Diagnosis of sleep apnea

Minerva Medica

Volumn 95, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 213-231

  Mattei, A ^a   Tabbia, G ^a   Baldi, S ^a  

^a MOLINETTE HOSPITAL   (Italy)

Author keywords

Apnea; Sleep; Sleep apnea obstructive, diagnosis; Sleep apnea syndromes

Indexed keywords

ABNORMAL RESPIRATORY SOUND; ACCIDENT; AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; CAPNOGRAPHY; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CLINICAL FEATURE; COGNITIVE DEFECT; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; ESOPHAGUS PRESSURE; GASTROINTESTINAL REFLUX; HEADACHE; HUMAN; HYPERCAPNIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPOTHYROIDISM; HYPOXEMIA; IRRITABILITY; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS; LUNG FUNCTION TEST; MEMORY DISORDER; MONITOR; NECK; OBESITY; OROPHARYNX; OXYGEN SATURATION; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; POLYCYTHEMIA; POLYSOMNOGRAPHY; POLYURIA; REVIEW; SEX DIFFERENCE; SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION; SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME; SNORING; SOMNOLENCE; STROKE; SWEATING; XEROSTOMIA;

DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; HUMANS; POLYSOMNOGRAPHY; SLEEP APNEA SYNDROMES; SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE;

EID: 4744366957     PISSN: 00264806     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (99)

