze funds and other financial resources, including funds derived or generated from property owned or controlled directly or indirectly by the Taliban, or by any undertaking owned or controlled by the Taliban, as designated by the Committee established...," available at: http://www.un.org/Docs/scres/1999/sc99.htm. These measures were expanded by SC Res. 1333 of 19 December 2000, No.8, available at: http://www.un.org/Docs/scres/2000/sc2000.htm (3 March 2007).
23. Kofi Annan, Speech on International Human Rights Day, 8 December 2006, at the Time Warner Center, available at: http://www.un.org/News/ossg/sg/stories/statments-full.asp?statID=39 (8 January 2007).
24. SC Res. 1526 of 30 January 2004, p.4, No. 18.
25. This connection between human rights and the effectiveness of international police measures is also put forward by Saskia Hörmann, Völkerrecht bricht Rechtsgemeinschaft? 44 ARCHIV DES VÖLKERRECHTS 267, 324 (2006).
26. Affirmed in SC Res. 1730 of 19 December 2006, p. 1, available at: http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/ UNDOC/GEN/N06/671/31/PDF/N0667131.pdf?OpenElement (9 January 2007).
27. See Report of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1267 (1999) concerning Al- Quaida and the Taliban and associated individuals and entities of 17 January 2006, S/2006/22, 8; Fourth Report of the Analytical Support and Sanctions Monitoring Team appointed pursuant to Security Council Resolutions 1526 (2004) and 1617 (2005) Concerning Al-Quaida and the Taliban and associated Individuals of 10 March 2006, S/2006/154, 10.
28. It is also not discussed in Kofi Annan's report on UN reform, see In larger freedom: towards development, security and human rights for all, A/59/2005 of 21 March 2005, available at http://www.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/gaA.59.2005-En.pdf (27 February 2007).
29. Christian Walter argues, in line with a jurisdiction of the European Court of Human Rights concerning power-transfer to private persons, that the European Convention of Human Rights contains the obligation of member states to "export" human rights protection into international organizations they are joining: they are not allowed to absolve themselves of their human right protection standards by transferring interventionist powers to international organizations, Christian Walter, Grundrechtsschutz gegen Hoheitsakte internationaler Organisationen, 129 ARCHIV DES ÖFFENTLICHEN RECHTS (AÖR) 39, 54 (2004).
30. See, Andreas von Arnauld, UN-Sanktionen und gemeinschaftsrechtlicher Grundrechtsschutz",44 ARCHIV DES VÖLKERRECHTS 201, 212 (2006).
31. Expression from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 10 December 1948, Art. 5.
32. Martti Koskenniemi, International Law and Hegemony: A Reconfiguration, 17 CAMBRIDGE REVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS, NO. 197, 202 (2004).
33. 2 BvL 52/71, BVerfGE 37, 271 (Solange I); 2 BvR 197/83, BVerfGE 73, 339 (Solange II).
34. Yusuf (note 12), para. 226, 283.
35. A position shared by Markus Kotzur, Eine Bewährungsprobe für die Europäische Grundrechtsgemeinschaft / Zur Entscheidung des EuG in der Rs. Yusuf u.a. gegen Rat, EuGRZ 2005, S. 592, in: Europäische Grundrechte-Zeitschrift (EuGRZ) 19, 24 (2006).
36. This concept corresponds with the Maastricht decision of the German Federal Constitutional Court (BVerfGE 89, 155), decidedly drafted by Paul Kirchhof, who was then judge at the Court. In this conception, the EC does not qualify as a federal state but something less - a "Staatenverbund". The main line of legitimacy of European legal action still follows from the democratically elected national governments, the most important actors on the European level. Constitutionally speaking, the authority of the European Union stems from the national constitutions and the powers they delegated to the European legislative. Therefore, national constitutional law keeps the guard on what enters the national legal system.
37. Case C-84/95, Bosphorus Hava Yollari Turizm ve Ticaret AS v. Minister for Transport, Energy and Communications and others, 30 July 1996, European Court of Justice.
38. See on this point von Arnauld, UN-Sanktionen und gemeinschaftsrechtlicher Grundrechtsschutz, 44 ARCHIV DES VÖLKERRECHTS, 201, 202 (2006).
39. Court of First Instance, Organisation des Modjahedines du peuple d'Iran v. Council of the European Union, Judgment of 12 December 2006, Case T-228/02.
40. SC Res. 1373 of 28 September 2001, European Common Position 2001/930/CFSP and 2001/931/CFSP.
41. Kadi, Case T-315/01, No. 197, 200, 218.
42. See likewise Christoph Möllers, Das EuG konstitutionalisiert die Vereinten Nationen, 3 EUROPARECHT (EUR) 426 (2006) and Mehrdad Payandeh, Rechtskontrolle des UN-Sicherheitsrats durch staatliche und überstaatliche Gerichte, 66 ZEITSCHRIFT FÜR AUSLÄNDISCHES ÖFFENTLICHES RECHT UND VÖLKERRECHT (ZAÖRV) 41, 54 (2006).
43. See likewise Christoph Möllers, Das EuG konstitutionalisiert die Vereinten Nationen, 3 EUROPARECHT (EUR) 426 (2006) and Mehrdad Payandeh, Rechtskontrolle des UN-Sicherheitsrats durch staatliche und überstaatliche Gerichte, 66 ZEITSCHRIFT FÜR AUSLÄNDISCHES ÖFFENTLICHES RECHT UND VÖLKERRECHT (ZAÖRV) 41, 54 (2006).
44. Opinion of Advocate General Mengozzi, delivered on 26 October 2006, Case C-354/04 P (Segi).