The contextual specificity of masculinity and femininity in early adolescence

Social Development

Volumn 17, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 719-736

  Leszczynski, Jennifer Pickard ^a   Strough, Jonell ^b  

^a EASTERN CONNECTICUT STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Co operation; Femininity; Gender; Masculinity

Indexed keywords

EID: 47649094610     PISSN: 0961205X     EISSN: 14679507     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00443.x     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. Alfieri, T., Ruble, D. N. Higgins, E. T. (1996). Gender stereotypes during adolescence: Developmental changes and the transition to junior high school. Developmental Psychology, 32, 1129 1137.
2. Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55, 469 480.
3. Bem, S. L. (1974). The measurement of psychological androgyny. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42, 155 162.
4. Bem, S. L. (1983). Gender schema theory and its implications for child development: Raising gender-aschematic children in a gender-aschematic society. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 8, 598 616.
5. Boldizar, J. P. (1991). Assessing sex typing and androgyny in children: The children's sex role inventory. Developmental Psychology, 27, 505 515.
6. Buhrmester, D. Furman, W. (1986). The changing function of friends in childhood: A neo-Sullivanian perspective. In V. J. Derlega B. A. Winstead (Eds Friendship and social interaction (pp. 41 62). New York : Springer-Verlag.
7. Buhrmester, D. Furman, W. (1987). The development of companionship and intimacy. Child Development, 58, 1101 1113.
8. Bussey, K. Bandura, A. (1992). Self-regulatory mechanisms governing gender development. Child Development, 63, 1236 1250.
9. Bussey, K. Bandura, A. (1999). Social cognitive theory of gender development and differentiation. Psychological Review, 106, 676 713.
10. Bussey, K. Perry, D. G. (1982). Same-sex imitation: The avoidance of cross-sex models or the acceptance of same-sex models? Sex Roles, 8, 773 784.
11. Cohen, J. (1969). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. New York : Academic Press.
12. Constantinople, A. (1973). Masculinity-femininity: An exception to a famous dictum? Psychological Bulletin, 80, 389 407.
13. Cota, A. A. Dion, K. L. (1986). Salience of gender and sex composition of ad hoc groups: An experimental test of distinctiveness theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 770 776.
14. Cross, S. E. Markus, H. R. (1993). Gender in thought, belief, and action: A cognitive approach. In A. E. Beall R. J. Sternberg (Eds The psychology of gender (pp. 55 98). New York : Guilford Press.
15. Crouter, A. C., Manke, B. A. McHale, S. M. (1995). The family context of gender intensification in early adolescence. Child Development, 66, 317 329.
16. Deaux, K. Major, B. (1987). Putting gender into context: An interactive model of gender-related behavior. Psychological Review, 94, 369 389.
17. Eagly, A. H. (1987). Sex differences in social behavior: A social-role interpretation. Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
18. Eagly, A. H. Wood, W. (1999). The origins of sex differences in human behavior: Evolved dispositions versus social roles. American Psychologist, 54, 408 423.
19. Eckes, T. Trautner, H. M. (2000). Developmental social psychology of gender: An integrative framework. In T. Eckes H. M. Trautner (Eds The developmental social psychology of gender (pp. 3 32). Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum.
20. Erikson, E. H. (1950). Childhood and society. New York : W. W. Norton and Co, Inc.
21. Galambos, N. L. (2004). Gender and gender role development in adolescence. In R. M. Lerner L. Steinberg (Eds Handbook of adolescent psychology (pp. 233 262). Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
22. Galambos, N. L., Almeida, D. M. Peterson, A. C. (1990). Masculinity, femininity, and sex role attitudes in early adolescence: Exploring gender intensification. Child Development, 61, 1905 1914.
23. Grotevant, H. D. (1998). Adolescent development in family contexts. In W. Damon (Series Ed N. Eisenberg Vol. Ed Handbook of child psychology : Vol. 3. Social, emotional, and personality development (5th ed., pp. 1097 1149). New York : Wiley.
24. Hill, J. P. Lynch, M. E. (1983). The intensification of gender-related role expectations during early adolescence. In J. Brooks-Gunn A. C. Peterson (Eds Girls at puberty: Biological and psychosocial perspectives (pp. 201 228). New York : Plenum Press.
25. Holt, C. L. Ellis, J. B. (1998). Assessing the current validity of the Bem Sex Role Inventory. Sex Roles, 39, 929 941.
26. Hyde, J. S. (2005). The gender similarities hypothesis. American Psychologist, 60, 581 592.
27. Johnson, R. T., Johnson, D. W. Stanne, M. B. (1986). Comparison of computer-assisted cooperative, competitive, and individualistic learning. American Educational Research Journal, 23, 382 392.
