메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 17, Issue 15, 2008, Pages 3428-3447

Genetic estimates of contemporary effective population size: What can they tell us about the importance of genetic stochasticity for wild population persistence?

Author keywords

Effective population size; Gene flow; Genetic compensation; Genetic stochasticity; Inbreeding depression; Marine fish; Metapopulation dynamics; Model bias; Population fragmentation; Salmo salar; Sample size; Temporal method

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; GENE FLOW; METHODOLOGY; POPULATION DENSITY; POPULATION DYNAMICS; POPULATION GENETICS; REVIEW;

EID: 47649115949     PISSN: 09621083     EISSN: 1365294X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.03842.x     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (481)

References (170)
  • 1
    • 22144499620 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An efficient Monte Carlo method for estimating N-e from temporally spaced samples using a coalescent-based likelihood
    • Anderson EC (2005) An efficient Monte Carlo method for estimating N-e from temporally spaced samples using a coalescent-based likelihood. Genetics, 170, 955 967.
    • (2005) Genetics , vol.170 , pp. 955-967
    • Anderson, E.C.1
  • 2
    • 0034532485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monte Carlo evaluation of the likelihood for N-e from temporally spaced samples
    • Anderson EC, Williamson EG, Thompson EA (2000) Monte Carlo evaluation of the likelihood for N-e from temporally spaced samples. Genetics, 156, 2109 2118.
    • (2000) Genetics , vol.156 , pp. 2109-2118
    • Anderson, E.C.1    Williamson, E.G.2    Thompson, E.A.3
  • 3
    • 33847032038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effective population size of steelhead trout: Influence of variance in reproductive success, hatchery programs, and genetic compensation between life-history forms
    • Araki H, Waples RS, Ardren WR, Cooper B, Blouin MS (2007) Effective population size of steelhead trout: influence of variance in reproductive success, hatchery programs, and genetic compensation between life-history forms. Molecular Ecology, 16, 953 966.
    • (2007) Molecular Ecology , vol.16 , pp. 953-966
    • Araki, H.1    Waples, R.S.2    Ardren, W.R.3    Cooper, B.4    Blouin, M.S.5
  • 4
    • 0037236411 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Demographic and genetic estimates of effective population size (N-e) reveals genetic compensation in steelhead trout
    • Ardren WR, Kapuscinski AR (2003) Demographic and genetic estimates of effective population size (N-e) reveals genetic compensation in steelhead trout. Molecular Ecology, 12, 35 49.
    • (2003) Molecular Ecology , vol.12 , pp. 35-49
    • Ardren, W.R.1    Kapuscinski, A.R.2
  • 5
    • 0020377985 scopus 로고
    • Inbreeding and juvenile mortality in small populations of ungulates - A detailed analysis
    • Ballou J, Ralls K (1982) Inbreeding and juvenile mortality in small populations of ungulates - a detailed analysis. Biological Conservation, 24, 239 272.
    • (1982) Biological Conservation , vol.24 , pp. 239-272
    • Ballou, J.1    Ralls, K.2
  • 6
    • 0027101580 scopus 로고
    • Use of linkage disequilibrium data to estimate effective size of hatchery and natural fish populations
    • Bartley D, Bagley M, Gall G, Bentley B (1992) Use of linkage disequilibrium data to estimate effective size of hatchery and natural fish populations. Conservation Biology, 6, 365 375.
    • (1992) Conservation Biology , vol.6 , pp. 365-375
    • Bartley, D.1    Bagley, M.2    Gall, G.3    Bentley, B.4
  • 8
    • 30344486254 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environmental correlates of population differentiation in Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus
    • Bekkevold DC, André T, Dahlgren H et al 2005) Environmental correlates of population differentiation in Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus). Evolution, 59, 2656 2668.
    • (2005) Evolution , vol.59 , pp. 2656-2668
    • Bekkevold, D.C.1    André, T.2    Dahlgren, H.3    Al, E.4
  • 9
    • 0036191720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Likelihood-based estimation of the effective population size using temporal changes in allele frequencies: A genealogical approach
    • Berthier P, Beaumont MA, Cornuet JM, Luikart G (2002) Likelihood-based estimation of the effective population size using temporal changes in allele frequencies: a genealogical approach. Genetics, 160, 741 751.
    • (2002) Genetics , vol.160 , pp. 741-751
    • Berthier, P.1    Beaumont, M.A.2    Cornuet, J.M.3    Luikart, G.4
  • 10
    • 33847257836 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An investigation of inbreeding depression and purging in captive pedigreed populations
    • Boakes EH, Wang J, Amos W (2007) An investigation of inbreeding depression and purging in captive pedigreed populations. Heredity, 98, 172 182.
    • (2007) Heredity , vol.98 , pp. 172-182
    • Boakes, E.H.1    Wang, J.2    Amos, W.3
  • 11
    • 33748795549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Large variations in the ratio of effective breeding and census population sizes between two species of pond-breeding anurans
    • Brede EG, Beebee TJC (2006) Large variations in the ratio of effective breeding and census population sizes between two species of pond-breeding anurans. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 89, 365 372.
    • (2006) Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , vol.89 , pp. 365-372
    • Brede, E.G.1    Beebee, T.J.C.2
  • 12
    • 0033374042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do plant populations purge their genetic load? Effects of population size and mating history on inbreeding depression
    • Byers DL, Waller DM (1999) Do plant populations purge their genetic load? Effects of population size and mating history on inbreeding depression. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 30, 479 513.
    • (1999) Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics , vol.30 , pp. 479-513
    • Byers, D.L.1    Waller, D.M.2
  • 13
    • 0028674867 scopus 로고
    • Developments in the prediction of effective population size
    • Caballero A (1994) Developments in the prediction of effective population size. Heredity, 73, 657 679.
    • (1994) Heredity , vol.73 , pp. 657-679
    • Caballero, A.1
  • 14
    • 0037025187 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sustaining fisheries yields over evolutionary time scales
    • Conover DO, Munch SB (2002) Sustaining fisheries yields over evolutionary time scales. Science, 297, 94 96.
    • (2002) Science , vol.297 , pp. 94-96
    • Conover, D.O.1    Munch, S.B.2
  • 15
    • 30144444325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Asymmetric gene flow and the evolutionary maintenance of genetic diversity in small, peripheral Atlantic salmon populations
    • Consuegra S, Verspoor E, Knox D, de Leaniz CG (2005) Asymmetric gene flow and the evolutionary maintenance of genetic diversity in small, peripheral Atlantic salmon populations. Conservation Genetics, 6, 823 842.
    • (2005) Conservation Genetics , vol.6 , pp. 823-842
    • Consuegra, S.1    Verspoor, E.2    Knox, D.3    De Leaniz, C.G.4
  • 16
    • 0036961288 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perspective: Purging the genetic load: A review of the experimental evidence
    • Crnokrak P, Barrett SCH (2002) Perspective: purging the genetic load: a review of the experimental evidence. Evolution, 56, 2347 2358.
    • (2002) Evolution , vol.56 , pp. 2347-2358
    • Crnokrak, P.1    Barrett, S.C.H.2
  • 17
    • 0033197727 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inbreeding depression in the wild
    • Crnokrak P, Roff DA (1999) Inbreeding depression in the wild. Heredity, 83, 260 270.
    • (1999) Heredity , vol.83 , pp. 260-270
    • Crnokrak, P.1    Roff, D.A.2
  • 18
    • 0001235253 scopus 로고
    • Inbreeding and variance effective population numbers
    • Crow JF, Denniston C (1988) Inbreeding and variance effective population numbers. Evolution, 42, 482 495.
    • (1988) Evolution , vol.42 , pp. 482-495
    • Crow, J.F.1    Denniston, C.2
  • 20
    • 22144476210 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effective size of a fluctuating age-structured population
    • Engen S, Lande R, Saether BE (2005) Effective size of a fluctuating age-structured population. Genetics, 170, 941 954.
