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Volumn 52, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 1-22

"Indecent and demoralising representations": Public anatomy museums in mid-victorian England

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANATOMY; ARTICLE; HISTORY; HUMAN; INFORMATION CENTER; PUBLICATION; QUACKERY; UNITED KINGDOM;

EID: 47749146135     PISSN: 00257273     EISSN: 09505571     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0025727300002039     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (59)

References (260)
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    • 2 July 1847, p. 8.
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    • Susan C Lawrence, 'Anatomy and address: creating medical gentlemen in eighteenth-century London', in Vivian Nutton and Roy Porter (eds), The history of medical education in Britain, Amsterdam, Rodopi, 1995, pp. 199-228, on pp. 200-2.
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    • Desnoües learned techniques from Gaetano Giulio Zumbo (1656-1701), whose waxworks, according to Desnoües, depicted all the horror of a tomb: Thomas Schnalke, Diseases in wax: the history of the medical moulage, trans. Kathy Spatschek, Singapore, Quintessence, 1995, p. 29;
    • Desnoües learned techniques from Gaetano Giulio Zumbo (1656-1701), whose waxworks, according to Desnoües, depicted "all the horror of a tomb": Thomas Schnalke, Diseases in wax: the history of the medical moulage, trans. Kathy Spatschek, Singapore, Quintessence, 1995, p. 29;
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    • Bodleian Library, John Johnson Collection (hereafter JJC), Waxworks 3 (45, 46, 64-6);
    • Bodleian Library, John Johnson Collection (hereafter JJC), Waxworks 3 (45, 46, 64-6);
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    • Altick, op. cit., note 5 above, p. 56;
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    • Schnalke, op. cit., note 11 above, pp. 31-3.
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    • 85036953907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A brief description of those curious and excellent figures of the human anatomy in wax ... the works of the late celebrated Mons. Denoue[sic] now to be seen at Mr. Rackstrow's, statuary, opposite Serjeant's-Inn, in Fleet-Street, at one shilling each., n. p., n.d., pp. 3-1.2;
    • A brief description of those curious and excellent figures of the human anatomy in wax ... the works of the late celebrated Mons. Denoue[sic] now to be seen at Mr. Rackstrow's, statuary, opposite Serjeant's-Inn, in Fleet-Street, at one shilling each., n. p., n.d., pp. 3-1.2;
  • 26
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    • JJC, Waxworks 3 (65);
    • JJC, Waxworks 3 (65);
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    • 85036933090 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A descriptive catalogue ?.. of Rackstrow's Museum: consisting of a large, and very valuable collection, of most curious anatomical figures, and real preparations ... with a great variety of natural and artificial curiosities. To be seenatno. 197 Fleet-Street, London, 1782;
    • A descriptive catalogue ?.. of Rackstrow's Museum: consisting of a large, and very valuable collection, of most curious anatomical figures, and real preparations ... with a great variety of natural and artificial curiosities. To be seenatno. 197 Fleet-Street, London, 1782;
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    • Altick, op. cit, note 5 above, pp. 55-6;
    • Altick, op. cit., note 5 above, pp. 55-6;
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    • Burmeister, op. cit, note 6 above, p. 35
    • Burmeister, op. cit., note 6 above, p. 35.
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    • Cole, 'History of the anatomical museum ', in Oliver Elton (ed.), A miscellany presented to John Macdonald Mackay, LL.D. July, 1914, Liverpool University Press, 1914, pp. 302-17, on p. 305.
    • Cole, 'History of the anatomical museum ', in Oliver Elton (ed.), A miscellany presented to John Macdonald Mackay, LL.D. July, 1914, Liverpool University Press, 1914, pp. 302-17, on p. 305.
  • 34
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    • Of other spaces
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    • quoting from The picture of London for 1806.
    • quoting from The picture of London for 1806.
  • 37
    • 85036940097 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • After Heaviside's death, the museum's 2, 644 specimens were sold for some £ 1,240: ibid., pp. 25-6.
    • After Heaviside's death, the museum's 2, 644 specimens were sold for some £ 1,240: ibid., pp. 25-6.
  • 38
    • 85036926722 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On gentleman collectors and anatomists, see Lawrence, op. cit, note 7 above, pp. 202-5
    • On gentleman collectors and anatomists, see Lawrence, op. cit., note 7 above, pp. 202-5.
  • 39
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    • Altick, op. cit., note 5 above, p. 27.
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    • This was not difficult to obtain; on Easter Monday 1853 there were 200 visitors: Med. Circ, 1853, 2: 277
    • This was not difficult to obtain; on Easter Monday 1853 there were 200 visitors: Med. Circ., 1853, 2: 277.
  • 43
    • 85036931905 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Candidates for the diploma had to attend at least three courses of anatomy and two of dissection: The medical calendar: or student's guide, Edinburgh, Maclachlan and Stewart, 1828, p. 119.
    • Candidates for the diploma had to attend at least three courses of anatomy and two of dissection: The medical calendar: or student's guide, Edinburgh, Maclachlan and Stewart, 1828, p. 119.
  • 45
    • 85036952086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • London anatomy schools charged between three and seven guineas for a course of dissection: Medical calendar, op. cit., note 23 above, pp. 80, 83, 89, 94, 102, 107, 108.
    • London anatomy schools charged between three and seven guineas for a course of dissection: Medical calendar, op. cit., note 23 above, pp. 80, 83, 89, 94, 102, 107, 108.
  • 46
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    • Knox, op. cit, note 3 above, p 3
    • Knox, op. cit., note 3 above, p 3.
  • 47
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    • Desmond, op. cit., note 24 above, pp. 162-3.
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    • (1950) Notes Rec. R. Soc. Lond , vol.7 , Issue.207-258 , pp. 233
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    • Ibid., pp. 38-44;
  • 55
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    • Anon., Signor Sard's celebrated Florentine anatomical Venus: together with numerous smaller models of special interest to ladies, showing the marvellous mechanism of the human body, n.p., n.d., p. 2
    • Anon., Signor Sard's celebrated Florentine anatomical "Venus: together with numerous smaller models of special interest to ladies, showing the marvellous mechanism of the human body, n.p., n.d., p. 2
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    • and [Joseph] Kahn, The evangel of human nature; being fourteen lectures, on the various organs of the human frame, in health and disease, London, James Gilbert, 1855, p. 1.
