Gamma irradiation can be used to inactivate Bacillus anthracis spores without compromising the sensitivity of diagnostic assays

Applied and Environmental Microbiology

Volumn 74, Issue 14, 2008, Pages 4427-4433

  Dauphin, Leslie A ^a   Newton, Bruce R ^a   Rasmussen, Max V ^a,c   Meyer, Richard F ^a,d   Bowen, Michael D ^a,b  

^a NATIONAL CENTER FOR PREPAREDNESS DETECTION AND CONTROL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES   (United States)

^b CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION   (United States)

^c LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

^d Tauri Group   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BACTERIOLOGY; CONCENTRATION (PROCESS); HEALTH; IRRADIATION;

B. ANTHRACIS; B. ANTHRACIS SPORES; BACILLUS ANTHRACIS; BACILLUS ANTHRACIS SPORES; BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); DETECTION ASSAYS; DIAGNOSTIC ASSAYS; GAMMA IRRADIATION; GENETIC GROUPS; REAL-TIME PCR; VALIDATED METHODS;

GAMMA RAYS;

ANTIGEN; BACTERIUM; BIOLOGICAL WEAPON; CHROMOSOME; DETECTION METHOD; DNA; GAMMA RAY RADIATION; IRRADIATION; PLASMID; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PUBLIC HEALTH; REAL TIME; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; SPORE; VIRULENCE;

ANTIGEN DETECTION; ARTICLE; BACILLUS ANTHRACIS; BACTERIAL SPORE; BACTERIAL STRAIN; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; GAMMA IRRADIATION; NONHUMAN; REAL TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION;

BACILLUS ANTHRACIS; CHROMOSOMES, BACTERIAL; DNA, BACTERIAL; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, RADIATION; ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; GAMMA RAYS; MICROBIAL VIABILITY; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SPORES, BACTERIAL; VIRULENCE;

BACILLUS ANTHRACIS;