    • (2005) Genetics , vol.170 , pp. 941-954
    • Engen, S.1    Lande, R.2    Saether, B.E.3
  • 21
    • 34547689832 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effective size of fluctuating populations with two sexes and overlapping generations
    • Engen S, Ringsby TH, Saether BE et al 2007) Effective size of fluctuating populations with two sexes and overlapping generations. Evolution, 61, 1873 1885.
    • (2007) Evolution , vol.61 , pp. 1873-1885
    • Engen, S.1    Ringsby, T.H.2    Saether, B.E.3    Al, E.4
  • 22
    • 0012888555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Two centuries of the Scandinavian wolf population: Patterns of genetic variability and migration during an era of dramatic decline
    • Flagstad O, Walker CW, Vila C et al 2003) Two centuries of the Scandinavian wolf population: patterns of genetic variability and migration during an era of dramatic decline. Molecular Ecology, 12, 869 880.
    • (2003) Molecular Ecology , vol.12 , pp. 869-880
    • Flagstad, O.1    Walker, C.W.2    Vila, C.3    Al, E.4
  • 23
    • 0030319416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reproductive strategies of Atlantic salmon: Ecology and evolution
    • Fleming IA (1996) Reproductive strategies of Atlantic salmon: ecology and evolution. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 6, 379 416.
    • (1996) Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries , vol.6 , pp. 379-416
    • Fleming, I.A.1
  • 24
    • 0032413019 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pattern and variability in the breeding system of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), with comparisons to other salmonids
    • Fleming IA (1998) Pattern and variability in the breeding system of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), with comparisons to other salmonids. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 55, 59 76.
    • (1998) Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , vol.55 , pp. 59-76
    • Fleming, I.A.1
  • 25
    • 0028874989 scopus 로고
    • Effective population-size adult-population size ratios in wildlife - A review
    • Frankham R (1995) Effective population-size adult-population size ratios in wildlife - a review. Genetics Research, 66, 95 107.
    • (1995) Genetics Research , vol.66 , pp. 95-107
    • Frankham, R.1
  • 26
    • 0030436959 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship of genetic variation to population size in wildlife
    • Frankham R (1996) Relationship of genetic variation to population size in wildlife. Conservation Biology, 10, 1500 1508.
    • (1996) Conservation Biology , vol.10 , pp. 1500-1508
    • Frankham, R.1
  • 27
    • 23444437361 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetics and extinction
    • Frankham R (2005) Genetics and extinction. Biological Conservation, 126, 131 140.
    • (2005) Biological Conservation , vol.126 , pp. 131-140
    • Frankham, R.1
  • 29
    • 0003085678 scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary change in small populations
    • In: (eds. Soule, M.E., Wilcox, B.A.), pp. Sinauer, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
    • Franklin IR (1980) Evolutionary change in small populations. In : Conservation Biology An Evolutionary-Ecological Perspective (eds Soule ME, Wilcox BA), pp. 135 150. Sinauer, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
    • (1980) Conservation Biology An Evolutionary-Ecological Perspective , pp. 135-150
    • Franklin, I.R.1
  • 30
    • 0002281255 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How large must populations be to retain evolutionary potential?
    • Franklin IR, Frankham R (1998) How large must populations be to retain evolutionary potential? Animal Conservation, 1, 69 73.
    • (1998) Animal Conservation , vol.1 , pp. 69-73
    • Franklin, I.R.1    Frankham, R.2
  • 31
    • 34548567145 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative estimation of effective population sizes and temporal gene flow in two contrasting population systems
    • Fraser DJ, Hansen MM, Ostergaard S et al 2007a) Comparative estimation of effective population sizes and temporal gene flow in two contrasting population systems. Molecular Ecology, 16, 3866 3889.
    • (2007) Molecular Ecology , vol.16 , pp. 3866-3889
    • Fraser, D.J.1    Hansen, M.M.2    Ostergaard, S.3    Al, E.4
  • 32
    • 34247598261 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Loss of historical immigration and the unsuccessful rehabilitation of extirpated salmon populations
    • Fraser DJ, Jones MW, McParland TL, Hutchings JA (2007b) Loss of historical immigration and the unsuccessful rehabilitation of extirpated salmon populations. Conservation Genetics, 8, 527 546.
    • (2007) Conservation Genetics , vol.8 , pp. 527-546
    • Fraser, D.J.1    Jones, M.W.2    McParland, T.L.3    Hutchings, J.A.4
  • 33
    • 1642565393 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Consequences of unequal population size, asymmetric gene flow and sex-biased dispersal on population structure in brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis
    • Fraser DJ, Lippe C, Bernatchez L (2004) Consequences of unequal population size, asymmetric gene flow and sex-biased dispersal on population structure in brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis). Molecular Ecology, 13, 67 80.
    • (2004) Molecular Ecology , vol.13 , pp. 67-80
    • Fraser, D.J.1    Lippe, C.2    Bernatchez, L.3
  • 34
    • 0035076168 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection of reduction in population size using data from microsatellite loci
    • Garza JC, Williamson EG (2001) Detection of reduction in population size using data from microsatellite loci. Molecular Ecology, 10, 305 318.
    • (2001) Molecular Ecology , vol.10 , pp. 305-318
    • Garza, J.C.1    Williamson, E.G.2
  • 36
    • 33845926806 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimation of effective population size for the long-lived darkblotched rockfish Sebastes crameri.
    • Gomez-Uchida D, Banks MA (2006) Estimation of effective population size for the long-lived darkblotched rockfish Sebastes crameri. Journal of Heredity, 97, 603 606.
    • (2006) Journal of Heredity , vol.97 , pp. 603-606
    • Gomez-Uchida, D.1    Banks, M.A.2
  • 37
    • 33947546580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gene flow, effective population size and selection at major histocompatibility complex genes: Brown trout in the Hardanger Flord, Norway
    • Hansen MM, Skaala O, Jensen LF, Bekkevold D, Mensberg KLD (2007) Gene flow, effective population size and selection at major histocompatibility complex genes: brown trout in the Hardanger Flord, Norway. Molecular Ecology, 16, 1413 1425.
    • (2007) Molecular Ecology , vol.16 , pp. 1413-1425
    • Hansen, M.M.1    Skaala, O.2    Jensen, L.F.3    Bekkevold, D.4    Mensberg, K.L.D.5
  • 40
    • 0036007855 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Temporal change in genetic structure and effective population size in steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss
    • Heath DD, Busch C, Kelly J, Atagi DY (2002) Temporal change in genetic structure and effective population size in steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Molecular Ecology, 11, 197 214.
    • (2002) Molecular Ecology , vol.11 , pp. 197-214
    • Heath, D.D.1    Busch, C.2    Kelly, J.3    Atagi, D.Y.4
  • 41
    • 0002761623 scopus 로고
    • Does variance in reproductive success limit effective population sizes of marine organisms?
    • In: (ed. Beaumont, A.R.), pp. Chapman & Hall, London.
    • Hedgecock D (1994) Does variance in reproductive success limit effective population sizes of marine organisms? In : Genetics and Evolution of Aquatic Organisms (ed. Beaumont AR), pp. 122 134. Chapman & Hall, London.
    • (1994) Genetics and Evolution of Aquatic Organisms , pp. 122-134
    • Hedgecock, D.1
  • 42
    • 23244450550 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Large variance in reproductive success and the N-e/N ratio
    • Hedrick P (2005) Large variance in reproductive success and the N-e/N ratio. Evolution, 59, 1596 1599.
    • (2005) Evolution , vol.59 , pp. 1596-1599
    • Hedrick, P.1
  • 43
    • 3242708393 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selection against migrants contributes to the rapid evolution of ecologically dependent reproductive isolation
    • Hendry AP (2004) Selection against migrants contributes to the rapid evolution of ecologically dependent reproductive isolation. Evolutionary Ecology Research, 6, 1219 1236.
