Community-acquired methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) colonization and infection in intravenous and inhalational opiate drug abusers

Experimental Biology and Medicine

Volumn 233, Issue 7, 2008, Pages 874-880

  El Sharif, Amany ^a   Ashour, Hossam M ^b  

^a Al Azhar University   (Egypt)

^b CAIRO UNIVERSITY   (Egypt)

Author keywords

Colonization; Community; Infection; MRSA; Opiate

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BACTERIAL COLONIZATION; BACTERIUM CARRIER; BACTERIUM IDENTIFICATION; BACTERIUM ISOLATION; CONTROLLED STUDY; GEL ELECTROPHORESIS; HUMAN; INHALANT ABUSE; INTRAVENOUS DRUG ABUSE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS INFECTION; MULTIPLEX POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; NOSE SECRETION; OPIATE ADDICTION; ADDICTION; COMMUNICABLE DISEASE; COMPARATIVE STUDY; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; DRUG ADMINISTRATION ROUTE; DRUG EFFECT; EGYPT; GENETICS; HETEROZYGOTE; INHALATIONAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; MICROBIOLOGY; NASOPHARYNX; PATHOGENICITY; PENICILLIN RESISTANCE; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; RISK FACTOR; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; STAPHYLOCOCCUS INFECTION; SUBSTANCE ABUSE;

METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS;

ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; BACTERIAL DNA; METICILLIN;

ADMINISTRATION, INHALATION; ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; CARRIER STATE; COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED INFECTIONS; DNA, BACTERIAL; DRUG ADMINISTRATION ROUTES; EGYPT; HUMANS; METHICILLIN; METHICILLIN RESISTANCE; NASOPHARYNX; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; RISK FACTORS; STAPHYLOCOCCAL INFECTIONS; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; SUBSTANCE ABUSE, INTRAVENOUS; SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS;