    • and [Joseph] Kahn, The evangel of human nature; being fourteen lectures, on the various organs of the human frame, in health and disease, London, James Gilbert, 1855, p. 1.
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    • Desmond, op. cit, note 24 above, pp. 8-9
    • Desmond, op. cit., note 24 above, pp. 8-9.
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    • Lancet, 1831-32, i: 481-6, p. 481;
    • (1831) Lancet , vol.1 , Issue.481-486 , pp. 481
  • 60
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    • 1836-37, i: 280
    • 1836-37, i: 280.
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    • Desmond, op. cit, note 24 above, p. 9
    • Desmond, op. cit., note 24 above, p. 9.
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    • Lancet, 1826-27, 11: 295-301;
    • (1826) Lancet , vol.11 , pp. 295-301
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    • 20 Feb
    • The Times, 20 Feb. 1826, p. 3;
    • The Times
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    • Zachary Cope, 'The private medical schools of London (1746-1914)', in F N L Poynter (ed.), The evolution of medical education in Britain, London, Pitman, 1966, pp. 89-110, on pp. 95-6.
    • Zachary Cope, 'The private medical schools of London (1746-1914)', in F N L Poynter (ed.), The evolution of medical education in Britain, London, Pitman, 1966, pp. 89-110, on pp. 95-6.
  • 65
    • 85036940796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In 1832, hospital schools were at the London Hospital, St Bartholomew's, Guy's, St Thomas's, King's College and London University; private schools were in Aldermanbury, Aldersgate Street, Charterhouse Square, Dean Street, Little Dean Street, Gerrard Street, Giltspur Street, Golden Square, Greville Street, Grosvenor Place, Great Windmill Street, Little Windmill Street and Webb Street: National Archives, Kew hereafter NA, HO 44/25. For 1871, see Ruth Richardson, Death, dissection and the destitute, London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1987, p. 287
    • In 1832, hospital schools were at the London Hospital, St Bartholomew's, Guy's, St Thomas's, King's College and London University; private schools were in Aldermanbury, Aldersgate Street, Charterhouse Square, Dean Street, Little Dean Street, Gerrard Street, Giltspur Street, Golden Square, Greville Street, Grosvenor Place, Great Windmill Street, Little Windmill Street and Webb Street: National Archives, Kew (hereafter NA), HO 44/25. For 1871, see Ruth Richardson, Death, dissection and the destitute, London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1987, p. 287.
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    • Returns relating to medical museums, op. cit, note 21 above, pp. 8, 11;
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    • Desmond, op. cit., note 24 above, p. 83 ;
    • Desmond, op. cit., note 24 above, p. 83 ;
  • 71
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    • A pauper dead-house: The expansion of the Cambridge anatomical teaching school under the late-Victorian poor law, 1870-1914
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    • (2004) Med. Hist , vol.48 , Issue.69-94 , pp. 93-94
    • Hurren, E.T.1
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    • Lawrence, op. cit, note 7 above, pp. 200, 207-8
    • Lawrence, op. cit., note 7 above, pp. 200, 207-8.
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    • British Library, 1269.h.38., 'Exhibitions of mechanical and other works of ingenuity' [newspaper cuttings], p. 109.
    • British Library, 1269.h.38., 'Exhibitions of mechanical and other works of ingenuity' [newspaper cuttings], p. 109.
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    • Altick, op. cit., note 5 above, p. 339.
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    • Exhibitions, op. cit, note 40 above, pp. 52-3
    • Exhibitions', op. cit., note 40 above, pp. 52-3.
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    • G Knox, Description of an artificial anatomical figure, constructed by the Chevalier Auioux, M.D. exhibited in 1832 before the King, in London, Madras, Church Mission Press, 1834, pp. 3-11, 19-20.
    • G Knox, Description of an artificial anatomical figure, constructed by the Chevalier Auioux, M.D. exhibited in 1832 before the King, in London, Madras, Church Mission Press, 1834, pp. 3-11, 19-20.
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    • In 1830s Edinburgh, Dr Shirreff advertised a course of anatomy taught using plaster casts to avoid the terrible and disagreeable duty of dissection, only to be lampooned by Robert Knox: Thomas Brown, Alexander Wood M.D, F.R.C.P.E, &c. &c:a sketch of his life and work, Edinburgh, MacNiven and Wallace, 1886, pp. 37-8
    • In 1830s Edinburgh, Dr Shirreff advertised a course of anatomy taught using plaster casts to avoid the "terrible and disagreeable duty" of dissection, only to be lampooned by Robert Knox: Thomas Brown, Alexander Wood M.D., F.R.C.P.E., &c. &c:a sketch of his life and work, Edinburgh, MacNiven and Wallace, 1886, pp. 37-8.
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    • Wax models were seldom used in medical schools: NA, HO 45/4884, letter from the London and provincial inspectors of anatomy, 14 July 1853. A life-size model cost £120 in 1832: 'Teaching anatomy by means of an artificial human body', Arara. Rev., 1832; 20.
    • Wax models were seldom used in medical schools: NA, HO 45/4884, letter from the London and provincial inspectors of anatomy, 14 July 1853. A life-size model cost £120 in 1832: 'Teaching anatomy by means of an artificial human body', Arara. Rev., 1832; 20.
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    • In 1832, Dr Halma-Grand, professor of anatomy in Paris, recommended a display of anatomical waxworks for the unprofessional public in England: The Times, 1 Feb. 1832, p. 3
    • In 1832, Dr Halma-Grand, professor of anatomy in Paris, recommended a display of anatomical waxworks for the "unprofessional" public in England: The Times, 1 Feb. 1832, p. 3.
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    • On continental modellers, see Schnalke, op. cit, note 11 above, pp. 27-92
    • On continental modellers, see Schnalke, op. cit., note 11 above, pp. 27-92.
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    • The most notable British anatomical modeller, Joseph Towne, worked at Guy's Hospital from 1826: Thomas Bryant, 'Joseph Towne: modeller to Guy's Hospital for 53 years', Guy's Hasp. Rep., 3rd series, 1883, 26: 1-12;
    • The most notable British anatomical modeller, Joseph Towne, worked at Guy's Hospital from 1826: Thomas Bryant, 'Joseph Towne: modeller to Guy's Hospital for 53 years', Guy's Hasp. Rep., 3rd series, 1883, 26: 1-12;
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    • Joseph Towne (1806-1879), master modeller of wax
    • D Mendis and H Ellis, 'Joseph Towne (1806-1879), master modeller of wax', J. med. Biog., 2003, 11: 212-17.