    • (2004) Evolutionary Ecology Research , vol.6 , pp. 1219-1236
    • Hendry, A.P.1
  • 46
    • 0019771734 scopus 로고
    • Estimation of effective population-size from data on linkage disequilibrium
    • Hill WG (1981) Estimation of effective population-size from data on linkage disequilibrium. Genetics Research, 38, 209 216.
    • (1981) Genetics Research , vol.38 , pp. 209-216
    • Hill, W.G.1
  • 47
    • 18344385689 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low effective population size and evidence for inbreeding in an overexploited flatfish, plaice (Pleuronectes platessa L.)
    • Hoarau G, Boon E, Jongma DN et al 2005) Low effective population size and evidence for inbreeding in an overexploited flatfish, plaice (Pleuronectes platessa L.). Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biology Sciences, 272, 497 503.
    • (2005) Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biology Sciences , vol.272 , pp. 497-503
    • Hoarau, G.1    Boon, E.2    Jongma, D.N.3    Al, E.4
  • 48
    • 0035983457 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population structure of plaice (Pleuronectes platessa L.) in northern Europe: Microsatellites revealed large-scale spatial and temporal homogeneity
    • Hoarau G, Rijnsdorp AD, Van der Veer HW, Stam WT, Olsen JL (2002) Population structure of plaice (Pleuronectes platessa L.) in northern Europe: microsatellites revealed large-scale spatial and temporal homogeneity. Molecular Ecology, 11, 1165 1176.
    • (2002) Molecular Ecology , vol.11 , pp. 1165-1176
    • Hoarau, G.1    Rijnsdorp, A.D.2    Van Der Veer, H.W.3    Stam, W.T.4    Olsen, J.L.5
  • 49
    • 34547687828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The tales of two geckos: Does dispersal prevent extinction in recently fragmented populations?
    • Hoehn M, Sarre SD, Henle K (2007) The tales of two geckos: does dispersal prevent extinction in recently fragmented populations? Molecular Ecology, 16, 3299 3312.
    • (2007) Molecular Ecology , vol.16 , pp. 3299-3312
    • Hoehn, M.1    Sarre, S.D.2    Henle, K.3
  • 50
    • 9244242610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effective population sizes and temporal stability of genetic structure in Rana pipiens, the northern leopard frog
    • Hoffman EA, Schueler FW, Blouin MS (2004) Effective population sizes and temporal stability of genetic structure in Rana pipiens, the northern leopard frog. Evolution, 58, 2536 2545.
    • (2004) Evolution , vol.58 , pp. 2536-2545
    • Hoffman, E.A.1    Schueler, F.W.2    Blouin, M.S.3
  • 51
    • 0027047423 scopus 로고
    • Effective population-size and genetic drift in tristylous Eichhornia paniculata (Pontederiaceae)
    • Husband BC, Barrett SCH (1992) Effective population-size and genetic drift in tristylous Eichhornia paniculata (Pontederiaceae). Evolution, 46, 1875 1890.
    • (1992) Evolution , vol.46 , pp. 1875-1890
    • Husband, B.C.1    Barrett, S.C.H.2
  • 54
    • 0033427602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Correlation of pairwise genetic and geographic distance measures. Inferring the relative influences of gene flow and drift on the distribution of genetic variability
    • Hutchison DW, Templeton AR (1999) Correlation of pairwise genetic and geographic distance measures. Inferring the relative influences of gene flow and drift on the distribution of genetic variability. Evolution, 53, 1898 1914.
    • (1999) Evolution , vol.53 , pp. 1898-1914
    • Hutchison, D.W.1    Templeton, A.R.2
  • 55
    • 34347357663 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does habitat fragmentation reduce fitness and adaptability? a case study of the common frog (Rana temporaria
    • Johansson M, Primmer CR, Merila J (2007) Does habitat fragmentation reduce fitness and adaptability? A case study of the common frog (Rana temporaria). Molecular Ecology, 16, 2693 2700.
    • (2007) Molecular Ecology , vol.16 , pp. 2693-2700
    • Johansson, M.1    Primmer, C.R.2    Merila, J.3
  • 56
    • 4344571423 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Temporal changes in allele frequencies and low effective population size in greater prairie-chickens
    • Johnson JA, Bellinger MR, Toepfer JE, Dunn P (2004) Temporal changes in allele frequencies and low effective population size in greater prairie-chickens. Molecular Ecology, 13, 2617 2630.
    • (2004) Molecular Ecology , vol.13 , pp. 2617-2630
    • Johnson, J.A.1    Bellinger, M.R.2    Toepfer, J.E.3    Dunn, P.4
  • 57
    • 0034817057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of male parr body size and mate competition on fertilization success and effective population size in Atlantic salmon
    • Jones MW, Hutchings JA (2001) The influence of male parr body size and mate competition on fertilization success and effective population size in Atlantic salmon. Heredity, 86, 675 684.
    • (2001) Heredity , vol.86 , pp. 675-684
    • Jones, M.W.1    Hutchings, J.A.2
  • 58
    • 0036165105 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Individual variation in Atlantic salmon fertilization success: Implications for effective population size
    • Jones MW, Hutchings JA (2002) Individual variation in Atlantic salmon fertilization success: implications for effective population size. Ecological Applications, 12, 184 193.
    • (2002) Ecological Applications , vol.12 , pp. 184-193
    • Jones, M.W.1    Hutchings, J.A.2
  • 60
    • 0028835316 scopus 로고
    • Temporal allele frequency change and estimation of effective size in populations with overlapping generations
    • Jorde PE, Ryman N (1995) Temporal allele frequency change and estimation of effective size in populations with overlapping generations. Genetics, 139, 1077 1090.
    • (1995) Genetics , vol.139 , pp. 1077-1090
    • Jorde, P.E.1    Ryman, N.2
  • 61
    • 35549004419 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unbiased estimator for genetic drift and effective population size
    • Jorde PE, Ryman N (2007) Unbiased estimator for genetic drift and effective population size. Genetics, 177, 927 935.
    • (2007) Genetics , vol.177 , pp. 927-935
    • Jorde, P.E.1    Ryman, N.2
  • 62
    • 35448945292 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of cyclic dynamics and mating system on the effective size of an island mouflon population
    • Kaeuffer R, Coltman DW, Chapuis JL, Reale D, Pontier D (2007) The effects of cyclic dynamics and mating system on the effective size of an island mouflon population. Molecular Ecology, 16, 4482 4492.
    • (2007) Molecular Ecology , vol.16 , pp. 4482-4492
    • Kaeuffer, R.1    Coltman, D.W.2    Chapuis, J.L.3    Reale, D.4    Pontier, D.5
  • 63
    • 0036185341 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship of effective to census size in fluctuating populations
    • Kalinowski ST, Waples RS (2002) Relationship of effective to census size in fluctuating populations. Conservation Biology, 16, 129 136.
    • (2002) Conservation Biology , vol.16 , pp. 129-136
    • Kalinowski, S.T.1    Waples, R.S.2
  • 66
    • 0001457048 scopus 로고
    • The measurement of effective population number
    • Kimura M, Crow JF (1963) The measurement of effective population number. Evolution, 17, 279 288.
    • (1963) Evolution , vol.17 , pp. 279-288
    • Kimura, M.1    Crow, J.F.2
  • 67
    • 0001330047 scopus 로고
    • The genetics of Dacus oleae. V. Changes of esterase polymorphism in a natural population following insecticide control - Selection or drift?
    • Krimbas CB, Tsakas S (1971) The genetics of Dacus oleae. V. Changes of esterase polymorphism in a natural population following insecticide control - selection or drift? Evolution, 25, 454 460.