EID: 47749103431     PISSN: 00992240     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/AEM.00557-08     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Bell, C. A., J. R. Uhl, T. L. Hadfield, J. C. David, R. F. Meyer, T. F. Smith, and F. R. Cockerill III. 2002. Detection of Bacillus anthracis DNA by Light-Cycler PCR. J. Clin. Microbiol. 40:2897-2902.
2. Blake, M. R., and B. C. Weimer. 1997. Immunomagnetic detection of Bacillus stearothermophilus spores in food and environmental samples. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63:1643-1646.
3. Bode, E., W. Hurtle, and D. Norwood. 2004. Real-time PCR assay for a unique chromosomal sequence of Bacillus anthracis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42:5825-5831.
4. Bragg, T. S., and D. L. Robertson. 1989. Nucleotide sequence and analysis of the lethal factor gene (lef) from Bacillus anthracis. Gene 81:45-54.
5. Coker, P. R., K. L. Smith, P. F. Fellows, G. Rybachuck, K. G. Kousoulas, and M. E. Hugh-Jones. 2003. Bacillus anthracis virulence in guinea pigs vaccinated with anthrax vaccine adsorbed is linked to plasmid quantities and clonality. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41:1212-1218.
6. Cowan, S. T., and K. K. Steel. 1974. Cowen & Steele's manual for the identification of medical bacteria, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, London, United Kingdom.
7. Dang, J. L., K. Heroux, J. Kearney, A. Arasteh, M. Gostomski, and P. A. Emanuel. 2001. Bacillus spore inactivation methods affect detection assays. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67:3665-3670.
8. Drago, L., A. Lombardi, E. D. Vecchi, and M. R. Gismondo. 2002. Real-time PCR assay for rapid detection of Bacillus anthracis spores in clinical samples. J. Clin. Microbiol. 40:4399.
9. Ellerbrok, H., H. Nattermann, M. Ozel, L. Beutin, B. Appel, and G. Pauli. 2002. Rapid and sensitive identification of pathogenic and apathogenic Bacillus anthracis by real-time PCR. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 214:51-59.
10. Green, B., L. Battisti, T. Koehler, C. Thorne, and B. Ivins. 1985. Demonstration of a capsule plasmid in Bacillus anthracis. Infect. Immun. 49:291-297.
11. Harrell, L. J., G. L. Andersen, and K. H. Wilson. 1995. Genetic variability of Bacillus anthracis and related species. J. Clin. Microbiol. 33:1847-1850.
12. Helgason, E., O. A. Okstad, D. A. Caugant, H. A. Johansen, A. Fouet, M. Mock, I. Hegna, and A.-B. Kolsto. 2000. Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus thuringiensis - one species on the basis of genetic evidence. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66:2627-2630.
13. Heller, M. B., M. L. Bunning, M. E. France, D. M. Niemeyer, L. Peruski, T. Naimi, P. M. Talboy, P. H. Murray, H. W. Pietz, J. Kornblum, W. Oleszko, S. T. Beatrice, Joint Microbiological Rapid Response Team, and New York City Anthrax Investigation Working Group. 2002. Laboratory response to anthrax bioterrorism, New York City, 2001. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 8:1096-1102.
14. Hoffmaster, A. R., C. C. Fitzgerald, E. Ribot, L. W. Mayer, and T. Popovic. 2002. Molecular subtyping of Bacillus anthracis and the 2001 bioterrorism-associated anthrax outbreak, United States. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 8:1111-1116.
15. Hoffmaster, A. R., R. F. Meyer, M. D. Bowen, C. K. Marston, R. S. Weyant, K. Thurman, S. L. Messenger, E. E. Minor, J. M. Winchell, M. V. Rassmussen, B. R. Newton, J. T. Parker, W. E. Morrill, N. McKinney, G. A. Barnett, J. J. Sejvar, J. A. Jernigan, B. A. Perkins, and T. Popovic. 2002. Evaluation and validation of a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for rapid identification of Bacillus anthracis. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 8:1178-1182.
16. Horne, T., G. Turner, and A. Willis. 1959. Inactivation of Bacillus anthracis by G-radiation. Nature 4659:475-476.
17. Hsu, V. P., S. L. Lukacs, T. Handzel, J. Hayslett, S. Harper, T. Hales, V. A. Semenova, S. Romero-Steiner, C. Elie, C. P. Quinn, R. Khabbaz, A. S. Khan, G. Martin, J. Eisold, A. Schuchat, and R. A. Hajjeh. 2002. Opening a Bacillus anthracis-containing envelope, Capitol Hill, Washington, D.C.: the public health response. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 8:1039-1043.
18. Inglesby, T. V., D. A. Henderson, J. G. Bartlett, M. S. Ascher, E. Eitzen, A. M. Friedlander, J. Hauer, J. McDade, M. T. Osterholm, T. O'Toole, G. Parker, T. M. Perl, P. K. Russell, and K. Tonat for the Working Group on Civilian Biodefense. 1999. Anthrax as a biological weapon: medical and public health management. JAMA 281:1735-1745.
19. Jernigan, J. A., D. S. Stephens, D. A. Ashford, C. Omenaca, M. S. Topiel, M. Galbraith, M. Tapper, T. L. Fisk, S. Zaki, T. Popovic, R. F. Meyer, C. P. Quinn, S. A. Harper, S. K. Fridkin, J. J. Sejvar, C. W. Shepard, M. McConnell, J. Guarner, W. J. Shieh, J. M. Malecki, J. L. Gerberding, J. M. Hughes, B. A. Perkins, and members of the Anthrax Bioterrorism Investigation Team. 2001. Bioterrorism-related inhalational anthrax: the first 10 cases reported in the United States. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 7:933-944.
20. Keim, P., A. Kalif, J. Schupp, K. Hill, S. E. Travis, K. Richmond, D. M. Adair, M. Hugh-Jones, C. R. Kuske, and P. Jackson. 1997. Molecular evolution and diversity in Bacillus anthracis as detected by amplified fragment length polymorphism markers. J. Bacteriol. 179:818-824.
