Subject to Exception : Security Certificates, National Security and Canada's Role in the “War on Terror”

Canadian Journal of Law and Society

Volumn 21, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 63-83

  Bell, Colleen ^a  

^a YORK UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 47349110443     PISSN: 08293201     EISSN: 19110227     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/jls.2006.0031     Document Type: Article

References (126)

1. International Civil Liberties Monitoring Group, Anti-Terrorism and the Security Agenda: Impacts on Rights, Freedoms and Democracy (Report and Recommendations from a Public Forum held at Ottawa, 17 February 2004) at 9 [1CLMG].
2. Frank N. Marrocco & Henry Goslett, eds., The Annotated Immigration Act of Canada (Carswell: Toronto, 1990) at 149.
3. S.C. 2001, c.27.
4. Matthew Starnes & Aiden McNeil “Security certificate process criticized” The Lawyers Weekly (11 June 2004) 16.
5. Starnes & McNeil, The Lawyers Weekly 4.
6. Lome Waldman, Immigration Law and Practice (Markham: Lexis Nexis Butterworths, 2004) at 7.292.
7. Starnes & McNeil, Immigration Law and Practice 4.
8. Waldman, Immigration Law and Practice 7 at 7.276.
9. Amina Sherazee & Justin Podur “Law, Repression, and Activism: Justin Podur interviews Amina Sherazee” Znet (24 April 2003), online: Znet .
10. Letter from Alex Neve, Secretary General of Amnesty International Canada “Letter to Deputy Prime Minister McLellan” (31 March 2004) online: Coalition Justice for Adil Charkaoui .
11. Waldman, “Letter to Deputy Prime Minister McLellan” 7 at 7.274.
12. “Letter to Deputy Prime Minister McLellan”, at 7.257.
13. R.S.C. 1985 (4th Supp.), c. 29.
14. Waldman, R.S.C. 7 at 7.248.
15. Susan Thompson, “New CSIS Security Certificate Issued Against Montrealer Adil Charkaoui” Vive le Canada (26 May 2003), online: Vive le Canada .
16. Giorgio Agamben, State of Exception, trans, by Kevin Attell (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2005)
17. Judith Butler, Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence (London: Verso, 2004)
18. Jef Huysmans, “Minding Exceptions: The Politics of Insecurity and Liberal Democracy” (2004) 3 Contemporary Political Theory 321.
19. Butler, Contemporary Political Theory, at 53.
20. IRPA, Contemporary Political Theory 3, s.34.
21. Waldman, Contemporary Political Theory 7 at 7.251.
22. Al Yamani v. Solicitor General of Canada, [1996] 1 F.C. 174 (T.D.).
23. Suresh v. Minister of Citizenship and Immigration Canada, [2002] 1 S.C.R. 3
24. Waldman, S.C.R. 7 at 7.252.
25. S.C.R., at 7.255.
26. S.C.R., at 7.260.
27. Mikkel Vedby Rasmussen, “ ‘It Sounds like a Riddle’: Security Studies, the War on Terror and Risk” (2004) 33:2 Millenium: Journal of International Studies 381 at 385.
28. David Dyzenhaus, “The Permanence of the Temporary: Can Emergency Powers Be Normalized?” in R.J. Daniels, P. Macklem, & K. Roach, eds., The Security of Freedom: Essays on Canada's Anti-Terrorism Bill (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2001) 21 at 28.
29. The Security of Freedom: Essays on Canada's Anti-Terrorism Bill.
30. Starnes & McNeil, The Security of Freedom: Essays on Canada's Anti-Terrorism Bill 4 at 16.
31. Waldman, The Security of Freedom: Essays on Canada's Anti-Terrorism Bill 7 at 7.262.
32. The Security of Freedom: Essays on Canada's Anti-Terrorism Bill, at 7.319.
33. Amnesty International issued a letter to former P.M. Martin detailing serious concerns that Canadian law enforcement and security agencies may in fact be implicated in the detention and torture of Canadian citizens abroad (and of course there is also the ongoing Maher Arar Inquiry to access the role of Canadian officials in his deportation to and consequent torture in Syria). See Letter from Alex Neve, Secretary General of Amnesty International Canada “Letter to Prime Minister Martin on Pattern of Canadian Citizens Detained Abroad” (7 June 2005), online: Amnesty International Canada < http://www.amnesty.ca/ resource_centre/reports/view.php?load=arcview&article=2780&c=Resource+Centre+Reports>.
34. Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, 10 December 1984, GA Res. 39/46 (entered into force 26 June 1987).
35. Canada, Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness Canada, Striking a balance to protect Canadians, online: . This specific argument has also been made by former deputy P.M. Anne McLellan, see CBC News Online, “Indepth: Canadian Security: Security Certificates and Secret Evidence” (22 February 2005), online: CBC [CBC News Online, “Indepth”].
36. Jaballah Re, [2005] 4 F.C.R. 359.
37. CBC News Online, “Indepth”, F.C.R. 34.
38. Waldman, F.C.R. 7 at 7.267.
39. F.C.R., at 7.266, 7.267.
40. Frank N. Marrocco & Henry Goslett, eds., The 2005 Annotated Immigration and Refugee Protection Act of Canada (Toronto: Carswell, 2005) at 68 [Marrocco & Goslett, 2005 IRPA].
41. Waldman, The 2005 Annotated Immigration and Refugee Protection Act of Canada 7 at 7.265.
42. The 2005 Annotated Immigration and Refugee Protection Act of Canada, at 7.264
43. IRAP, The 2005 Annotated Immigration and Refugee Protection Act of Canada 3, c.27, s.83 (3).
44. Marrocco & Goslett, 2005IRPA, The 2005 Annotated Immigration and Refugee Protection Act of Canada 39 at 84.
45. Waldman, The 2005 Annotated Immigration and Refugee Protection Act of Canada 7 at 7.264.
46. The 2005 Annotated Immigration and Refugee Protection Act of Canada, at 7.263.
47. The 2005 Annotated Immigration and Refugee Protection Act of Canada, at 7.277.
48. Marrocco & Goslett, 2005 IRPA, The 2005 Annotated Immigration and Refugee Protection Act of Canada 39 at 78.
49. Waldman, The 2005 Annotated Immigration and Refugee Protection Act of Canada 7 at 7.264.
50. CBC News Online, “Indepth”, The 2005 Annotated Immigration and Refugee Protection Act of Canada 34.
51. Butler, The 2005 Annotated Immigration and Refugee Protection Act of Canada 17 at 59.
52. The 2005 Annotated Immigration and Refugee Protection Act of Canada. at 67.
53. The 2005 Annotated Immigration and Refugee Protection Act of Canada. at 75.
54. Canadian Arab Federation and the Canadian Council on American-Islamic Relations (CAIR-CAN), Subcommittee on Public Safety and National Security, Brief on the Review of the Anti-terrorism Act: Justice, Human Rights, Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness (September 2005) at 8.
55. Waldman, Brief on the Review of the Anti-terrorism Act: Justice, Human Rights, Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness 7 at 7.309.
56. Brief on the Review of the Anti-terrorism Act: Justice, Human Rights, Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness, at 7.270, 7.267.
57. Charkaoui v. Minister of Citizenship and Immigration Canada, 2004 F.C.A. 421
58. [2004] F.C.J. No. 2060, leave to appeal to S.C.C. granted 25 August 2005.
59. Waldman, F.C.J. 7 at 7.270–7.271.
60. F.C.J., at 7.273.
61. F.C.J., at 7.273.
62. F.C.J.
63. Rafeedie v. INS, 880 F.2d 506 (D.C. Cir. 1989).
64. F.C.J., at 516.
65. U.S. ex rel. Knauff v. Shaughnessy, 338 U.S. 537 at 551 (Jackson J., dissenting).
66. Waldman, 338 U.S. 7 at 7.292.
67. The standard of proof applied is simply that “the evidence must disclose reasonable grounds that the person falls within the inadmissible section” (sections 76–78 of the IRPA); 338 U.S., at 7.274
68. Re. Farahi-Mahdavieh 63 F.T.R. 120 (T.D. 1993).
69. Waldman, F.T.R., at 7.290.
70. F.T.R., at 7.289.
71. Mahjoub v. Minister of Citizenship and Immigration Canada, [2005] F.C. 156.
72. Waldman, F.C. 7 at 7.299.
73. Hon. Irwin Cotler, “Speech by the Hon. Irwin Cotler, Minster of Justice and Attorney General of Canada on the Occasion of an Appearance Before the Special Committee of the Senate on the Anti-Terrorism Act” (21 February 2005), online: Department of Justice, Canada .
74. Waldman, “Speech by the Hon. Irwin Cotler, Minster of Justice and Attorney General of Canada on the Occasion of an Appearance Before the Special Committee of the Senate on the Anti-Terrorism Act” 7 at 7.283.
75. “Speech by the Hon. Irwin Cotler, Minster of Justice and Attorney General of Canada on the Occasion of an Appearance Before the Special Committee of the Senate on the Anti-Terrorism Act”.