    • (1971) Evolution , vol.25 , pp. 454-460
    • Krimbas, C.B.1    Tsakas, S.2
  • 68
    • 0001221483 scopus 로고
    • Temporal genetic-variation in subpopulations of bicolor damselfish (Stegastes partitus) inhabiting coral reefs in the Florida keys
    • Lacson JM, Morizot DC (1991) Temporal genetic-variation in subpopulations of bicolor damselfish (Stegastes partitus) inhabiting coral reefs in the Florida keys. Marine Biology, 110, 353 357.
    • (1991) Marine Biology , vol.110 , pp. 353-357
    • Lacson, J.M.1    Morizot, D.C.2
  • 69
    • 0024164592 scopus 로고
    • Genetics and demography in biological conservation
    • Lande R (1988) Genetics and demography in biological conservation. Science, 241, 1455 1460.
    • (1988) Science , vol.241 , pp. 1455-1460
    • Lande, R.1
  • 70
    • 33947410762 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effective population size estimation on Sardina pilchardus in the Bay of Biscay using a temporal genetic approach
    • Laurent V, Planes S (2007) Effective population size estimation on Sardina pilchardus in the Bay of Biscay using a temporal genetic approach. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 90, 591 602.
    • (2007) Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , vol.90 , pp. 591-602
    • Laurent, V.1    Planes, S.2
  • 71
    • 0041707968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maximum-likelihood and Markov chain Monte Carlo approaches to estimate inbreeding and effective size from allele frequency changes
    • Laval G, SanCristobal M, Chevalet C (2003) Maximum-likelihood and Markov chain Monte Carlo approaches to estimate inbreeding and effective size from allele frequency changes. Genetics, 164, 1189 1204.
    • (2003) Genetics , vol.164 , pp. 1189-1204
    • Laval, G.1    Sancristobal, M.2    Chevalet, C.3
  • 72
    • 33645676302 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic approaches for estimating the effective size of populations
    • Leberg P (2005) Genetic approaches for estimating the effective size of populations. Journal of Wildlife Management, 69, 1385 1399.
    • (2005) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.69 , pp. 1385-1399
    • Leberg, P.1
  • 73
    • 37349114591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of inbreeding depression and purging in captive breeding and restoration programmes
    • Leberg PL, Firmin BD (2008) Role of inbreeding depression and purging in captive breeding and restoration programmes. Molecular Ecology, 17, 334 343.
    • (2008) Molecular Ecology , vol.17 , pp. 334-343
    • Leberg, P.L.1    Firmin, B.D.2
  • 74
    • 0028253959 scopus 로고
    • Temporal variation in populations of the marine isopod Excirolana - How stable are gene-frequencies and morphology
    • Lessios HA, Weinberg JR, Starczak VR (1994) Temporal variation in populations of the marine isopod Excirolana - how stable are gene-frequencies and morphology. Evolution, 48, 549 563.
    • (1994) Evolution , vol.48 , pp. 549-563
    • Lessios, H.A.1    Weinberg, J.R.2    Starczak, V.R.3
  • 75
    • 0031866781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distortion of allele frequency distributions provides a test for recent population bottlenecks
    • Luikart G, Allendorf FW, Cornuet JM, Sherwin WB (1998) Distortion of allele frequency distributions provides a test for recent population bottlenecks. Journal of Heredity, 89, 238 247.
    • (1998) Journal of Heredity , vol.89 , pp. 238-247
    • Luikart, G.1    Allendorf, F.W.2    Cornuet, J.M.3    Sherwin, W.B.4
  • 76
    • 0033000982 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Temporal changes in allele frequencies provide estimates of population bottleneck size
    • Luikart G, Cornuet JM, Allendorf FW (1999) Temporal changes in allele frequencies provide estimates of population bottleneck size. Conservation Biology, 13, 523 530.
    • (1999) Conservation Biology , vol.13 , pp. 523-530
    • Luikart, G.1    Cornuet, J.M.2    Allendorf, F.W.3
  • 77
    • 0028983653 scopus 로고
    • Mutation accumulation and the extinction of small populations
    • Lynch M, Conery J, Burger R (1995) Mutation accumulation and the extinction of small populations. American Naturalist, 146, 489 518.
    • (1995) American Naturalist , vol.146 , pp. 489-518
    • Lynch, M.1    Conery, J.2    Burger, R.3
  • 78
    • 0001921823 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The critical effective size for a genetically secure population
    • Lynch M, Lande R (1998) The critical effective size for a genetically secure population. Animal Conservation, 1, 70 72.
    • (1998) Animal Conservation , vol.1 , pp. 70-72
    • Lynch, M.1    Lande, R.2
  • 79
    • 0026282754 scopus 로고
    • Assessing extinction threats - Toward a reevaluation of IUCN threatened species categories
    • Mace GM, Lande R (1991) Assessing extinction threats - toward a reevaluation of IUCN threatened species categories. Conservation Biology, 5, 148 157.
    • (1991) Conservation Biology , vol.5 , pp. 148-157
    • MacE, G.M.1    Lande, R.2
  • 80
    • 0033523906 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conservation biology - Restoration of an inbred adder population
    • Madsen T, Shine R, Olsson M, Wittzell H (1999) Conservation biology - restoration of an inbred adder population. Nature, 402, 34 35.
    • (1999) Nature , vol.402 , pp. 34-35
    • Madsen, T.1    Shine, R.2    Olsson, M.3    Wittzell, H.4
  • 81
    • 33646199080 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population genetic analysis identifies source-sink dynamics for two sympatric garter snake species (Thammophis elegans and Thammonphis sirtalis)
    • Manier MK, Arnold SJ (2005) Population genetic analysis identifies source-sink dynamics for two sympatric garter snake species (Thammophis elegans and Thammonphis sirtalis). Molecular Ecology, 14, 3965 3976.
    • (2005) Molecular Ecology , vol.14 , pp. 3965-3976
    • Manier, M.K.1    Arnold, S.J.2
  • 82
    • 0022352290 scopus 로고
    • Population bottlenecks and nonequilibrium models in population-genetics. 2. Number of alleles in a small population that was formed by a recent bottleneck
    • Maruyama T, Fuerst PA (1985) Population bottlenecks and nonequilibrium models in population-genetics. 2. Number of alleles in a small population that was formed by a recent bottleneck. Genetics, 111, 675 689.
    • (1985) Genetics , vol.111 , pp. 675-689
    • Maruyama, T.1    Fuerst, P.A.2
  • 83
    • 0036603630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adaptive population divergence: Markers, QTL and traits
    • Mckay JK, Latta RG (2002) Adaptive population divergence: markers, QTL and traits. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 17, 285 291.
    • (2002) Trends in Ecology and Evolution , vol.17 , pp. 285-291
    • McKay, J.K.1    Latta, R.G.2
  • 84
    • 0035670347 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of genetic differentiation at marker loci and quantitative traits
    • Merila J, Crnokrak P (2001) Comparison of genetic differentiation at marker loci and quantitative traits. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 14, 892 903.
    • (2001) Journal of Evolutionary Biology , vol.14 , pp. 892-903
    • Merila, J.1    Crnokrak, P.2
  • 85
    • 0030722711 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Historical analysis of genetic variation reveals low effective population size in a northern pike (Esox lucius) population
    • Miller LM, Kapuscinski AR (1997) Historical analysis of genetic variation reveals low effective population size in a northern pike (Esox lucius) population. Genetics, 147, 1249 1258.
    • (1997) Genetics , vol.147 , pp. 1249-1258
    • Miller, L.M.1    Kapuscinski, A.R.2
  • 86
    • 84966145847 scopus 로고
    • Natural selection and the heritability of fitness components
    • Mousseau TA, Roff DA (1987) Natural selection and the heritability of fitness components. Heredity, 59, 181 197.