    • (2003) J. med. Biog , vol.11 , pp. 212-217
    • Mendis, D.1    Ellis, H.2
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    • 28 Mar
    • The Times, 28 Mar. 1839, p. 5;
    • The Times
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    • Scalpel, 1852, 4: 510-11.
    • (1852) Scalpel , vol.4 , pp. 510-511
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    • op. cit, note 30 above. This explanatory pamphlet cost 6d. Anon
    • Anon., Signor Sarti's celebrated... Venus, op. cit., note 30 above. This explanatory pamphlet cost 6d.
    • Signor Sarti's celebrated... Venus
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    • Kahn, op. cit, note 30 above, pp. 3-4
    • Kahn, op. cit., note 30 above, pp. 3-4.
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    • Non-specialist books on anatomy included William Burke's A popular compendium of anatomy, 2nd ed., London,
    • Non-specialist books on anatomy included William Burke's A popular compendium of anatomy, 2nd ed., London,
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    • Highley and Son, 1813, and the anonymous A catechism of anatomy; for the instruction of youth in the first principles of that science, London, G B Whittaker, 1825;
    • Highley and Son, 1813, and the anonymous A catechism of anatomy; for the instruction of youth in the first principles of that science, London, G B Whittaker, 1825;
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    • the latter contains some basic errors, e.g, the diagram on pp. vi-vii
    • the latter contains some basic errors, e.g., the diagram on pp. vi-vii.
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    • Desmond, op. cit. note 24 above, pp. 203-4
    • Desmond, op. cit. note 24 above, pp. 203-4.
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    • 2nd ed, London, Henry Renshaw
    • Robert Knox, The races of men, 2nd ed., London, Henry Renshaw, 1862, p. 27;
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    • Knox, R.1
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    • Vestiges of the natural history of creation
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    • NA, HO 107/1475, fol. 4-9, 1851 census.
    • NA, HO 107/1475, fol. 4-9, 1851 census.
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    • Hunderttausend Thaler
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    • Paul S Ulrich, '"Hunderttausend Thaler"-Öffentliche Vergnügungen in Berlin 1848' [http://www.zlb.de/proje.kte/theater/1848/ november48.htm, viewed 15 Aug. 2007].
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    • Catalogue of Dr. Kahn's Anatomical Museum, now exhibiting at 315, Oxford Street, near Regent Circus, London, W J Golbourn, 1851, pp. iii, 5-6, 26, 28, 30.
    • Catalogue of Dr. Kahn's Anatomical Museum, now exhibiting at 315, Oxford Street, near Regent Circus, London, W J Golbourn, 1851, pp. iii, 5-6, 26, 28, 30.
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    • 28 Apr
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    • May 1851, p. 1;
    • May 1851, p. 1;
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    • June 1851, p. 1;
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    • 29 June
    • Weekly Dispatch, 29 June 1851, p. 17.
    • (1851) Weekly Dispatch , pp. 17
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    • (1851) Lancet , vol.1 , Issue.474
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    • (1851) Med. Times Gaz , vol.23 , pp. 496
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    • On the readership of these journals, see Desmond, op. cit, note 24 above, pp. 15-16
    • On the readership of these journals, see Desmond, op. cit., note 24 above, pp. 15-16.
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    • 21 Sept
    • News of the World, 21 Sept. 1851, p. 1.
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    • a gallery of ethnological models: John Conolly, London, John Churchill
    • Kahn added a gallery of ethnological models: John Conolly, The ethnological exhibitions of London, London, John Churchill, 1855, p. 38.
    • (1855) The ethnological exhibitions of London , pp. 38
    • Kahn added1
  • 109
    • 49749107746 scopus 로고
    • Lancet, 1853, i: 590.
    • (1853) Lancet , vol.1 , Issue.590
  • 110
    • 85036920701 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reimers' museum toured northern England before moving to Seville House in London. There is no record of it in England after 1853, though it toured Europe until at least 1869: J W Reimers, Catalogue of J. W. Reimer's [sic] Gallery of All Nations and Anatomical Museum, Leeds, Jackson. & Asquith, 1853;
    • Reimers' museum toured northern England before moving to Seville House in London. There is no record of it in England after 1853, though it toured Europe until at least 1869: J W Reimers, Catalogue of J. W. Reimer's [sic] Gallery of All Nations and Anatomical Museum, Leeds, Jackson. & Asquith, 1853;
  • 113
    • 85036922707 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 14 Sept
    • The Times, 14 Sept. 1853, p. 10;
    • The Times
  • 115
    • 49749136009 scopus 로고
    • Lancet, 1853, ii: 329.
    • (1853) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 329
  • 116
    • 85036931842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kahn and Dr Sexton, Men with tails: remarks on the Niam-Niams of Central Africa, London, W J Golbourn, [1855], p. 6.
    • Kahn and Dr Sexton, Men with tails: remarks on the Niam-Niams of Central Africa, London, W J Golbourn, [1855], p. 6.
  • 117
    • 85036945174 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • F B Courtenay, Revelations of quacks and quackery: a series of letters by Detector reprinted from The Medical Circular, 7th ed., London, Baillière, Tindall and Cox, [1877], preface and pp. 57, 74;
    • F B Courtenay, Revelations of quacks and quackery: a series of letters by "Detector" reprinted from "The Medical Circular", 7th ed., London, Baillière, Tindall and Cox, [1877], preface and pp. 57, 74;
  • 118
    • 49749148684 scopus 로고
    • The indecent advertising quacks
    • 'The indecent advertising quacks', Med. Press., 1867, 3: 192-3.
    • (1867) Med. Press , vol.3 , pp. 192-193
  • 119
    • 49749083876 scopus 로고
    • Lancet, 1853, ii: 156.