1. Flemons WW. Clinical practice. Obstructive sleep apnea. N Engl J Med 2002;347:498-504.
2. Flemons WW, Douglas NJ, Kuna ST, Rodenstein DO, Wheatley J. Access to diagnosis and treatment of patients with suspected sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004;169:668-72.
3. Berry RB, Gleeson K. Respiratory arousal from sleep: mechanism and significance. Sleep 1997;20:654-75.
4. Martin SE, Wraith PK, Deart IJ, Douglas NJ. The effect of nonvisible sleep fragmentation on daytime function. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997;155:1596-601.
5. Johns MW. Daytime sleepiness, snoring, and obstructive sleep apnea: the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Chest 1993;103:30-6.
6. Johns MW. A new method for measuring daytime sleepiness: the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Sleep 1991;14:540-5.
7. Vignatelli L, Plazzi G, Barbato A, Ferini-Strambi L, Manni R, Pompei F et al. on belhalf of GINSEN. Italian version of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale: external validity. Neurol Sci 2003;23:295-300.
8. Carskadon MA. Evaluation of excessive daytime sleepiness. Neurophysiol Clin 1993;23:91-100.
9. Carskadon MA, Dement WC, Miller MM, Roth T, Westbrook PR, Keenan S. Guidelines for the multiple sleep latency test (MSLT): a standard measure of sleepiness. Sleep 1986;9:519-24.
10. Sangal RB, Thomas L, Mitler MM. Maintenance of wakefulness test and multiple sleep latency test. Measurement of different abilities in patients with sleep disorders. Chest 1992;101:898-902.
11. Mitler MM, Doghramji K, Shapiro C. The maintenance of wakefulness test: normative data by age. J Psychosom Res 2000;49:363-5.
12. Poceta JS, Timms RM, Jeong DU, Ho SL, Erman MK, Miller MM. Maintenance of wakefulness test in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Chest 1992;101:893-7.
13. MacLean AW, Fekken GC, Saskin P, Knowles JB. Psychometric evaluation of the Stanford Sleepiness Scale. J Sleep Res 1992;1:35-9.
14. George CF, Boudreau AC, Smiley A. Comparison of simulated driving performance in narcolepsy and sleep apnea patients. Sleep 1996;19:711-7.
15. George CF, Boudreau AC, Smiley A. Simulated driving performance in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996;154:175-81.
16. Thorpy MJ. The clinical use of the multiple sleep latency test: the standards of Practice Committee of the American Sleep Disorders Association. Sleep 1992;15:268-76.
17. American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Sleep-related breathing disorders in adults: recommendations for syndrome definition and measurement techniques in clinical research; the report of an American Academy of Sleep Medicine task force. Sleep 1999;22:667-89.
18. Young T, Palta M, Dempsey J, Skatrud J, Weber S, Badr S. The occurence of sleep-disordered breathing among middle-aged adult. N Engl J Med 1993;328:1230-5.
19. Bliwise DL, Bliwise NG, Partinen M, Pursley AM, Dement WC. Sleep apnea and mortality in an aged cohort. Am J Public Health 1988;78:544-7.
20. Terán-Santos J, Jiménez-Gómez A, Cordero-Guevara J. The association between sleep apnea and the risk of traffic accidents. Cooperative Group Burgos-Santander. N Engl J Med 1999;340:847-51.
21. Decary A, Rouleau I, Montplaisir J. Cognitive deficits associated with sleep apnea syndrome: a proposed neuropsychological test battery. Sleep 2000;23:369-81.
22. Lojander J, Kajaste S, Maasilta P, Partinen M. Cognitive function and treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. J Sleep Res 1999;8:71-6.
23. Findley LJ, Earth JT, Powers DC, Wilhoit SC, Boyd DG, Suratt PM. Cognitive impairment in patients with obstructive sleep apnea and associated hypoxemia. Chest 1986;90:686-90.
24. Verstraeten E, Cluydts R, Verbraecken J, De Roeck J. Neuropsychological functioning and determinants of morning alertness in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 1996;2:306-14.
25. Bedard MA, Montplaisir J, Richer F, Rouleau I, Malo J. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: pathogenesis of neuropsychological deficits. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 1991;13:950-64.
26. Naegele B, Thouvard V, Pepin JL, Levy P, Bonnet C, Perret JE et al. Deficits of cognitive executive functions in patients with sleep apnea syndrome. Sleep 1995;18:43-52.
27. Flemons WW, Tsai W. Quality of life consequences of sleep-disordered breathing. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1997;99:S750-6.
28. Ulfberg J, Carter N, Talback M, Edling C. Headache, snoring and sleep apnoea. J Neurol 1996;243:621-5.
29. Aldrich MS, Chauncey JB. Are morning headaches part of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome? Arch Intern Med 1990;150:1265-7.
30. Ulfberg J. Snoring and headache: an important association. Arch Neurol 1995;52:1043.
31. Fanfulla F, Malaguti S, Montagna T, Salvini S, Bruschi C, Crotti P et al. Erectile dysfunction in men with obstructive sleep apnea: an early sign of nerve involvement. Sleep 2000;23:775-81
32. Margel D, Cohen M, Livne PM, Pillar G. Severe, but not mild, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is associated with erectile dysfunction. Urology 2004;63:545-9.
33. Suganuma N, Shigedo Y, Adachi H, Watanabe T, Kumano-Go T, Terashima K et al. Association of gastroesophageal reflux disease with weight gain and apnea, and their disturbance on sleep. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2001;55:255-6.
34. Ozturk O, Ozturk L, Ozdogan A, Oktem F, Pelin Z. Variables affecting the occurrence of gastroesophageal reflux in obstructive sleep apnea patients. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2004;261:229-32.