    • (1987) Heredity , vol.59 , pp. 181-197
    • Mousseau, T.A.1    Roff, D.A.2
  • 87
    • 0031452385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microsatellite variation and microevolution in the critically endangered San Clemente Island loggerhead shrike (Lanius ludovicianus mearnsi).
    • Mundy NI, Winchell CS, Burr T, Woodruff DS (1997) Microsatellite variation and microevolution in the critically endangered San Clemente Island loggerhead shrike (Lanius ludovicianus mearnsi). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biology Sciences, 264, 869 875.
    • (1997) Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biology Sciences , vol.264 , pp. 869-875
    • Mundy, N.I.1    Winchell, C.S.2    Burr, T.3    Woodruff, D.S.4
  • 88
    • 0016629918 scopus 로고
    • Bottleneck effect and genetic-variability in populations
    • Nei M, Maruyama T, Chakraborty R (1975) Bottleneck effect and genetic-variability in populations. Evolution, 29, 1 10.
    • (1975) Evolution , vol.29 , pp. 1-10
    • Nei, M.1    Maruyama, T.2    Chakraborty, R.3
  • 89
    • 0019776310 scopus 로고
    • Genetic drift and estimation of effective population-size
    • Nei M, Tajima F (1981) Genetic drift and estimation of effective population-size. Genetics, 98, 625 640.
    • (1981) Genetics , vol.98 , pp. 625-640
    • Nei, M.1    Tajima, F.2
  • 90
    • 0030617958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased probability of extinction due to decreased genetic effective population size: Experimental populations of Clarkia pulchella
    • Newman D, Pilson D (1997) Increased probability of extinction due to decreased genetic effective population size: experimental populations of Clarkia pulchella. Evolution, 51, 354 362.
    • (1997) Evolution , vol.51 , pp. 354-362
    • Newman, D.1    Pilson, D.2
  • 91
    • 0035110810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental confirmation that inbreeding depression increases extinction risk in butterfly populations
    • Nieminen M, Singer MC, Fortelius W, Schops K, Hanski I (2001) Experimental confirmation that inbreeding depression increases extinction risk in butterfly populations. American Naturalist, 157, 237 244.
    • (2001) American Naturalist , vol.157 , pp. 237-244
    • Nieminen, M.1    Singer, M.C.2    Fortelius, W.3    Schops, K.4    Hanski, I.5
  • 92
    • 15444364671 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perspective: Reproductive isolation caused by natural selection against immigrants from divergent habitats
    • Nosil P, Vines TH, Funk DJ (2005) Perspective: reproductive isolation caused by natural selection against immigrants from divergent habitats. Evolution, 59, 705 719.
    • (2005) Evolution , vol.59 , pp. 705-719
    • Nosil, P.1    Vines, T.H.2    Funk, D.J.3
  • 93
    • 0026381131 scopus 로고
    • The influence of age structure and fecundity on effective population-size.
    • Proceedings of the Royal Society of London
    • Nunney L (1991) The influence of age structure and fecundity on effective population-size. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biology Sciences, 246, 71 76.
    • (1991) Series B-Biology Sciences , vol.246 , pp. 71-76
    • Nunney, L.1
  • 94
    • 0027329717 scopus 로고
    • The influence of mating system and overlapping generations on effective population-size
    • Nunney L (1993) The influence of mating system and overlapping generations on effective population-size. Evolution, 47, 1329 1341.
    • (1993) Evolution , vol.47 , pp. 1329-1341
    • Nunney, L.1
  • 95
    • 0030445779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of variation in female fecundity on effective population size
    • Nunney L (1996) The influence of variation in female fecundity on effective population size. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 59, 411 425.
    • (1996) Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , vol.59 , pp. 411-425
    • Nunney, L.1
  • 96
    • 0033067498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effective size of a hierarchically structured population
    • Nunney L (1999) The effective size of a hierarchically structured population. Evolution, 53, 1 10.
    • (1999) Evolution , vol.53 , pp. 1-10
    • Nunney, L.1
  • 97
    • 0005705770 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The limits to knowledge in conservation genetics: The value of effective population size
    • Nunney L (2001) The limits to knowledge in conservation genetics: the value of effective population size. Evolutionary Biology, 32, 179 194.
    • (2001) Evolutionary Biology , vol.32 , pp. 179-194
    • Nunney, L.1
  • 98
    • 0028179784 scopus 로고
    • Estimating the effective population-size of conserved populations
    • Nunney L, Elam DR (1994) Estimating the effective population-size of conserved populations. Conservation Biology, 8, 175 184.
    • (1994) Conservation Biology , vol.8 , pp. 175-184
    • Nunney, L.1    Elam, D.R.2
  • 99
    • 2342446169 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maturation trends indicative of rapid evolution preceded the collapse of northern cod
    • Olsen EM, Heino M, Lilly GR et al 2004) Maturation trends indicative of rapid evolution preceded the collapse of northern cod. Nature, 428, 932 935.
    • (2004) Nature , vol.428 , pp. 932-935
    • Olsen, E.M.1    Heino, M.2    Lilly, G.R.3    Al, E.4
  • 100
    • 0345017864 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term temporal changes of genetic composition in brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) populations inhabiting an unstable environment
    • Ostergaard S, Hansen MM, Loeschcke V, Nielsen EE (2003) Long-term temporal changes of genetic composition in brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) populations inhabiting an unstable environment. Molecular Ecology, 12, 3123 3135.
    • (2003) Molecular Ecology , vol.12 , pp. 3123-3135
    • Ostergaard, S.1    Hansen, M.M.2    Loeschcke, V.3    Nielsen, E.E.4
  • 101
    • 0028162759 scopus 로고
    • The significance of genetic erosion in the process of extinction. 4. Inbreeding load and heterosis in relation to population-size in the mint Salvia pratensis
    • Ouborg NJ, Vantreuren R (1994) The significance of genetic erosion in the process of extinction. 4. Inbreeding load and heterosis in relation to population-size in the mint Salvia pratensis. Evolution, 48, 996 1008.
    • (1994) Evolution , vol.48 , pp. 996-1008
    • Ouborg, N.J.1    Vantreuren, R.2
  • 102
    • 33845750144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The genetic effective and adult census size of an Australian population of tiger prawns (Penaeus esculentus
    • Ovenden JR, Peel D, Street R et al 2007) The genetic effective and adult census size of an Australian population of tiger prawns (Penaeus esculentus). Molecular Ecology, 16, 127 138.
    • (2007) Molecular Ecology , vol.16 , pp. 127-138
    • Ovenden, J.R.1    Peel, D.2    Street, R.3    Al, E.4
  • 104
    • 35448939707 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population structure and gene flow reversals in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) over contemporary and long-term temporal scales: Effects of population size and life history
    • Palstra FP, O'Connell MF, Ruzzante DE (2007) Population structure and gene flow reversals in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) over contemporary and long-term temporal scales: effects of population size and life history. Molecular Ecology, 16, 4504 4522.
    • (2007) Molecular Ecology , vol.16 , pp. 4504-4522
    • Palstra, F.P.1    O'Connell, M.F.2    Ruzzante, D.E.3
  • 105
    • 33947174622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The genetic structure of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) around Iceland: Insight from microsatellites, the Pan I locus, and tagging experiments
    • Pampoulie C, Ruzzante DE, Chosson V et al 2006) The genetic structure of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) around Iceland: insight from microsatellites, the Pan I locus, and tagging experiments. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 63, 2660 2674.
    • (2006) Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , vol.63 , pp. 2660-2674
    • Pampoulie, C.1    Ruzzante, D.E.2    Chosson, V.3    Al, E.4
  • 106
    • 0020960732 scopus 로고
    • A new method for estimating the effective population-size from allele frequency changes
    • Pollak E (1983) A new method for estimating the effective population-size from allele frequency changes. Genetics, 104, 531 548.