    • (1853) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 156
  • 120
    • 85036915446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Caplin's museum of science applied to the female form warned against tight-lacing: Weekly Dispatch, 8 June 1851, p. 14;
    • Caplin's museum of "science applied to the female form" warned against tight-lacing: Weekly Dispatch, 8 June 1851, p. 14;
  • 121
    • 49749149721 scopus 로고
    • Med. Circ., 1854, 5:167;
    • (1854) Med. Circ , vol.5 , pp. 167
  • 122
    • 85036939906 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 4 Nov
    • The Times, 4 Nov. 1854, p. 1;
    • The Times
  • 123
    • 85036944949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 30 July 1863, p. 1. Sarti ' s was open to ladies only on two days a week and Kahn's on three afternoons.
    • 30 July 1863, p. 1. Sarti ' s was open to "ladies only" on two days a week and Kahn's on three afternoons.
  • 124
    • 85036944979 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bennett, op. cit., note 17 above, p. 30, argues that the presence of women sanitized public spaces.
    • Bennett, op. cit., note 17 above, p. 30, argues that the presence of women "sanitized" public spaces.
  • 125
    • 85036948825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On women and the dismal horrors of the dissecting room, see 'The lay press on female physicians', Students J. Hosp. Gaz., 1874, 2: 241-2, p. 241.
    • On women and the "dismal horrors of the dissecting room", see 'The lay press on female physicians', Students J. Hosp. Gaz., 1874, 2: 241-2, p. 241.
  • 127
    • 84957252851 scopus 로고
    • 5 June
    • The Times, 5 June 1873, p. 10.
    • (1873) The Times , pp. 10
  • 128
    • 85036911103 scopus 로고
    • a disaffected ex-employee of Kahn
    • As a result of correspondence from
    • As a result of correspondence from Dr Leach, a disaffected ex-employee of Kahn: Lancet, 1854, ii: 22;
    • (1854) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 22
    • Leach, D.1
  • 129
    • 85036923927 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • i: 654, 684, 700.
    • i: 654, 684, 700.
  • 130
    • 49749139256 scopus 로고
    • Lancet, 1854, i: 654, 700;
    • (1854) Lancet , vol.1 , Issue.654 , pp. 700
  • 131
    • 85036943576 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ii: 22;
    • ii: 22;
  • 132
    • 85036944068 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 1855, ii: 483
    • 1855, ii: 483.
  • 134
    • 85036956141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • published by the authors, 1847, was substantially the same as Catalogue of Dr. Kahn's Anatomical and Pathological Museum...To which is added, a series of lectures, under the title of ' 'Shoals and quicksands of youth, as delivered by Dr. Kahn, every evening, at a quarter-past eight precisely. Admission, one shilling. Catalogue, etc., free, n.p., [1856].
    • published by the authors, 1847, was substantially the same as Catalogue of Dr. Kahn's Anatomical and Pathological Museum...To which is added, a series of lectures, under the title of ' 'Shoals and quicksands" of youth, as delivered by Dr. Kahn, every evening, at a quarter-past eight precisely. Admission, one shilling. Catalogue, etc., free, n.p., [1856].
  • 135
    • 85036952858 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kevin P Siena, Venereal disease, hospitals, and the urban poor: London's foul wards, 1600-1800, Rochester, NY, University of Rochester Press, 2004, pp. 30-1, 46-8.
    • Kevin P Siena, Venereal disease, hospitals, and the urban poor: London's "foul wards," 1600-1800, Rochester, NY, University of Rochester Press, 2004, pp. 30-1, 46-8.
  • 136
    • 85036954733 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Courtenay, op. cit, note 63 above, p. 2
    • Courtenay, op. cit., note 63 above, p. 2.
  • 137
    • 85036956344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The best-known spermatorrhoea remedy was Jordan's Triesemar:
    • 25 Jan
    • The best-known spermatorrhoea remedy was Jordan's Triesemar: Daily News, 25 Jan. 1856, p. 8;
    • Daily News
  • 138
    • 85036931340 scopus 로고
    • 17 Feb
    • News of the World, 17 Feb. 1856, p. 8.
    • (1856) News of the World , pp. 8
  • 139
    • 84941061410 scopus 로고
    • On spermatorrhoea as a diagnosis, see, Oxford University Press
    • On spermatorrhoea as a diagnosis, see Michael Mason, The making of Victorian sexuality, Oxford University Press, 1994, pp. 295-8,
    • (1994) The making of Victorian sexuality , pp. 295-298
    • Mason, M.1
  • 140
    • 21444433336 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathologizing male sexuality: Lallemand, spermatorrhea, and the rise of circumcision
    • and Robert Darby, 'Pathologizing male sexuality: Lallemand, spermatorrhea, and the rise of circumcision', J. Hist. Med. Allied Sci., 2005, 60: 283-319.
    • (2005) J. Hist. Med. Allied Sci , vol.60 , pp. 283-319
    • Darby, R.1
  • 141
    • 49749088614 scopus 로고
    • Lancet, 1857, ii: 150-3.
    • (1857) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 150-153
  • 142
    • 85036922378 scopus 로고
    • The claim that a poor clerk had eighteen consultations with Kahn, and paid £51 for treatment of a condition he did not believe he had, before obtaining a second opinion seems unlikely
    • Lancet, 1857, ii: 175, 557-8. The claim that a "poor" clerk had eighteen consultations with Kahn, and paid £51 for treatment of a condition he did not believe he had, before obtaining a second opinion seems unlikely.
    • (1857) Lancet , vol.2 , Issue.175 , pp. 557-558
  • 143
    • 49749084601 scopus 로고
    • Med. Circ., 1854, 4: 84.
    • (1854) Med. Circ , vol.4 , pp. 84
  • 144
    • 85036914466 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The content of the museum resembled Kahn's: J T Woodhead, Parisian Gallery of Anatomy: descriptive catalogue of the anatomical and pathological models in the above-named museum: this rare and scientific collection consists of upwards of 400 models and diagrams brought from Paris, Munich and Florence, Liverpool, E Matthews, n.d.
    • The content of the museum resembled Kahn's: J T Woodhead, Parisian Gallery of Anatomy: descriptive catalogue of the anatomical and pathological models in the above-named museum: this rare and scientific collection consists of upwards of 400 models and diagrams brought from Paris, Munich and Florence, Liverpool, E Matthews, n.d.