EID: 47749153774     PISSN: 15353702     EISSN: 15353699     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3181/0711-RM-294     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. Archer GL. Staphylococcus aureus: a well-armed pathogen. Clin Infect Dis 26:1179-1181, 1998.
2. Emori TG, Gaynes RP. An overview of nosocomial infections, including the role of the microbiology laboratory. Clin Microbiol Rev 6:428-442, 1993.
3. Cosgrove SE, Sakoulas G, Perencevich EN, Schwaber MJ, Karchmer AW, Carmeli Y. Comparison of mortality associated with methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 36:53-59, 2003.
4. Christensen GD, Bisno AL, Parisi JT, McLaughlin B, Hester MG, Luther RW. Nosocomial septicemia due to multiply antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis. Ann Intern Med 96:1-10, 1982.
5. Phillips LG, Heggers JP, Robson MC. Burn and trauma units as sources of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Burn Care Rehab 13: 293-297, 1992.
6. Chambers HF. The changing epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus? Emerging Infect Dis 7:178-182, 2001.
7. Cafferkey M. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Clinical Management and Laboratory Aspects (Infectious Disease and Therapy). New York: Marcel Dekker, pp224, 1992.
8. Barrett FF, McGehee RF, Jr., Finland M. Methicillin-resistant Staph-ylococcus aureus at Boston City Hospital. Bacteriologic and epidemio-logic observations. New Engl J Med 279:441-448, 1968.
9. Diekema DJ, Pfaller MA, Schmitz FJ, Smayevsky J, Bell J, Jones RN, Beach M. Survey of infections due to Staphylococcus species: frequency of occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates collected in the United States, Canada, Latin America, Europe, and the Western Pacific region for the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program, 1997-1999. Clin Infect Dis 32 Suppl 2: S114-S132, 2001.
10. Francis JS, Carroll K. Community-acquired MRSA: a notable adversary. South Med J 98:1061-1062, 2005.
11. From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Four pediatric deaths from community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-Minnesota and North Dakota, 1997-1999. JAMA 282:1123-1125, 1999.
12. Moellering RC, Jr. The growing menace of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Ann Int Med 144:368-370, 2006.
13. Gorak EJ, Yamada SM, Brown JD. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in hospitalized adults and children without known risk factors. Clin Infect Dis 29:797-800, 1999.
14. Musher DM, Lamm N, Darouiche RO, Young EJ, Hamill RJ, Landon GC. The current spectrum of Staphylococcus aureus infection in a tertiary care hospital. Medicine 73:186-208, 1994.
15. Leusden RP, Stark K. [Infectious diseases in intravenous drug abuse patients]. Zeitschrift fur arztliche Fortbildung 86:709-716, 1992.
16. Klatt EC, Mills NZ, Noguchi TT. Causes of death in hospitalized intravenous drug abusers. J Forensic Sci 35:1143-1148, 1990.
17. Perneger TV, Giner F, del Rio M, Mino A. Randomised trial of heroin maintenance programme for addicts who fail in conventional drug treatments. BMJ (Clinical research ed) 317:13-18, 1998.
18. Tuazon CU, Sheagren JN. Increased rate of carriage of Staphylococcus aureus among narcotic addicts. J Infect Dis 129:725-727, 1974.
19. Summanen PH, Talan DA, Strong C, McTeague M, Bennion R, Thompson JE, Jr., Vaisanen ML, Moran G, Winer M, Finegold SM. Bacteriology of skin and soft-tissue infections: comparison of infections in intravenous drug users and individuals with no history of intravenous drug use. Clin Infect Dis 20 Suppl 2:S279-S282, 1995.
20. Crane LR, Levine DP, Zervos MJ, Cummings G. Bacteremia in narcotic addicts at the Detroit Medical Center. I. Microbiology, epidemiology, risk factors, and empiric therapy. Rev Infect Dis 8: 364-373, 1986.
21. Levine DP, Crane LR, Zervos MJ. Bacteremia in narcotic addicts at the Detroit Medical Center. II. Infectious endocarditis: a prospective comparative study. Rev Infect Dis 8:374-396, 1986.
22. Fah F, Zimmerli W, Jordi M, Schoenenberger RA. Septic deep venous thrombosis in intravenous drug users. Swiss Med Wkly 132:386-392, 2002.
23. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th ed. (DSM-IV). Washington, DC, 1994.
24. Buck JM, Como-Sabetti K, Harriman KH, Danila RN, Boxrud DJ, Glennen A, Lynfield R. Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Minnesota, 2000-2003. Emerging Infect Dis 11:1532-1538, 2005.
25. Garner JS, Jarvis WR, Emori TG, Horan TC, Hughes JM. CDC definitions for nosocomial infections, 1988. Am J Infect Control 16: 128-140, 1988.
26. Kloos WE, and D. W. Lambe, Jr. Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 5th ed. Washington, D.C.: American Society for Microbiology, pp222-237, 1991.
27. Churcher GM. A screening test for the detection of methicillin-resistant staphylococci. J Clin Pathol 21:213-217, 1968.
28. Drew WL, Barry AL, O'Toole R, Sherris JC. Reliability of the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method for detecting methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Appl Microbiol 24:240-247, 1972.
29. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Approved standard M7-A3. Dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, Villanova, Pa., 1993.
30. Vannuffel P, Gigi J, Ezzedine H, Vandercam B, Delmee M, Wauters G, Gala JL. Specific detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus species by multiplex PCR. J Clin Microbiol 33:2864-2867, 1995.
31. Oliveira DC, de Lencastre H. Multiplex PCR strategy for rapid identification of structural types and variants of the mec element in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Che-mother 46:2155-2161, 2002.
32. Peacock SJ, Mandal S, Bowler IC. Preventing Staphylococcus aureus infection in the renal unit. Q J Med 95:405-410, 2002.
33. Schuenck RP, Lourenco MC, Iorio NL, Ferreira AL, Nouer SA, Santos KR. Improved and rapid detection of methicillin-resistant Staph-ylococcus aureus nasal carriage using selective broth and multiplex PCR. Res Microbiol 157:971-975, 2006.
34. Daeschlein G, Assadian O, Daxboeck F, Kramer A. Multiplex PCR-ELISA for direct detection of MRSA in nasal swabs advantageous for rapid identification of non-MRSA carriers. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 25:328-330, 2006.
35. Strommenger B, Braulke C, Pasemann B, Schmidt C, Witte W. Multiplex PCR for the rapid detection of isolates suspicious to be community acquired Staphylococcus aureus. J Clin Microbiol 46:582-587, 2007.
36. Ruotsalainen E, Sammalkorpi K, Laine J, Huotari K, Sarna S, Valtonen V, Jarvinen A. Clinical manifestations and outcome in Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis among injection drug users and nonaddicts: a prospective study of 74 patients. BMC Infect Dis 6:137, 2006.
37. Mendelson G, Yearmack Y, Granot E, Ben-Israel J, Colodner R, Raz R. Staphylococcus aureus carrier state among elderly residents of a long-term care facility. J Am Med Dir Assoc 4:125-127, 2003.
38. Holbrook KA, Klein RS, Hartel D, Elliott DA, Barsky TB, Rothschild LH, Lowy FD. Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization in HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative drug users. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 16:301-306, 1997.
39. Luzar MA, Coles GA, Faller B, Slingeneyer A, Dah GD, Briat C, Wone C, Knefati Y, Kessler M, Peluso F. Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage and infection in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. New Engl J Med 322:505-509, 1990.
40. Kluytmans J, van Belkum A, Verbrugh H. Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus: epidemiology, underlying mechanisms, and associated risks. Clin Microbiol Rev 10:505-520, 1997.
41. Small CB, Klein RS, Friedland GH, Moll B, Emeson EE, Spigland I. Community-acquired opportunistic infections and defective cellular immunity in heterosexual drug abusers and homosexual men. Am J Med 74:433-441, 1983.
42. Hall DM, Suo JL, Weber RJ. Opioid mediated effects on the immune system: sympathetic nervous system involvement. J Neuroimmunol 83: 29-35, 1998.
43. Li LH, Yao H, Zhao YH, Zhu H, Xing YM, Feng ZT, Yang RX. [Research of ultra-structural pathological changes of nervous, endocrine and immune system in heroin addicts]. Fa yi xue za zhi 17:145-147, 2001.
44. King MD, Humphrey BJ, Wang YF, Kourbatova EV, Ray SM, Blumberg HM. Emergence of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA 300 clone as the predominant cause of skin and soft-tissue infections. Ann Int Med 144:309-317, 2006.
45. Lina G, Piemont Y, Godail-Gamot F, Bes M, Peter MO, Gauduchon V, Vandenesch F, Etienne J. Involvement of Panton-Valentine leukocidin-producing Staphylococcus aureus in primary skin infections and pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 29:1128-1132, 1999.