    • (1983) Genetics , vol.104 , pp. 531-548
    • Pollak, E.1
  • 107
    • 33645109111 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term stability and effective population size in North Sea and Baltic Sea cod (Gadus morhua
    • Poulsen NA, Nielsen EE, Schierup MH, Loeschcke V, Gronkjaer P (2006) Long-term stability and effective population size in North Sea and Baltic Sea cod (Gadus morhua). Molecular Ecology, 15, 321 331.
    • (2006) Molecular Ecology , vol.15 , pp. 321-331
    • Poulsen, N.A.1    Nielsen, E.E.2    Schierup, M.H.3    Loeschcke, V.4    Gronkjaer, P.5
  • 108
    • 0029843472 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of population size on effective population size: An empirical study in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum
    • Pray LA, Goodnight CJ, Stevens L, Schwartz JM, Yan GY (1996) The effect of population size on effective population size: an empirical study in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum. Genetics Research, 68, 151 155.
    • (1996) Genetics Research , vol.68 , pp. 151-155
    • Pray, L.A.1    Goodnight, C.J.2    Stevens, L.3    Schwartz, J.M.4    Yan, G.Y.5
  • 109
    • 0024224682 scopus 로고
    • Sources, sinks, and population regulation
    • Pulliam HR (1988) Sources, sinks, and population regulation. American Naturalist, 132, 652 661.
    • (1988) American Naturalist , vol.132 , pp. 652-661
    • Pulliam, H.R.1
  • 110
    • 0027871363 scopus 로고
    • A review of homing and straying of wild and hatchery-produced salmon
    • Quinn TP (1993) A review of homing and straying of wild and hatchery-produced salmon. Fisheries Research, 18, 29 44.
    • (1993) Fisheries Research , vol.18 , pp. 29-44
    • Quinn, T.P.1
  • 111
    • 0018805552 scopus 로고
    • Inbreeding and juvenile mortality in small populations of ungulates
    • Ralls K, Brugger K, Ballou J (1979) Inbreeding and juvenile mortality in small populations of ungulates. Science, 206, 1101 1103.
    • (1979) Science , vol.206 , pp. 1101-1103
    • Ralls, K.1    Brugger, K.2    Ballou, J.3
  • 112
    • 16244409274 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship between population size and fitness
    • Reed DH (2005) Relationship between population size and fitness. Conservation Biology, 19, 563 568.
    • (2005) Conservation Biology , vol.19 , pp. 563-568
    • Reed, D.H.1
  • 113
    • 0034926475 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How closely correlated are molecular and quantitative measures of genetic variation? a meta-analysis
    • Reed DH, Frankham R (2001) How closely correlated are molecular and quantitative measures of genetic variation? A meta-analysis. Evolution, 55, 1095 1103.
    • (2001) Evolution , vol.55 , pp. 1095-1103
    • Reed, D.H.1    Frankham, R.2
  • 114
    • 0033994303 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inbreeding depression and genetic rescue in a plant metapopulation
    • Richards CM (2000) Inbreeding depression and genetic rescue in a plant metapopulation. American Naturalist, 155, 383 394.
    • (2000) American Naturalist , vol.155 , pp. 383-394
    • Richards, C.M.1
  • 115
    • 33751349975 scopus 로고
    • Epistasis and dominance: Evidence for differential effects in life-history versus morphological traits
    • 90
    • Roff DA, Emerson K (1981-90 2006) Epistasis and dominance: evidence for differential effects in life-history versus morphological traits. Evolution, 60.
    • (1981) Evolution , vol.60
    • Roff, D.A.1    Emerson, K.2
  • 116
    • 3342953000 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reconciling genetic and demographic estimators of effective population size in the anuran amphibian Bufo calamita
    • Rowe G, Beebee TJC (2004) Reconciling genetic and demographic estimators of effective population size in the anuran amphibian Bufo calamita. Conservation Genetics, 5, 287 298.
    • (2004) Conservation Genetics , vol.5 , pp. 287-298
    • Rowe, G.1    Beebee, T.J.C.2
  • 118
    • 0032473978 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inbreeding and extinction in a butterfly metapopulation
    • Saccheri I, Kuussaari M, Kankare M et al 1998) Inbreeding and extinction in a butterfly metapopulation. Nature, 392, 491 494.
    • (1998) Nature , vol.392 , pp. 491-494
    • Saccheri, I.1    Kuussaari, M.2    Kankare, M.3    Al, E.4
  • 119
    • 33644663359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population structure and variance effective size of red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) in the northern Gulf of Mexico
    • Saillant E, Gold JR (2006) Population structure and variance effective size of red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Fishery Bulletin, 104, 136 148.
    • (2006) Fishery Bulletin , vol.104 , pp. 136-148
    • Saillant, E.1    Gold, J.R.2
  • 120
    • 33846986753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Demographic and genetic estimates of effective population and breeding size in the amphibian Rana temporaria
    • Schmeller DS, Merila J (2007) Demographic and genetic estimates of effective population and breeding size in the amphibian Rana temporaria. Conservation Biology, 21, 142 151.
    • (2007) Conservation Biology , vol.21 , pp. 142-151
    • Schmeller, D.S.1    Merila, J.2
  • 121
    • 33645883221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When log-dwellers meet loggers: Impacts of forest fragmentation on two endemic log-dwelling beetles in southeastern Australia
    • Schmuki C, Vorburger C, Runciman D, Maceachern S, Sunnucks P (2006) When log-dwellers meet loggers: impacts of forest fragmentation on two endemic log-dwelling beetles in southeastern Australia. Molecular Ecology, 15, 1481 1492.
    • (2006) Molecular Ecology , vol.15 , pp. 1481-1492
    • Schmuki, C.1    Vorburger, C.2    Runciman, D.3    MacEachern, S.4    Sunnucks, P.5
  • 122
    • 33845599911 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic monitoring as a promising tool for conservation and management
    • Schwartz MK, Luikart G, Waples RS (2007) Genetic monitoring as a promising tool for conservation and management. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 22, 25 33.
    • (2007) Trends in Ecology & Evolution , vol.22 , pp. 25-33
    • Schwartz, M.K.1    Luikart, G.2    Waples, R.S.3
  • 123
    • 0000785550 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using genetics to estimate the size of wild populations: Many methods, much potential, uncertain utility
    • Schwartz MK, Tallmon DA, Luikart G (1999) Using genetics to estimate the size of wild populations: many methods, much potential, uncertain utility. Animal Conservation, 2, 321 323.
    • (1999) Animal Conservation , vol.2 , pp. 321-323
    • Schwartz, M.K.1    Tallmon, D.A.2    Luikart, G.3
  • 124
    • 0031214923 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effective number of breeding adults in Bufo bufo estimated from age-specific variation at minisatellite loci
    • Scribner KT, Arntzen JW, Burke T (1997) Effective number of breeding adults in Bufo bufo estimated from age-specific variation at minisatellite loci. Molecular Ecology, 6, 701 712.
    • (1997) Molecular Ecology , vol.6 , pp. 701-712
    • Scribner, K.T.1    Arntzen, J.W.2    Burke, T.3
  • 125
    • 0141613124 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Census vs. effective population size in chinook salmon: Large- and small-scale environmental perturbation effects
    • Shrimpton JM, Heath DD (2003) Census vs. effective population size in chinook salmon: large- and small-scale environmental perturbation effects. Molecular Ecology, 12, 2571 2583.