  • 145
    • 49749141902 scopus 로고
    • Lancet, 1859, i: 569-71;
    • (1859) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 569-571
  • 147
    • 85036917473 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kahn sold his museum in 1862 and had left England by 1864: Lancet, 1864, ii: 389.
    • Kahn sold his museum in 1862 and had left England by 1864: Lancet, 1864, ii: 389.
  • 148
    • 85036935799 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hamilton sold quack remedies and fraudulently claimed to be an MD:
    • 18 Apr
    • Hamilton sold quack remedies and fraudulently claimed to be an MD: The Times, 18 Apr. 1866, p. 11;
    • The Times
  • 149
    • 49749101451 scopus 로고
    • Br. med. J., 1866, i: 428-9.
    • (1866) Br. med. J , vol.1 , pp. 428-429
  • 150
    • 47749125970 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The French were less permissive; in 1712 Desnoües was instructed by the Parisian parlement to remove the genitalia from his waxworks: Jonathan Simon, 'The theatre of anatomy: the anatomical preparations of Honoré Fragonarï
    • The French were less permissive; in 1712 Desnoües was instructed by the Parisian parlement to remove the genitalia from his waxworks: Jonathan Simon, 'The theatre of anatomy: the anatomical preparations of Honoré Fragonarï, Eight. Cent. Stud., 2002, 36: 63-79, p. 65.
    • (2002) Eight. Cent. Stud , vol.36 , Issue.63-79 , pp. 65
  • 151
    • 85036919764 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Burke, op. cit, note 51 above, p. 242
    • Burke, op. cit., note 51 above, p. 242.
  • 152
    • 85036948698 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sappol, op. cit, note 5 above, p. 203
    • Sappol, op. cit., note 5 above, p. 203.
  • 153
    • 85036920593 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Obscene books seized by the police in 1856 included Dubois on Marriage, a medical work of great note, Aristotles works and Sam Hall Songster: News of the World, 20 Apr. 1856, p. 5.
    • "Obscene" books seized by the police in 1856 included "Dubois on Marriage", a "medical work of great note", "Aristotles works" and "Sam Hall Songster": News of the World, 20 Apr. 1856, p. 5.
  • 154
    • 0022274505 scopus 로고
    • The Victorian Aristotle's master-piece was a "moral tract lacking the frankness of the eighteenth-century original": See Roy Porter, '"The secrets of generation display'd": Aristotle's master-piece in eighteenth-century England'
    • The Victorian Aristotle's master-piece was a "moral tract lacking the frankness of the eighteenth-century original": see Roy Porter, '"The secrets of generation display'd": Aristotle's master-piece in eighteenth-century England', Eight. Cent. Life, 1985, 9: 1-21, p. 4.
    • (1985) Eight. Cent. Life , vol.9 , Issue.1-21 , pp. 4
  • 155
    • 85036934101 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Montague Summers, in later life a translator of banned books, recalled his disappointment on discovering that a hidden book in the library of his childhood home was a medical encyclopaedia: Montague Summers, The galanty show, London, Cecil Woolf, 1980, pp. 79-80.
    • Montague Summers, in later life a translator of banned books, recalled his disappointment on discovering that a hidden book in the library of his childhood home was a medical encyclopaedia: Montague Summers, The galanty show, London, Cecil Woolf, 1980, pp. 79-80.
  • 156
    • 84894537196 scopus 로고
    • 8 May
    • The Times, 8 May 1854, p. 9.
    • (1854) The Times , pp. 9
  • 157
    • 85036943141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regina v. Hicklin (1868 LR 3 QB 360),
    • Regina v. Hicklin (1868 LR 3 QB 360),
  • 158
    • 49749123362 scopus 로고
    • see, London, Seeker and Warburg
    • see Norman St John-Stevas, Obscenity and the law, London, Seeker and Warburg, 1956, pp. 66-70.
    • (1956) Obscenity and the law , pp. 66-70
    • John-Stevas, N.S.1
  • 159
    • 49749147391 scopus 로고
    • have been unable to locate any other references to Lloyd, possibly a pseudonym
    • Br. med. J., 1860, i: 151 have been unable to locate any other references to Lloyd, possibly a pseudonym.
    • (1860) Br. med. J , vol.1 , Issue.151
  • 160
    • 33846505849 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex and sensibility at the British Museum
    • David Gaimster, 'Sex and sensibility at the British Museum', History Today, 2000, 50 (9): 10-15.
    • (2000) History Today , vol.50 , Issue.9 , pp. 10-15
    • Gaimster, D.1
  • 162
    • 85036930317 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Old Medical Student', Hints to men about town: part I, Liverpool, George Davis and Co., 1840, pp. 61-71.
    • The Old Medical Student', Hints to men about town: part I, Liverpool, George Davis and Co., 1840, pp. 61-71.
  • 163
    • 85036949600 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perry and Co, op. cit, note 71 above, p. 168
    • Perry and Co., op. cit., note 71 above, p. 168.
  • 164
    • 85036935887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When asked during the Bradlaugh case of 1877 whether The fruits of philosophy was calculated to excite sensual, or libidinous feelings, Dr Drysdale of the Royal Free Hospital replied: on me it had the contrary effect: St John-Stevas, op. cit., note 86 above, p. 154.
    • When asked during the Bradlaugh case of 1877 whether The fruits of philosophy was "calculated to excite sensual, or libidinous feelings", Dr Drysdale of the Royal Free Hospital replied: "on me it had the contrary effect": St John-Stevas, op. cit., note 86 above, p. 154.
  • 165
    • 85036934360 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On moral restraint as an objective in opening museums to working-class visitors, see Bennett, op. cit, note 17 above, pp. 20-21
    • On moral restraint as an objective in opening museums to working-class visitors, see Bennett, op. cit., note 17 above, pp. 20-21.
  • 166
    • 85036911415 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The most notable was the publisher William Dugdale: Geraldine Beare, 'Dugdale, William (1799/-1800-1868)', in HCG Matthew and Brian Harrison (eds), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, 60 vols, Oxford University Press, 2004, 17, pp. 157-8.
    • The most notable was the publisher William Dugdale: Geraldine Beare, 'Dugdale, William (1799/-1800-1868)', in HCG Matthew and Brian Harrison (eds), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, 60 vols, Oxford University Press, 2004, vol. 17, pp. 157-8.
  • 167
    • 85036928849 scopus 로고
    • 26 May
    • The Times, 26 May 1865, p. 11.
