History of science and American science policy

ISIS

Volumn 99, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 365-373

  Wang, Zuoyue ^a   Oreskes, Naomi ^b  

^a CALIFORNIA STATE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; HISTORY; HUMAN; MASS MEDIUM; POLICY; POLITICS; PUBLIC OPINION; SCIENCE; UNITED STATES;

HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HUMANS; MASS MEDIA; POLITICS; PUBLIC OPINION; PUBLIC POLICY; SCIENCE; UNITED STATES;

EID: 47749113239     PISSN: 00211753     EISSN: 15456994     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/588694     Document Type: Article

References (29)

1. Richard E. Neustadt and Ernest R. May, Thinking in Time: The Uses of History for Decision Makers (New York: Free Press, 1986), on pp. xii, 245;
2. and J. L. Heilbron, "Applied History of Science," Isis, 1987, 78:552-563 (the published version of his 1986 lecture), on p. 562.
3. For Rabi's view see A. J. Goodpaster, "Memorandum of Conference with the President, October 15, 1967," 16 Oct. 1957, in The Diaries of Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1953-1961, ed. Robert Lester, microfilm, 28 reels (Frederick, Md.: Univ. Publications America, 1986), reel 14, frames 783-786, on frame 784;
4. for Teller's reading see Allen Drury, "Missile Inquiry Will Open Today: To Hear Teller," New York Times, 25 Nov. 1957, pp. 1, 14, on p. 1.
5. Edward Teller, "We Must Win the H-War Before It Starts," Los Angeles Times, 13 Oct. 1957, p. M.8.
6. Donald F. Hornig, "Official Visit of Donald F. Hornig to the USSR, November 5-20, 1964," 9 Dec. 1964; and Emanuel Piore, "Electronics Research and Technology in the USSR," 2 Nov. 1964: both in the online database Declassified Documents Reference System. (DDRS), published by Gale Company.
7. A. Hunter Dupree, Science in the Federal Government: A History of Policies and Actions (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, Belknap, 1957).
8. F or Seaborg's support see entry dated 22 Dec. 1960, in Glenn T. Seaborg, Journal of Glenn T. Seaborg: Berkeley Chancellor, 3 vols. (Berkeley, Calif.: Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, 1987), Vol. 3, p. 33 of December 1960.
9. A. Hunter Dupree, testimony in Senate Committee on Government Operations, Subcommittee on Reorganization and International Organization, Create a Department of Science and Technology - Hearings, 86th. Cong., 1st sess., Pts. 1 and 2 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1959), pp. 84-89.
10. See also Dupree, "A Historian's View of Advice to the Resident on Science: Retrospect and Prescription," in Science Advice to the President, ed. William T. Golden (New York: Pergamon, 1980), pp. 175-190.
11. On the debates over Sputnik and the Department of Science see Zuoyue Wang, In Sputnik's Shadow: The President's Science Advisory Committee and Cold War America (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers Univ. Press, 2008).
12. Dupree, "Historian's View of Advice to the President on Science," p. 186.
13. Ibid., pp. 188, 190.
14. Jeffrey K. Stine, A History of Science Policy in the United States, 1940-1985, Science Policy Study Background Report No. 1, Report Prepared for the Task Force on Science Policy, Committee on Science and Technology, House of Representatives, 99th Cong., 2nd sess. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1986).
15. Roland's testimony appeared in Science Policy Study-Hearings, Vol. 1: Goals and Objectives of National Science Policy, Hearings before the Task Force on Science Policy of the Committee on Science and Technology, House of Representatives, 99th Cong., 1st sess. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1986), pp. 17-49.
16. The testimonies of Haskell and Kevles appeared in Science Policy Study-Hearings, Vol. 8: Science in the Political Process, Hearings before the Task Force on Science Policy of the Committee on Science and Technology, House of Representatives, 99th Cong., 1st sess. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1986), pp. 1-19 (Haskell), 157-177 (Kevles).
17. Vannevar Bush, Science, the Endless Frontier: A Report to the President (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1945).
18. Roland testimony, pp. 22-23; Haskell testimony, p. 8; and Kevles testimony, pp. 160-161. Kevles also used his congressional appearance to advocate for congressional recognition of the value of the history of science and for an increase in federal funding for the field.
19. See Daniel Kevles to Don Fuqua, chairman of the House Task Force, 12 Aug. 1985; his letter is included as part of his testimony (pp. 173-174).
20. See, e.g., Andrew C. Revkin, "Politics Reasserts Itself in the Debate over Climate Change and Its Hazards," New York Times, 5 Aug., 2003.
21. For an earlier publication see Naomi Oreskes, "The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change," Science, 2004, 506:1686.
22. For the Senate testimony see Oreskes, "Testimony before the Committee on Environment and Public Works [of the] United States Senate," 6 Dec. 2006, available from the committee's Web site at http://epw.senate.gov/ 109th/Oreskes_Testimony.pdf. A video of the hearing, including Oreskes's testimony, is available at http://epw.senate.gov/epwmultimedia/epw120606.ram.
23. According to a survey in July 2007, more than two thirds of Americans believed that global warming was happening, that human activities were mainly or partially responsible for it, and that the issue would be a consideration in their votes in the 2008 presidential election. It also found that the percentage of Americans who believed that global warming was already having or would soon have dangerous impacts on people had increased from about 28 percent in 2004 to 48 percent in 2007. See Anthony Leiserowitz et al., "American Opinions on Global Warming," http://environment.yale.edu/news/Research/ 5305/american-opinions-on-global-warming/ [accessed 2008].
24. Naomi Oreskes, "The Long Consensus on Climate Change," Washington Post, 1 Feb. 2007, p. A.15;
25. Oreskes, "Global Warming - Signed, Sealed, and Delivered," Los Angeles Times, 24 July 2006, p. B11;
26. and Oreskes, '"Fear'-Mongering Crichton Wrong on Science," San Francisco Chronicle, 16 Feb. 2005, p. B11.
27. On the AAAS's Congressional Science and Engineering Fellows program see Jeffrey Stine, Twenty Years of Science in the Public Interest: A History of the Congressional Science and Engineering Fellowship Program (Washington, D.C.: American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1994).
28. See also Daryl Chubin and Jane Maienschein, "Staffing Science Policy-Making," Science, 2000, 290:1501.
29. National Academy of Sciences Committee on Prospering in the Global Economy of the Twenty-first Century, Rising above the Gathering Storm: Energizing and Employing America for a Brighter Economic Future (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 2007). A pdf version can be downloaded at http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11463.html.