    • (2003) Molecular Ecology , vol.12 , pp. 2571-2583
    • Shrimpton, J.M.1    Heath, D.D.2
  • 127
    • 0002242217 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic erosion in isolated small-mammal populations following rainforest fragmentation
    • In: (eds. Young, A.G., Clarke, G.M.), pp. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
    • Srikwan S, Woodruff DS (2000) Genetic erosion in isolated small-mammal populations following rainforest fragmentation. In : Genetics, Demography and Viability of Fragmented Populations (eds Young AG, Clarke GM), pp. 149 172. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
    • (2000) Genetics, Demography and Viability of Fragmented Populations , pp. 149-172
    • Srikwan, S.1    Woodruff, D.S.2
  • 128
    • 0021562472 scopus 로고
    • Homing and olfaction in Salmonids - A critical review with special reference to the Atlantic Salmon
    • Stabel OB (1984) Homing and olfaction in Salmonids - A critical review with special reference to the Atlantic Salmon. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 59, 333 388.
    • (1984) Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society , vol.59 , pp. 333-388
    • Stabel, O.B.1
  • 129
    • 27644575967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling the adaptive potential of isolated populations: Experimental simulations using Drosophila
    • Swindell WR, Bouzat JL (2005) Modeling the adaptive potential of isolated populations: experimental simulations using Drosophila. Evolution, 59, 2159 2169.
    • (2005) Evolution , vol.59 , pp. 2159-2169
    • Swindell, W.R.1    Bouzat, J.L.2
  • 130
    • 33746138940 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Associations between environmental stress, selection history, and quantitative genetic variation in Drosophila melanogaster
    • Swindell WR, Bouzat JL (2006a) Associations between environmental stress, selection history, and quantitative genetic variation in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetica, 127, 311 320.
    • (2006) Genetica , vol.127 , pp. 311-320
    • Swindell, W.R.1    Bouzat, J.L.2
  • 131
    • 33745222794 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduced inbreeding depression due to historical inbreeding in Drosophila melanogaster: Evidence for purging
    • Swindell WR, Bouzat JL (2006b) Reduced inbreeding depression due to historical inbreeding in Drosophila melanogaster: evidence for purging. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 19, 1257 1264.
    • (2006) Journal of Evolutionary Biology , vol.19 , pp. 1257-1264
    • Swindell, W.R.1    Bouzat, J.L.2
  • 132
    • 33747068022 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selection and inbreeding depression. Effects of inbreeding rate and inbreeding environment
    • Swindell WR, Bouzat JL (2006c) Selection and inbreeding depression. Effects of inbreeding rate and inbreeding environment. Evolution, 60, 1014 1022.
    • (2006) Evolution , vol.60 , pp. 1014-1022
    • Swindell, W.R.1    Bouzat, J.L.2
  • 133
    • 38949178372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ONeSAMP: A program to estimate effective population size using approximate Bayesian computation
    • Tallmon DA, Koyuk A, Luikart G, Beaumont MA (2008) ONeSAMP: a program to estimate effective population size using approximate Bayesian computation. Molecular Ecology Resources, 8, 299 301.
    • (2008) Molecular Ecology Resources , vol.8 , pp. 299-301
    • Tallmon, D.A.1    Koyuk, A.2    Luikart, G.3    Beaumont, M.A.4
  • 134
    • 3142749747 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative evaluation of a new effective population size estimator based on approximate Bayesian computation
    • Tallmon DA, Luikart G, Beaumont MA (2004) Comparative evaluation of a new effective population size estimator based on approximate Bayesian computation. Genetics, 167, 977 988.
    • (2004) Genetics , vol.167 , pp. 977-988
    • Tallmon, D.A.1    Luikart, G.2    Beaumont, M.A.3
  • 136
    • 0005992023 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Temporal-method estimates of Ne from highly polymorphic loci
    • Turner TF, Salter LA, Gold JR (2001) Temporal-method estimates of Ne from highly polymorphic loci. Conservation Genetics, 2, 297 308.
    • (2001) Conservation Genetics , vol.2 , pp. 297-308
    • Turner, T.F.1    Salter, L.A.2    Gold, J.R.3
  • 137
    • 0036859987 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic effective size is three orders of magnitude smaller than adult census size in an abundant, estuarine-dependent marine fish (Sciaenops ocellatus
    • Turner TF, Wares JP, Gold JR (2002) Genetic effective size is three orders of magnitude smaller than adult census size in an abundant, estuarine-dependent marine fish (Sciaenops ocellatus). Genetics, 162, 1329 1339.
    • (2002) Genetics , vol.162 , pp. 1329-1339
    • Turner, T.F.1    Wares, J.P.2    Gold, J.R.3
  • 138
    • 33847035826 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Understanding the genetic effects of recent habitat fragmentation in the context of evolutionary history: Phylogeography and landscape genetics of a southern California endemic Jerusalem cricket (Orthoptera: Stenopelmatidae: Stenopelmatus
    • Vandergast AG, Bohonak AJ, Weissman DB, Fisher RN (2007) Understanding the genetic effects of recent habitat fragmentation in the context of evolutionary history: phylogeography and landscape genetics of a southern California endemic Jerusalem cricket (Orthoptera: Stenopelmatidae: Stenopelmatus). Molecular Ecology, 16, 977 992.
    • (2007) Molecular Ecology , vol.16 , pp. 977-992
    • Vandergast, A.G.1    Bohonak, A.J.2    Weissman, D.B.3    Fisher, R.N.4
  • 140
    • 0031408602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fluctuating population size and the ratio of effective to census population size
    • Vucetich JA, Waite TA, Nunney L (1997) Fluctuating population size and the ratio of effective to census population size. Evolution, 51, 2017 2021.
    • (1997) Evolution , vol.51 , pp. 2017-2021
    • Vucetich, J.A.1    Waite, T.A.2    Nunney, L.3
  • 141
    • 0035704882 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A pseudo-likelihood method for estimating effective population size from temporally spaced samples
    • Wang JL (2001) A pseudo-likelihood method for estimating effective population size from temporally spaced samples. Genetics Research, 78, 243 257.
    • (2001) Genetics Research , vol.78 , pp. 243-257
    • Wang, J.L.1
  • 143
    • 0033033618 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Developments in predicting the effective size of subdivided populations
    • Wang JL, Caballero A (1999) Developments in predicting the effective size of subdivided populations. Heredity, 82, 212 226.
    • (1999) Heredity , vol.82 , pp. 212-226
    • Wang, J.L.1    Caballero, A.2
  • 144
    • 0033941487 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effective number of a population that varies cyclically in size. I. Discrete generations
    • Wang Y, Pollak E (2000) The effective number of a population that varies cyclically in size. I. Discrete generations. Mathematical Biosciences, 166, 1 21.
    • (2000) Mathematical Biosciences , vol.166 , pp. 1-21
    • Wang, Y.1    Pollak, E.2
  • 145
    • 0037280106 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimating effective population size and migration rates from genetic samples over space and time
    • Wang JL, Whitlock MC (2003) Estimating effective population size and migration rates from genetic samples over space and time. Genetics, 163, 429 446.
    • (2003) Genetics , vol.163 , pp. 429-446
    • Wang, J.L.1    Whitlock, M.C.2
  • 146
    • 0024498122 scopus 로고
    • A generalized-approach for estimating effective population-size from temporal changes in allele frequency
    • Waples RS (1989) A generalized-approach for estimating effective population-size from temporal changes in allele frequency. Genetics, 121, 379 391.
    • (1989) Genetics , vol.121 , pp. 379-391
    • Waples, R.S.1
  • 147
    • 0025585163 scopus 로고
    • Conservation genetics of Pacific salmon. 2. Effective population-size and the rate of loss of genetic-variability
    • Waples RS (1990a) Conservation genetics of Pacific salmon. 2. Effective population-size and the rate of loss of genetic-variability. Journal of Heredity, 81, 267 276.
    • (1990) Journal of Heredity , vol.81 , pp. 267-276
    • Waples, R.S.1
  • 148
    • 0025631987 scopus 로고
    • Conservation genetics of Pacific salmon. 3. Estimating effective population-size
    • Waples RS (1990b) Conservation genetics of Pacific salmon. 3. Estimating effective population-size. Journal of Heredity, 81, 277 289.