35. Whyte KF, Allen MB, Jeffrey AA, Gould GA, Douglas NJ. Clinical features of the sleep apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome. Q J Med 1989;72:659-66.
36. Kapur V, Blough DK, Sandblom RE, Hert R, de Maine JB, Sullivan SD et al. The medical cost of undiagnosed sleep apnea. Sleep 1999;22:749-55.
37. Hoffstein V. Snoring. Chest 1996;109:201-2.
38. Strohl KP, Cherniak NS, Gothe B. Physiological basis of therapy for sleep apnea. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986;134:791-802.
39. Lugaresi E, Cirignotta F, Geraldi R, Montagna P. Snoring and sleep apnoea: natural history of heavy snorers disease. In: Guilleminault C, Partinen M editors. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. New York: Raven Press; 1990.p.25-36.
40. Krieger J, Imbs JL, Schmidt M, Kurtz D. Renal function in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Effects of nasal continuous positive airway pressure. Arch Intern Med 1988;148:1337-40.
41. Umlauf MG, Chasens ER. Sleep disordered breathing and nocturnal polyuria: nocturia and enuresis. Sleep Med Rev 2003;7:403-11.
42. Levinson PD, McGarvey ST, Carlisle CC, Eveloff SE, Herbert PN, Millman RP. Adiposity and cardiovascular risk factors in men with obstructive sleep apnea. Chest 1993;103:1336-42.
43. Mortimore IL, Marshall I, Wraith PK, Sellar RJ, Douglas NJ. Neck and total body fat deposition in nonobese and obese patients with sleep apnea compared with that in control subjects. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998;157:280-3.
44. Yokoyama M, Yamanaka N, Ishii H, Tamaki K, Yoshikawa A, Morita R. Evaluation of the pharyngeal airway in obstructive sleep apnea: study by ultrafast MR imaging. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 1996;523:242-4.
45. Schwab RJ, Pasirstein M, Pierson R, Mackley A, Hachadoorian R, Arens R et al. Identification of upper airway anatomic risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea with volumetric magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003;168:522-30.
46. Schwab RJ, Gupta KB, Gefter WB, Metzger LJ, Hoffman EA, Pack AI. Upper airway and soft tissue anatomy in normal subjects and patients with sleep-disordered breathing. Significance of the lateral pharyngeal walls. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;152(5 Pt 1):1673-89.
47. Paulsen FP, Steven P, Tsokos M, Jungmann K, Muller A, Verse T et al. Upper airway epithelial structural changes in obstructive sleep-disordered breathing. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002;166:501-9.
48. Ciscar MA, Juan G, Martinez V, Ramon M, Lloret T, Minguez J et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of the pharynx in OSA patients and healthy subjects. Eur Respir J 2001;17:79-86.
49. Baik UB, Suzuki M, Ikeda K, Sugawara J, Mitani H. Relationship between cephalometric characteristics and obstructive sites in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Angle Orthod 2002;72:124-34.
50. Colmenero C, Esteban R, Albarino AR, Colmenero B. Sleep apnoea syndrome associated with maxillofacial abnormalities. J Laryngol Otol 1991;105:94-100.
51. Marien S, Schmelzer B. Velopharyngeal anatomy in snorers and patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg 2002;56:93-9.
52. Davies RJ, Ali NJ, Stradling JR. Neck circumference and other clinical features in the diagnosis of the obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome. Thorax 1992;47:101-5.
53. Redline S, Kump K, Tishler PV, Browner I, Ferrette V. Gender differences in sleep disordered breathing in a community-based sample. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;149:722-6.
54. Jordan AS, McEvoy RD. Gender differences in sleep apnea: epidemiology, clinical presentation and pathogenetic mechanism. Sleep Med Rev 2003;7:377-89.
55. Issa FG, Sullivan CE. Alcohol, snoring and sleep apnea. J Neurol Nerosurg Psychiatry 1982;45:353-9.
56. Staevska MT, Mandajieva MA, Dimitrov VD. Rhinitis and sleep apnea. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2004;4:193-9.
57. Canova CR, Downs SH, Knoblauch A, Andersson M, Tamm M, Leuppi JD. Increased prevalence of perennial allergic rhinitis in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Respiration 2004;71:138-43.
58. Bloom JW, Kaltenborn WT, Quan SF. Risk factors in a general population for snoring: importance of cigarette smoking and obesity. Chest 1988;93:678-83.
59. Redline S, Kump K, Tishler PV, Browner I, Ferrette V. Gender differences in sleep disordered breathing in a community-based sample. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;149:722-6.
60. Dahlqvist A, Rask E, Rosenqvist CJ, Sahlin C, Franklin KA. Sleep apnea and Down's syndrome. Acta Otolaryngol 2003;123:1094-7.
61. Kakitsuba N, Sadaoka T, Motoyama S, Fujiwara Y, Kanai R, Hayashi I et al. Sleep apnea and sleep-related breathing disorders in patients with craniofacial synostosis. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 1994;517:6-10.
62. Cistulli P, Sullivan CE. Sleep apnea in Marfan's sindrome. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993;147:645-8.
63. Reimao R, Papaiz EG, Papaiz LF. Pierre Robin sequence and obstructive sleep apnea. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 1994;52:554-9.
64. Guilleminault C. Clinical features and evaluation of obstructive sleep apnea. In: Kryger MH, Roth T, Dement WC, editors. Principles and practice of sleep medicine. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1989.p.552-8.
65. Viner S, Szalai JP, Hoffstein V. Are history and physical examination a good screening test for sleep apnea? Ann Intern Med 1991;115:356-9.
66. Hoffstein V, Szalai JP. Predictive value of clinical features in diagnosing obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep 1993;16:118-22.