    • (1865) The Times , pp. 11
  • 168
    • 49749111385 scopus 로고
    • Anatomy of quackery: Quack medicines, their history, composition, and qualities; no. xxxvii; provincial Calcrafts
    • 'Anatomy of quackery: quack medicines, their history, composition, and qualities; no. xxxvii; provincial Calcrafts', Med. Circ., 1854, 4: 8-9.
    • (1854) Med. Circ , vol.4 , pp. 8-9
  • 169
    • 49749139996 scopus 로고
    • Med. Press, 1866, 1:289-90.
    • (1866) Med. Press , vol.1 , pp. 289-290
  • 170
    • 85036946591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Jordan qualified in 1859; his name was erased from the Medical Register on 4 May 1864 for publishing an indecent work: Min. med. Coun., Lond., 1864, 3: 66.
    • Jordan qualified in 1859; his name was erased from the Medical Register on 4 May 1864 for publishing an "indecent" work: Min. med. Coun., Lond., 1864, 3: 66.
  • 171
    • 85036927069 scopus 로고
    • 107, 171
    • Med. Press, 1867, 3: 107, 171, 252-3;
    • (1867) Med. Press , vol.3 , pp. 252-253
  • 172
    • 49749137283 scopus 로고
    • Br. med. J., 1869, i: 78.
    • (1869) Br. med. J , vol.1 , Issue.78
  • 174
    • 49749123715 scopus 로고
    • Med. Press, 1872, 14: 532.
    • (1872) Med. Press , vol.14 , pp. 532
  • 175
    • 49749116329 scopus 로고
    • Med. Press, 1872, 14: 468-9;
    • (1872) Med. Press , vol.14 , pp. 468-469
  • 176
    • 85036956270 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 1873, 15: 37
    • 1873, 15: 37.
  • 177
    • 85036911191 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In 1877, the Solicitor General gave an opinion that the general publication of medical works was obscene, though publishing them for doctors was not: St John-Stevas, op. cit., note 86 above, pp. 70-2, quote on p. 129.
    • In 1877, the Solicitor General gave an opinion that the general publication of medical works was obscene, though publishing them for "doctors" was not: St John-Stevas, op. cit., note 86 above, pp. 70-2, quote on p. 129.
  • 178
    • 49749101555 scopus 로고
    • Br. med. J., 1873, i: 295, 413;
    • (1873) Br. med. J , vol.1 , Issue.295 , pp. 413
  • 179
    • 84954751042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 1 Dec
    • The Times, 1 Dec. 1873, p. 11;
    • The Times
  • 180
    • 85036928002 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dec. 1873, p. 11
    • Dec. 1873, p. 11.
  • 181
    • 85036907832 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quacks continued to practise under the name of Kahn until 1876: The Times, 14 Oct. 1876, p. 11;
    • Quacks continued to practise under the name of Kahn until 1876: The Times, 14 Oct. 1876, p. 11;
  • 182
    • 49749144002 scopus 로고
    • Lancet, 1876, ii: 593, 701.
    • (1876) Lancet , vol.2 , Issue.593 , pp. 701
  • 183
    • 85036927479 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Descriptive catalogue of the Liverpool Museum of Anatomy, 29, Paradise Street, Liverpool, Matthews Brothers, n.d., p. 65.
    • Descriptive catalogue of the Liverpool Museum of Anatomy, 29, Paradise Street, Liverpool, Matthews Brothers, n.d., p. 65.
  • 184
    • 49749101439 scopus 로고
    • Lancet, 1874, i: 915-16.
    • (1874) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 915-916
  • 185
    • 85036941041 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Al tick, op. cit, note 5 above, p. 339;
    • Al tick, op. cit., note 5 above, p. 339;
  • 186
    • 85036922716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Porter and Hall, op. cit., note 5 above, p. 138.
    • Porter and Hall, op. cit., note 5 above, p. 138.
  • 188
    • 85036955782 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • also Pilbeam, op. cit, note 41 above, pp. 4, 133-4
    • also Pilbeam, op. cit., note 41 above, pp. 4, 133-4,
  • 189
    • 0029265204 scopus 로고
    • Spontaneous combustion and the sectioning of female bodies
    • and Sheila Shaw, 'Spontaneous combustion and the sectioning of female bodies', Lit. Med., 1995, 14: 1-22, p. 5.
    • (1995) Lit. Med , vol.14 , Issue.1-22 , pp. 5
    • Shaw, S.1
  • 190
    • 85036935643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anatomical Venuses: The aesthetics of anatomical modelling in 18th- and 19th-century Europe
    • ed, 2 vols, Budapest, Societas Internationalis Historiae Medicinae
    • A W Bates, 'Anatomical Venuses: the aesthetics of anatomical modelling in 18th- and 19th-century Europe', in János Pusztai (ed.), 40th international congress on the history of medicine: proceedings, 2 vols, Budapest, Societas Internationalis Historiae Medicinae, 2006, vol. 1, pp. 183-6.
    • (2006) 40th international congress on the history of medicine: Proceedings , vol.1 , pp. 183-186
    • Bates, A.W.1
  • 191
    • 85036914899 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On anatomy and classical proportions, see Deanna Petherbridge, 'Art and anatomy: the meeting of text and image', in Deanna Petherbridge and Ludmilla Jordanova (eds), The quick and the dead: artists and anatomy, London, South Bank Centre, 1997, pp. 7-98,
    • On anatomy and classical proportions, see Deanna Petherbridge, 'Art and anatomy: the meeting of text and image', in Deanna Petherbridge and Ludmilla Jordanova (eds), The quick and the dead: artists and anatomy, London, South Bank Centre, 1997, pp. 7-98,
  • 192
    • 85036911317 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The rotten, the disembowelled woman, the skinned man
    • viewed 15 Aug. 2007
    • and Francesco Paolo de Ceglia, 'The rotten, the disembowelled woman, the skinned man', J. Sci. Commun., 2005, 4, 1-7: p. 3 [http://jcom.sissa.it/archive/04/03/A040301/, viewed 15 Aug. 2007].