    • (1990) Journal of Heredity , vol.81 , pp. 277-289
    • Waples, R.S.1
  • 149
    • 0031694560 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Separating the wheat from the chaff: Patterns of genetic differentiation in high gene flow species
    • Waples RS (1998) Separating the wheat from the chaff: patterns of genetic differentiation in high gene flow species. Journal of Heredity, 89, 438 450.
    • (1998) Journal of Heredity , vol.89 , pp. 438-450
    • Waples, R.S.1
  • 150
    • 0035989420 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effective size of fluctuating salmon populations
    • Waples RS (2002a) Effective size of fluctuating salmon populations. Genetics, 161, 783 791.
    • (2002) Genetics , vol.161 , pp. 783-791
    • Waples, R.S.1
  • 151
    • 0036017135 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluating the effect of stage-specific survivorship on the N-e/N ratio
    • Waples RS (2002b) Evaluating the effect of stage-specific survivorship on the N-e/N ratio. Molecular Ecology, 11, 1029 1037.
    • (2002) Molecular Ecology , vol.11 , pp. 1029-1037
    • Waples, R.S.1
  • 152
    • 33644878743 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic estimates of contemporary effective population size: To what time periods do the estimates apply?
    • Waples RS (2005) Genetic estimates of contemporary effective population size: to what time periods do the estimates apply? Molecular Ecology, 14, 3335 3352.
    • (2005) Molecular Ecology , vol.14 , pp. 3335-3352
    • Waples, R.S.1
  • 153
    • 33745015584 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A bias correction for estimates of effective population size based on linkage disequilibrium at unlinked gene loci
    • Waples RS (2006) A bias correction for estimates of effective population size based on linkage disequilibrium at unlinked gene loci. Conservation Genetics, 7, 167 184.
    • (2006) Conservation Genetics , vol.7 , pp. 167-184
    • Waples, R.S.1
  • 154
    • 33645859299 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What is a population? An empirical evaluation of some genetic methods for identifying the number of gene pools and their degree of connectivity
    • Waples RS, Gaggiotti OE (2006) What is a population? An empirical evaluation of some genetic methods for identifying the number of gene pools and their degree of connectivity. Molecular Ecology, 15, 1419 1439.
    • (2006) Molecular Ecology , vol.15 , pp. 1419-1439
    • Waples, R.S.1    Gaggiotti, O.E.2
  • 155
    • 33846483038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Temporal estimates of effective population size in species with overlapping generations
    • Waples RS, Yokota M (2007) Temporal estimates of effective population size in species with overlapping generations. Genetics, 175, 219 233.
    • (2007) Genetics , vol.175 , pp. 219-233
    • Waples, R.S.1    Yokota, M.2
  • 156
    • 34250781618 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effective population sizes and migration rates in fragmented populations of an endangered insect (Coenagrion mercuriale: Odonata)
    • Watts PC, Saccheri IJ, Kemp SJ, Thompson DJ (2007) Effective population sizes and migration rates in fragmented populations of an endangered insect (Coenagrion mercuriale: Odonata). Journal of Animal Ecology, 76, 790 800.
    • (2007) Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.76 , pp. 790-800
    • Watts, P.C.1    Saccheri, I.J.2    Kemp, S.J.3    Thompson, D.J.4
  • 157
    • 0025293282 scopus 로고
    • Increased selection response in larger populations. 1. Selection for wing-tip height in Drosophila melanogaster at 3 population sizes
    • Weber KE (1990) Increased selection response in larger populations. 1. Selection for wing-tip height in Drosophila melanogaster at 3 population sizes. Genetics, 125, 579 584.
    • (1990) Genetics , vol.125 , pp. 579-584
    • Weber, K.E.1
  • 158
    • 0025353575 scopus 로고
    • Increased selection response in larger populations. 2. Selection for ethanol vapor resistance in Drosophila melanogaster at 2 population sizes
    • Weber KE, Diggins LT (1990) Increased selection response in larger populations. 2. Selection for ethanol vapor resistance in Drosophila melanogaster at 2 population sizes. Genetics, 125, 585 597.
    • (1990) Genetics , vol.125 , pp. 585-597
    • Weber, K.E.1    Diggins, L.T.2
  • 159
    • 0032573504 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tracking the long-term decline and recovery of an isolated population
    • Westemeier RL, Brawn JD, Simpson SA et al 1998) Tracking the long-term decline and recovery of an isolated population. Science, 282, 1695 1698.
    • (1998) Science , vol.282 , pp. 1695-1698
    • Westemeier, R.L.1    Brawn, J.D.2    Simpson, S.A.3    Al, E.4
  • 160
    • 84902230543 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selection and drift in metapopulations
    • In: (eds. Hanski, I., Gaggiotti, O.E.), pp. Elsevier. Academic Press, London.
    • Whitlock MC (2004) Selection and drift in metapopulations. In : Ecology, Genetics and Evolution of Metapopulations (eds Hanski I, Gaggiotti OE), pp. 153 175. Elsevier Academic Press, London.
    • (2004) Ecology, Genetics and Evolution of Metapopulations , pp. 153-175
    • Whitlock, M.C.1
  • 161
    • 0031001580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effective size of a subdivided population
    • Whitlock MC, Barton NH (1997) The effective size of a subdivided population. Genetics, 146, 427 441.
    • (1997) Genetics , vol.146 , pp. 427-441
    • Whitlock, M.C.1    Barton, N.H.2
  • 164
    • 33847017592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic isolation of fragmented populations is exacerbated by drift and selection
    • Willi Y, Van Buskirk J, Schmid B, Fischer M (2007a) Genetic isolation of fragmented populations is exacerbated by drift and selection. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 20, 534 542.
    • (2007) Journal of Evolutionary Biology , vol.20 , pp. 534-542
    • Willi, Y.1    Van Buskirk, J.2    Schmid, B.3    Fischer, M.4
  • 166
    • 0036376732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid genetic deterioration in captive populations: Causes and conservation implications
    • Woodworth LM, Montgomery ME, Briscoe DA, Frankham R (2002) Rapid genetic deterioration in captive populations: causes and conservation implications. Conservation Genetics, 3, 277 288.
    • (2002) Conservation Genetics , vol.3 , pp. 277-288
    • Woodworth, L.M.1    Montgomery, M.E.2    Briscoe, D.A.3    Frankham, R.4
  • 167
    • 0001771498 scopus 로고
    • Evolution in Mendelian populations
    • Wright S (1931) Evolution in Mendelian populations. Genetics, 16, 97 159.
    • (1931) Genetics , vol.16 , pp. 97-159
    • Wright, S.1
  • 168
    • 0000667524 scopus 로고
    • Size of a population and breeding structure in relation to evolution
    • Wright S (1938) Size of a population and breeding structure in relation to evolution. Science, 87, 430 431.
    • (1938) Science , vol.87 , pp. 430-431
    • Wright, S.1
  • 169
    • 0001024012 scopus 로고
    • Isolation by distance
    • Wright S (1943) Isolation by distance. Genetics, 28, 114 138.
    • (1943) Genetics , vol.28 , pp. 114-138
    • Wright, S.1
  • 170
    • 47649093743 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inbreeding, inbreeding depression and extinction
    • doi:. This study is an extension of Friso Palstra's PhD research in Daniel Ruzzante's laboratory. Friso Palstra is interested in elucidating mechanisms that shape the evolution and ecology of (aquatic) organisms and their relevance and application to conservation and management. Daniel Ruzzante is interested in conservation genetics, biodiversity and phylogeography of aquatic organisms.
    • Wright LI, Tregenza T, Hosken DJ (2007) Inbreeding, inbreeding depression and extinction. Conservation Genetics, doi:.
    • (2007) Conservation Genetics
    • Wright, L.I.1    Tregenza, T.2    Hosken, D.J.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.