21. Keim, P., A. M. Klevytska, L. B. Price, J. M. Schupp, G. Zinser, K. L. Smith, M. E. Hugh-Jones, R. Okinaka, K. K. Hill, and P. J. Jackson. 1999. Molecular diversity in Bacillus anthracis. J. Appl. Microbiol. 87:215-217.
22. Keim, P., L. B. Price, A. M. Klevytska, K. L. Smith, J. M. Schupp, R. Okinaka, P. J. Jackson, and M. E. Hugh-Jones. 2000. Multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis reveals genetic relationships within Bacillus anthracis. J. Bacteriol. 182:2928-2936.
23. Khan, A. S., S. Morse, and S. Lillibridge. 2000. Public-health preparedness for biological terrorism in the USA. Lancet 356:1179-1182.
24. Kiratisin, P., C. D. Fukuda, A. Wong, F. Stock, J. C. Preuss, L. Ediger, T. N. Brahmbhatt, S. H. Fischer, D. P. Fedorko, F. G. Witebsky, and V. J. Gill. 2002. Large-scale screening of nasal swabs for Bacillus anthracis: descriptive summary and discussion of the National Institutes of Health's experience. J. Clin. Microbiol. 40:3012-3016.
25. Magliulo, M., P. Simoni, M. Guardigli, E. Michelini, M. Luciani, R. Lelli, and A. Roda. 2007. A rapid multiplexed chemiluminescent immunoassay for the detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Yersinia enterocolitica, Salmonella typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes pathogen bacteria. J. Agric. Food Chem. 55:4933-4939.
26. Makino, S., I. Uchida, N. Terakado, C. Sasakawa, and M. Yoshikawa. 1989. Molecular characterization and protein analysis of the cap region, which is essential for encapsulation in Bacillus anthracis. J. Bacteriol. 171:722-730.
27. Mikesell, P., B. E. Ivins, J. D. Ristroph, and T. M. Dreier. 1983. Evidence for plasmid-mediated toxin production in Bacillus anthracis. Infect. Immun. 39:371-376.
28. Okinaka, R. T., K. Cloud, O. Hampton, A. R. Hoffmaster, K. K. Hill, P. Keim, T. M. Koehler, G. Lamke, S. Kumano, J. Mahillon, D. Manter, Y. Martinez, D. Ricke, R. Svensson, and P. J. Jackson. 1999. Sequence and organization of pXO1, the large Bacillus anthracis plasmid harboring the anthrax toxin genes. J. Bacteriol. 181:6509-6515.
29. Paweska, J. T., F. J. Burt, and R. Swanepoel. 2005. Validation of IgG-sandwich and IgM-capture ELISA for the detection of antibody to Rift Valley fever virus in humans. J. Virol. Methods 124:173-181.
30. Pearson, T., J. D. Busch, J. Ravel, T. D. Read, S. D. Rhoton, J. M. U'Ren, T. S. Simonson, S. M. Kachur, R. R. Leadem, M. L. Cardon, M. N. Van Ert, L. Y. Huynh, C. M. Fraser, and P. Keim. 2004. Phylogenetic discovery bias in Bacillus anthracis using single-nucleotide polymorphisms from whole-genome sequencing. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101:13536-13541.
31. Phillips, A. P., A. M. Campbell, and R. Quinn. 1988. Monoclonal antibodies against spore antigens of Bacillus anthracis. FEMS Microbiol. Immunol. 1:169-178.
32. Price, L. B., M. Hugh-Jones, P. J. Jackson, and P. Keim. 1999. Genetic diversity in the protective antigen gene of Bacillus anthracis. J. Bacteriol. 181:2358-2362.
33. Qi, Y., G. Patra, X. Liang, L. E. Williams, S. Rose, R. J. Redkar, and V. G. DelVecchio. 2001. Utilization of the rpoB gene as a specific chromosomal marker for real-time PCR detection of Bacillus anthracis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67:3720-3727.
34. Robertson, D. L., M. T. Tippetts, and S. H. Leppla. 1988. Nucleotide sequence of the Bacillus anthracis edema factor gene (cya): a calmodulin-dependent adenylate cyclase. Gene 73:363-371.
35. Rotz, L. D., A. S. Khan, S. R. Lillibridge, S. M. Ostroff, and J. M. Hughes. 2002. Public health assessment of potential biological terrorism agents. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 8:225-230.
36. Russell, A. D., W. B. Hugo, and G. A. J. Ayliffe. 1999. Principles and practice of disinfection, preservation and sterilization, 3rd ed. Blackwell Science, Inc., Maiden, MA.
37. Ryu, C., K. Lee, C. Yoo, W. K. Seong, and H. B. Oh. 2003. Sensitive and rapid quantitative detection of anthrax spores isolated from soil samples by real-time PCR. Microbiol. Immunol. 47:693-699.
38. Spotts Whitney, E. A., M. E. Beatty, T. H. Taylor, Jr., R. Weyant, J. Sobel, M. J. Arduino, and D. A. Ashford. 2003. Inactivation of Bacillus anthracis spores. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 9:623-627.
39. Uchida, I., K. Hashimoto, and N. Terakado. 1986. Virulence and immunogenicity in experimental animals of Bacillus anthracis strains harbouring or lacking 110 MDa and 60 MDa plasmids. J. Gen. Microbiol. 132:557-559.
40. Uchida, I., T. Sekizaki, K. Hashimoto, and N. Terakado. 1985. Association of the encapsulation of Bacillus anthracis with a 60 megadalton plasmid. J. Gen. Microbiol. 131:363-367.
41. Van Ert, M. N., W. R. Easterday, L. Y. Huynh, R. T. Okinaka, M. E. Hugh-Jones, J. Ravel, S. R. Zanecki, T. Pearson, T. S. Simonson, J. M. U'Ren, S. M. Kachur, R. R. Leadem-Dougherty, S. D. Rhoton, G. Zinser, J. Farlow, P. R. Coker, K. L. Smith, B. Wang, L. J. Kenefic, C. M. Fraser-Liggett, D. M. Wagner, and P. Keim. 2007. Global genetic population structure of Bacillus anthracis. PLoS One 2:e461.
42. Welkos, S. L., J. R. Lowe, F. Eden-McCutchan, M. Vodkin, S. H. Leppla, and J. J. Schmidt. 1988. Sequence and analysis of the DNA encoding protective antigen of Bacillus anthracis. Gene 69:287-300.