    • (2005) J. Sci. Commun , vol.4 , Issue.1-7 , pp. 3
    • Paolo de Ceglia, F.1
  • 193
    • 85036952663 scopus 로고
    • For photographs of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century anatomical, models see, esp. pp
    • For photographs of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century anatomical, models see Michel Lemire, Artistes et mortels, Paris, Chabaud, 1990, esp. pp. 27-251;
    • (1990) Artistes et mortels, Paris, Chabaud , pp. 27-251
    • Lemire, M.1
  • 194
    • 85036942389 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • von During, Didi-Huberman, and Poggesi, op. cit, note 11 above, pp. 18-115
    • von During, Didi-Huberman, and Poggesi, op. cit., note 11 above, pp. 18-115,
  • 195
    • 85036956930 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and The William Bonardo collection of wax anatomical models, London, Christie's, 2001, esp. pp. 23, 49, 52, 56.
    • and The William Bonardo collection of wax anatomical models, London, Christie's, 2001, esp. pp. 23, 49, 52, 56.
  • 196
    • 85036928648 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • de Ceglia, op. cit., note 105 above, pp. 2-3.
    • de Ceglia, op. cit., note 105 above, pp. 2-3.
  • 197
    • 85036929503 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • op. cit, note 71 above, p
    • Catalogue, op. cit., note 71 above, p. 45;
    • Catalogue , pp. 45
  • 198
    • 85036933484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Knox, op. cit, note 43 above, pp. 19-20;
    • Knox, op. cit., note 43 above, pp. 19-20;
  • 200
    • 85036920053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Burmeister, op. cit, note 6 above, pp. 29, 47
    • Burmeister, op. cit., note 6 above, pp. 29, 47.
  • 201
    • 85036922725 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Desnoües's twenty-four models in London comprised twelve females, seven males and five of undefined sex : six of the females were pregnant and in two malpresentations were shown: A brief description, op. cit., note 14 above, pp. 3-12.
    • Desnoües's twenty-four models in London comprised twelve females, seven males and five of undefined sex : six of the females were pregnant and in two malpresentations were shown: A brief description, op. cit., note 14 above, pp. 3-12.
  • 202
    • 49749115629 scopus 로고
    • Sexual anarchy: Gender and culture at the fin de siècle
    • Elaine Showalter, Sexual anarchy: gender and culture at the fin de siècle. New York, Viking, 1990, p. 128.
    • (1990) New York, Viking , pp. 128
    • Showalter, E.1
  • 204
    • 84954751042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 27 Dec
    • The Times, 27 Dec. 1854, p. 10.
    • The Times
  • 205
    • 85021971854 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exhibitions
    • op. cit, note 40 above, p
    • 'Exhibitions', op. cit., note 40 above, p. 64.
  • 206
    • 11144303285 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the monstrous defined by transgression of social and moral laws, see, transl. Graham Burchell, London, Verso
    • On the monstrous defined by transgression of social and moral laws, see Michel Foucault, Abnormal: lectures at the Collège de France 1974-1975, transl. Graham Burchell, London, Verso, 2003, pp. 49-94.
    • (2003) Abnormal: Lectures at the Collège de France 1974-1975 , pp. 49-94
    • Foucault, M.1
  • 207
    • 85036907358 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Courtenay, op. cit, note 63 above, p. 46
    • Courtenay, op. cit., note 63 above, p. 46.
  • 208
    • 85036920091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Siena, op. cit, note 72 above, p. 40
    • Siena, op. cit., note 72 above, p. 40.
  • 209
    • 85036940644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pilbeam, op. cit, note 41 above, pp. 97-130
    • Pilbeam, op. cit., note 41 above, pp. 97-130.
  • 210
    • 8744249929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • op. cit, note 56 above, p
    • Catalogue, op. cit., note 56 above, p. 3;
    • Catalogue , pp. 3
  • 211
    • 84883693263 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 28 Apr
    • Daily News, 28 Apr. 1851, p. 1.
    • Daily News
  • 212
    • 85036946747 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Joseph Kahn, Atlas of the formation of the human body, in the earliest stages of its development, compiledfrom the researches of the late DrM. P. Erdl, London, John Churchill, 1852, p. v.
    • Joseph Kahn, Atlas of the formation of the human body, in the earliest stages of its development, compiledfrom the researches of the late DrM. P. Erdl, London, John Churchill, 1852, p. v.
  • 214
  • 215
    • 85036938975 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Medical calendar, op. cit, note 23 above, p. 83;
    • Medical calendar, op. cit., note 23 above, p. 83;
  • 217
    • 85036958403 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An anatomy tutor writing to The Times, 26 Nov. 1866, p. 8;
    • An anatomy tutor writing to The Times, 26 Nov. 1866, p. 8;
  • 218
    • 85036952366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • he did not name the London schools involved. In Edinburgh, Robert Knox was accused of signing certificates for students who had not attended classes: Lancet, 1847, i: 567-71.
    • he did not name the London schools involved. In Edinburgh, Robert Knox was accused of signing certificates for students who had not attended classes: Lancet, 1847, i: 567-71.
  • 219
    • 85036947943 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Until the mid-nineteenth century the examination was a viva voce only: Newman, op. cit, note 23 above, pp. 20, 245
    • Until the mid-nineteenth century the examination was a viva voce only: Newman, op. cit., note 23 above, pp. 20, 245.
  • 220
    • 49749089955 scopus 로고
    • Med. Cire, 1854, 5: 187.
    • (1854) Med. Cire , vol.5 , pp. 187
  • 222
    • 85036913652 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dr G M Humphry, FRS, quoted in General Medical Council, op. cit, note 120 above, p. 69
    • Dr G M Humphry, FRS, quoted in General Medical Council, op. cit., note 120 above, p. 69.
  • 223
    • 49749133067 scopus 로고
    • The teaching of anatomy
    • W Mitchell Banks, 'The teaching of anatomy', Br. med. J., 1874, i: 466-7.
    • (1874) Br. med. J , vol.1 , pp. 466-467
    • Mitchell Banks, W.1
  • 224
    • 85036955332 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Newman, op. cit., note 23 above, p. 285, dismissed anatomy as: a mass of facts ... of little educational, value.
    • Newman, op. cit., note 23 above, p. 285, dismissed anatomy as: "a mass of facts ... of little educational, value".
  • 226
    • 49749089558 scopus 로고
    • Br. med. J., 1875, i: 848-57.