76. Jammat-E-Islami Hind. v. Union of India et al., [1995], cited in Waldman, “Speech by the Hon. Irwin Cotler, Minster of Justice and Attorney General of Canada on the Occasion of an Appearance Before the Special Committee of the Senate on the Anti-Terrorism Act” 7 at 7.283.
77. R. v. Hadju (1984), 14 C.C.C. (3d) 563 (H.C.J.).
78. C.C.C., at 571
79. Waldman, C.C.C. 7 at 7.284.
80. James K. Hugessen, “Watching the Watchers: Democratic Oversight” in David Daubney et al., eds., Terrorism, Law and Democracy: How is Canada changing following September 11? (Montreal: Editions Themis, 2002) at 384–385.
81. Butler, Terrorism, Law and Democracy: How is Canada changing following September 11? 17 at 60.
82. Terrorism, Law and Democracy: How is Canada changing following September 11?, at 55.
83. Agamben, Terrorism, Law and Democracy: How is Canada changing following September 11? 17 at 50.
84. Carl Schmitt, Political Theology: Four Chapters on the Concept of Sovereignty (Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1985) at 12 [Schmitt, Political Theology).
85. Giorgio Agamben, Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life, trans, by Daniel Heller-Roazen (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998) at 18 [Agamben, Homo Sacer].
86. Schmitt, Political Theology, Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life 78 at 8.
87. Butler, Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life 17 at 69.
88. Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life, at 94.
89. Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life, at 65.
90. Carl Schmitt, The Concept of the Political, trans, by George Schwab (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1996) at 27.
91. The Concept of the Political, at 34.
92. Sherazee & Podur, The Concept of the Political 10.
93. Irina Ceric, “The Contingent Charter: National Security, Rights and the Politics of Non-Citizens” in Colleen Bell & Tina Managhan, eds., Exceptional Measures for Exceptional Times: The State of Security Post 9/11 (Toronto: Centre for International and Security Studies, York University) [forthcoming in 2006].
94. Butler, Exceptional Measures for Exceptional Times: The State of Security Post 9/11 17 at 76, 77.
95. Such concerns are clearly relayed in the IRPA, Exceptional Measures for Exceptional Times: The State of Security Post 9/11 3, c.27, s.3.
96. Ali Behdad, “Nationalism and Immigration to the United States” (1997) 6:2 Diaspora 155 at 175.
97. Butler, 6:2 Diaspora 17 at 76.
98. Bonnie Honig, Democracy and the Foreigner (Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2001) at 77.
99. Schmitt, Political Theology, Democracy and the Foreigner 78 at 15.
100. Democracy and the Foreigner, at 15
101. Agamben, Homo Sacer, Democracy and the Foreigner 79 at 19.
102. Barry Hindess, “The Liberal Government of Unfreedom” (2001) 26: 2 Alternatives: Global, Local, Political 93 at 94.
103. Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, at 94.
104. Hon. Irwin Cotler, Alternatives: Global, Local, Political 68.
105. 19 December 1966, 999 U.N.T.S. 171, Can. T.S. 1976 No. 47, 6 I.L.M 368 (entered into force 23 March 1976, accession by Canada 19 May 1976).
106. I.L.M 11.
107. I.L.M 11.
108. Starnes & McNeil, I.L.M 4 at 16.
109. Thompson, I.L.M 16.
110. Canadian Muslim Lawyers Association, Subcommittee on Public Safety and National Security, Review of the Anti-terrorism Act (20 September 2005) at 10–12.
111. Review of the Anti-terrorism Act 52 at 3–4.
112. Re. Baroud (1995), 98 F.T.R. 99 (F.C.T.D)
113. Suresh v. Minister of Citizenship and Immigration Canada, [2002] 1 S.C.R. 3
114. Waldman, S.C.R. 7 at 7.275.
115. Starnes & McNeil, S.C.R. 4 at 16 (in 1995 and 2003).
116. S.C.R. 55.
117. Ahani v. Canada, [1995] 3 F.C. 669 (T.D.)
118. aff d [1996] F.C.J. No. 937 (F.C.A.)
119. leave to appeal to S.C.C. refused, [1996] S.C.C.A. No. 496.
120. Waldman, S.C.C.A. 7 at 7.318.
121. Ceric, S.C.C.A. 87.
122. ICLMG, S.C.C.A. 1 at 78.
123. Dyzenhaus, S.C.C.A. 27 at 29.
124. S.C.C.A.
125. Huysmans, S.C.C.A. 17 at 325.
126. ICLMG, S.C.C.A. 1 at 82.