28. Kerig, P. K., Alyoshina, Y. Y. Volovich, A. S. (1993). Gender role socialization in contemporary Russia: Implications for cross-cultural research. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 17, 389 408.
29. Kim, C., Laroche, M. Tomiuk, M. A. (2004). The Chinese in Canada: A study in ethnic change with emphasis on gender roles. The Journal of Social Psychology, 144, 5 29.
30. Krauss, I. K. (1977). Some situational determinants of competitive performance on sex-stereotyped tasks. Developmental Psychology, 13, 473 480.
31. Leaper, C. (1991). Influence and involvement in children's discourse: Age, gender, and partner effects. Child Development, 62, 797 811.
32. Leaper, C. (1994). Exploring the consequences of gender segregation on social relationships. New Directions for Child Development, 62, 797 811.
33. Leaper, C. (2000). The social construction and socialization of gender during development. In P. H. Miller E. K. Schnolnick (Eds Toward a feminist developmental psychology (pp. 127 152). New York : Routledge.
34. Leaper, C. Smith, T. E. (2004). A meta-analytic review of gender variations in children's language use: Talkativeness, affiliative speech, and assertive speech. Developmental Psychology, 40, 993 1027.
35. Liben, L. S. Bigler, R. S. (2002). The developmental course of gender differentiation: Conceptualizing, measuring, and evaluating constructs and pathways. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 6 (Serial No. 269).
36. Maccoby, E. E. (1990). Gender and relationships: A developmental account. American Psychologist, 45, 513 520.
37. Maccoby, E. E. (1998). The two sexes: Growing up apart, coming together. Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press.
38. Maltz, D. N. Borker, R. A. (1982). A cultural approach to male-female miscommunication. In J. Gumpertz (Ed Language and social identity (pp. 196 216). Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
39. Markus, H. Kunda, Z. (1986). Stability and malleability of the self-concept. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 858 866.
40. Martin, C. L. Ruble, D. (2004). Children's search for gender cues: Cognitive perspectives on gender development. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13, 67 70.
41. Martin, C. L., Ruble, D. N. Szkrybalo, J. (2002). Cognitive theories of early gender development. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 903 933.
42. Massad, C. M. (1981). Sex role identity and adjustment during adolescence. Child Development, 52, 1290 1298.
43. Miller, J. B., Lewy, J. Peckham, E. (1997). Context effects on self-perceptions of feminine and masculine qualities. Sex Roles, 37, 723 750.
44. Nelson, C. Keith, J. (1990). Comparisons of female and male early adolescent sex role attitude and behavior development. Adolescence, 25, 183 204.
45. Nurmi, J. E. (1993). Adolescent development in an age-graded context: The role of personal beliefs, goals, and strategies in the tackling of developmental tasks and standards. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 16, 169 189.
46. Oxford American Dictionary 1980). New York : Oxford University Press, Inc.
47. Pickard, J. Strough, J. (2003). The effects of same-sex and other-sex contexts on masculinity and femininity. Sex Roles, 48, 421 432.
48. Roy, R. Benenson, J. F. (2002). Sex and contextual effects on children's use of interference competition. Developmental Psychology, 38, 306 312.
49. Ruble, D. N. Martin, C. L. (1998). Gender development. In W. Damon (Series Ed N. Eisenberg (Vol. Ed Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3. Social, emotional, and personality development (5th ed., pp. 933 1016). New York : Wiley.
50. Ruble, D. N., Martin, C. L. Berenbaum, S.A. (2006). Gender development. In W. Damon R. M. Lerner (Series Eds N. Eisenberg (Vol. Ed Handbook of child psychology. Vol. 3. Social, emotional, and personality development (6th ed., pp. 858 932). New York : Wiley.
51. Schmidt, C. R., Ollendick, T. H. Stanowicz, L. B. (1988). Developmental changes in the influence of assigned goals on cooperation and competition. Developmental Psychology, 24, 574 579.
52. Smith, C. L., Noll, J. A. Becker-Bryant, J. (1999). The effect of social context on gender self-concept. Sex Roles, 40, 499 512.
53. Spence, J. T. Helmreich, R. L. (1981). Androgyny versus gender schema: A comment on Bem's Gender Schema Theory. Psychological Review, 88, 365 368.
54. Stoddart, T. Turiel, E. (1985). Children's concepts of cross-gender activities. Child Development, 56, 1241 1252.
55. Strough, J. Berg, C. A. (2000). Goals as a mediator of gender differences in high-affiliation dyadic conversations. Developmental Psychology, 36, 117 125.
56. Strough, J. Covatto, A. M. (2002). Context and age differences in same- and other-gender peer preferences. Social Development, 11, 346 361.
57. Thorne, B. (1993). Gender play: Girls and boys in school. New Brunswick, NJ : Rutgers University Press.