    • (1875) Br. med. J , vol.1 , pp. 848-857
  • 227
    • 85036934207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Barton, op. cit, note 119 above, p. 23
    • Barton, op. cit., note 119 above, p. 23.
  • 228
    • 85036923575 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On ritual aspects of anatomy, see Sappol, op. cit, note 5 above, pp. 1-3
    • On ritual aspects of anatomy, see Sappol, op. cit., note 5 above, pp. 1-3.
  • 229
    • 85036926200 scopus 로고
    • A Physician
    • Samuel Dickson, London, Simpkin, Marshall and Co
    • 'A Physician' [Samuel Dickson], London medical practice: its sins and shortcomings, London, Simpkin, Marshall and Co., 1860, p. 61.
    • (1860) London medical practice: Its sins and shortcomings , pp. 61
  • 230
    • 85036941647 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kahn, op. cit, note 30 above, pp. 3-4, quote on p. 4
    • Kahn, op. cit., note 30 above, pp. 3-4, quote on p. 4.
  • 231
    • 85036910791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On possible erotic connotations of dissection and the collection and display of anatomical specimens, see Sappol, op. cit., note 5 above, pp. 4, 22, 85, 87, 233-4, 276.
    • On possible erotic connotations of dissection and the collection and display of anatomical specimens, see Sappol, op. cit., note 5 above, pp. 4, 22, 85, 87, 233-4, 276.
  • 232
    • 84954751042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 4 Dec
    • The Times, 4 Dec. 1833, p. 2;
    • The Times
  • 233
    • 85036951171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sept. 1842, p. 7;
    • Sept. 1842, p. 7;
  • 234
    • 85036930262 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2 Feb. 1858, p. 11
    • 2 Feb. 1858, p. 11.
  • 235
    • 85036955127 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reports of gross indecency implied disrespectful treatment of cadavers rather than sexual misconduct: The Times, 10 Oct. 1859, p. 6; 22 Nov. 1866, p. 7.
    • Reports of "gross indecency" implied disrespectful treatment of cadavers rather than sexual misconduct: The Times, 10 Oct. 1859, p. 6; 22 Nov. 1866, p. 7.
  • 236
    • 85036922647 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Henry Ashbee's pornographic Index librorum prohibitorum included a story of corpse profanation by a porter in a Victorian dissecting room (Richardson op. cit., note 36 above, p. 96), but this was not a subject raised in newspapers of the period.
    • Henry Ashbee's pornographic Index librorum prohibitorum included a story of corpse "profanation" by a porter in a Victorian dissecting room (Richardson op. cit., note 36 above, p. 96), but this was not a subject raised in newspapers of the period.
  • 238
    • 85036936711 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anatomy museums were included in guides for middle-class visitors to London, for example John Timbs, Curiosities of London, London, David Bogue, 1855, pp. 529-30.
    • Anatomy museums were included in guides for middle-class visitors to London, for example John Timbs, Curiosities of London, London, David Bogue, 1855, pp. 529-30.
  • 239
    • 85036934129 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kahn's was listed among Christmas attractions "to amuse the holyday folks" in
    • 27 Dec
    • Kahn's was listed among Christmas attractions "to amuse the holyday folks" in The Times, 27 Dec. 1854, p. 10,
    • The Times
  • 240
    • 85036921802 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and was treated humorously in Punch, 1856, 31: 108.
    • and was treated humorously in Punch, 1856, 31: 108.
  • 241
    • 85036914785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The closure of Kahn's was reported in the medical press but not the News of the World, Reynolds's Newspaper, or the Illustrated Police Gazette.
    • The closure of Kahn's was reported in the medical press but not the News of the World, Reynolds's Newspaper, or the Illustrated Police Gazette.
  • 242
    • 85036940902 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • General Medical Council, op. cit, note 120 above, pp. 69-70
    • General Medical Council, op. cit., note 120 above, pp. 69-70.
  • 243
    • 85036928230 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Raymond Tallis, Hippocratic oaths: medicine and its discontents, London, Atlantic Books, 2004, pp. 245-6, argues that the distasteful attainment of objectivity over repulsion in medicine has been frequently represented as an enjoyable exercise of power.
    • Raymond Tallis, Hippocratic oaths: medicine and its discontents, London, Atlantic Books, 2004, pp. 245-6, argues that the "distasteful" attainment of "objectivity over repulsion" in medicine has been "frequently represented as an enjoyable exercise of power".
  • 244
    • 85036910852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • General Medical Council, op. cit, note 120 above, p. 238;
    • General Medical Council, op. cit., note 120 above, p. 238;
  • 245
    • 49749152645 scopus 로고
    • Br. med. J., 1862, i: 372;
    • (1862) Br. med. J , vol.1 , Issue.372
  • 252
    • 85036928575 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See also Newman, op. cit, note 23 above, pp. 41-5
    • See also Newman, op. cit., note 23 above, pp. 41-5.
  • 254
    • 85036931565 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • General Medical Council, op. cit, note 120 above, pp. 69-70
    • General Medical Council, op. cit., note 120 above, pp. 69-70.
  • 255
    • 49749134962 scopus 로고
    • Br. med. J., 1860, i: 15.
    • (1860) Br. med. J , vol.1 , Issue.15
  • 257
    • 85036938718 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When Spitzner's museum, founded in 1856, came to London in 1903, it was immediately indicted for publishing indecent libels: Burmeister, op. cit., note 6 above, p. 209-10.
    • When Spitzner's museum, founded in 1856, came to London in 1903, it was immediately indicted for "publishing indecent libels": Burmeister, op. cit., note 6 above, p. 209-10.
  • 258
    • 85036925741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In 2002-3, Professor Gunther von Hagens' Bodyworlds provoked criticism from the medical profession and parliament: Bull. R. Coll. Pathol, 2002, 119: 4-5;
    • In 2002-3, Professor Gunther von Hagens' "Bodyworlds" provoked criticism from the medical profession and parliament: Bull. R. Coll. Pathol., 2002, 119: 4-5;
  • 259
    • 0038040741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 16 Mar
    • Independent, 16 Mar. 2002, p. 2;
    • (2002) Independent , pp. 2
  • 260
    • 85036958347 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 28 June, col
    • Hansard, 28 June 2004, col. 110.
    • (2004) Hansard , pp. 110


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