67. Flemons WW, Whitelaw WA, Brant R, Remmers JE. Likelihood ratios for a sleep apnea clinical prediction rule. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;150(5 Pt 1):1279-85.
68. Netzer NC, Stoohs RA, Netzer CM, Clark K, Strohl KP. Using the Berlin Questionnaire to identify patients at risk for the sleep apnea syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1999;131:485-91.
69. Hein AM, Niederman MS, Sklarek HM et al. Can clinical findings predict a positive sleep study? Am Rev Respir Dis 1986:13305.
70. Hoffstein V, Szalai JP. Predictive value of clinical feature in diagnosting obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep 1993;2:118-22.
71. Scharf SM, Garshick E, Brown R, Tishler PV, Tosteson T, McCarley R. Screening for subclinical sleep-disordered breathing. Sleep 1990;13:344-53.
72. Strading JT, Crosby JH. Predictors and prevalence of obstructive sleep apnoea and snoring in 1001 middle aged men. Thorax 1991;46:85-90.
73. Loube DI, Gay PC, Strohl KP, Pack AI, White DP, Collop NA. Indications for positive airway pressure treatment of adult obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Chest 1999;115:863-6.
74. Practice parameters for the indications for polysomnography and related procedures. Polysomnography Task Force, American Sleep Disorders Association Standards of Practice Committee. Sleep 1997;20:406-22.
75. Chesson AL Jr, Ferber RA, Fry JM, Grigg-Damberger M, Hartse KM, Hurwitz et al. The indications for polysomnography and related procedures. Sleep 1997;20:423-87.
76. Indications and standards for use of nasal continous positive airway pressure (CPAP. in sleep apnea syndrome. American Thoracic Society. Official statement adopted March 1944. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;150:1738-45.
77. Block AJ, Martin RJ, Cohn MA, Hudgel DW, Powles AC, Sanders MH et al. Indications and standards for cardiopulmonary sleep studies. Sleep 1985;8:371-9.
78. Indications and standards for cardiopulmonary sleep studies. American Thoracic Society. Medical Section of the American Lung Association. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989;139:559-68.
79. Ross SD, Sheinhait IA, Harrison KS, Kvasz M, Connelly JE, Shea SA et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature regarding the diagnosis of sleep apnea. Sleep 2000;23:519-32.
80. AARC-APT (American Association of Respiratory Care-Association of Polysomnography Technologists) clinical practice guideline polysomnography. Respiratory Care 1995;40:1336-43.
81. Documento dell'Associazione Italiana Pneumologi Ospedalieri (AIPO) a cura del gruppo di studio "Disturbi Respiratori nel Sonno". Linee guida per la refertazione della polisonnografia e dei monitoraggio cardio-respiratorio per sospetta sindrome delle apnee nel sonno (SAS) in soggetti adulti. Rassegna di Patologia dell'Apparato Respiratorio 2003;18:305-8.
82. Mykytyn I, Sajkov D, Neill A, McEvoy RD. Portable computerized polysomnography in attended and unattended settings. Chest 1999;115:114-22.
83. Fry JM, DiPhillipo M, Curran K, Goldberg R, Baran S. Full polysomnography in the home. Sleep 1998;21:635-42.
84. Zucconi M, Ferini-Strambi L, Castronovo V, Oldani A, Smirne S. An unattended device for sleep-related breathing disorders: validation study in suspected obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome. Eur Respir J 1996;9:1251-6.
85. Stoohs, R, Guilleminault C. Mesam 4: an ambulatory device for the detection of patients at risk for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Chest 1992;101:1221-7.
86. Esnaola S, Durán J, Infante-Rivard C, Rubio R, Fernandez A. Diagnostic accuracy of a portable recording device (MESAM IV. in suspected obstructive sleep apnoea. Eur Respir J 1996;9,2597-605.
87. Man GC, Kang BV. Validation of a portable sleep apnea monitoring device. Chest 1995;108:388-93.
88. Broughton R, Fleming J, Fleetham J. Home assessment of sleep disorders by portable monitoring. J Clin Neurophysiol 1996;13:272-84.
89. Portier F, Portmann, A, Czernichow P, Vascaut L, Devin E, Benhamou D et al. Evaluation of home vs laboratory polysomnography in the diagnosis of sleep apnea syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000;162(3 Pt 1): 814-8.
90. Practice parameters for the use of portable recording in the assessment of obstructive sleep apnea. Standards of Practice Committee of the American Sleep Disorders Association. Sleep 1994;17:372-7.
91. Ferber R, Millman R, Coppola M, Fleetham J, Murray CF, Iber C et al. Portable recording in the assessment obstructive sleep apnea. ASDA standards of practice. Sleep 1994;17:378-92.
92. Commissione paritetica AIPO-AIMS. Linee guida di procedura diagnostica nella sindrome delle apnee ostruttive dell'adulto. Rassegna di Patologia dell'Apparato Respiratorio 2001;16:278-80.
93. Bradley TD, Phylipson EA. Central sleep apnea. Clin Chest Med 1992;13:493-505.
94. Broughton RJ, Narcolepsy. In: Thorp MJ, editor. Handbook of sleep disorders. New York: Marcel Deker, Inc; 1990.p.493-505.
95. Coccagna G. Restless legs syndrome/periodic leg movements in sleep. In: Thorpy MJ editor. Handbook of sleep disorders. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc; 1990. p.457-78.
96. nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company; 1994.p.477-81.
97. nd ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; 1994.p.364-72.
98. Peter JH, Becker H. Investigation and diagnosis of sleep apnea syndrome. Eur Respir Mon 1998;10:106-43.
99. Schlosshan D, Elliot MW. Clinical presentation and diagnosis of the obstructive sleep apnoea hypopnoea syndrome. Thorax 2004;59:347-52.