Bourgeois anarchism and authoritarian democracies

First Monday

Volumn 13, Issue 7, 2008, Pages

  Stalder, Felix ^a,b  

^a ICTS ^*

^b Media Economy at the Academy of Art and Design   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 47249161254     PISSN: 13960466     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5210/fm.v13i7.2077     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. I take civil society to be "the arena of uncoerced collective action around shared interests, purposes and values" as the Centre for Civil Society at the London School of Economic defines it, See http://www.lse.ac.uk/ collections/CCS/Default, htm.
2. Tim O'Reilly, 2005. "What is Web 2.0?" (30 September), at http://www.oreillynet.eom/pub/a/oreilly/tim/news/2005/09/30/what-is-web-20.html.
3. "Web 2.0: Meet venture capital," Technology Review (19 October 2005), at http://www.technoloqvreview.com/Infotech/14879/. Almost all of the most well-known Web 2.0 platforms, such as Wikipedia, You Tube, Flickr, and most blogging companies, were founded well after the turn of the millennium.
4. Lawrence Lessig speaks in this context about the "read/write" society enabled by digital media, contrasting to the read-only society dominated by traditional mass media. Lawrence Lessig, 2006. "The read/write society," Keynote at WOS4 (15 September), at http://www.wizards-of-os.org.
5. Merrlt Roe Smith and Leo Marx (editors), 1994. Does technology drive history? The dilemma of technological determinism. Cambridge, Mass,: MIT Press.
6. Pew Internet and American Life Project, 2007. "A typology of information and communication technology users," at http://www.pewinternet. org/pdfs/PIP ICT Typology.pdf.
7. Anthony Giddens, 1991. Modernity and self-Identity: Self and society in the late modern age. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.
8. William H. Whyte, 2002. The organization man. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
9. Herbert Marcuse, 1964. One-dimensional man: Studies in the ideology of advanced industrial society. Boston: Beacon Press.
10. Luc Boltanski and Eve Chiapello, 2002. "The new spirit of capitalism," paper presented to the Conference of Europeanists (14-16 March), at http://www.socioloqiadip.unimib.it/mastersqs/rivi/boltan.pdf.
11. "Be Creativel Der Kreative Imperativ," Exhibition at Museum für Gestaltung, Zürich (30 November 2002-2 March 2003), at http://www.k3000.ch/becreative/.
12. Simon Lumson, 2002. "Deleuze, Hegel and the transformation of subjectivity," Philosophical Forum, volume 33, number 2, pp. 143-158.
13. Barry Wellman, 2001. "Physical place and cyberplace: The rise of personalized networking," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, volume 25, number 2, pp. 227-252;
14. see also Manuel Castells, 2001. Internet galaxy: Reflections on the Internet, business, and society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
15. Kristóf Nyíri, 2005. "The networked mind," Talk given at the workshop "The mediated mind - Rethinking representation" (27-28 May), London Knowledge Lab, Institute of Education, University of London, at http://www.hunfi.hu/nyiri/Nyiri Networked Mind London 2005.pdf.
16. Robin Dunbar, 2003. "The social brain: Mind, language, and society in evolutionary perspective," Annual Review of Anthropology, volume 32, pp. 163-181.
17. Gabriel de Tarde, 1962. The laws of imitation. Translated from the second French edition by Elsie Clews Parsons. Gloucester, Mass.: P. Smith.
18. For an introduction these aspects of Tarde's thinking, see Maurizio Lazzarato, 2004. "European cultural tradition and the new forms of production and circulation of knowledge." Multitudes: une revue trimestrielle, politique, artistique et culturelle (16 January), at http://multitudes.samizdat.net/article.php3?id article= 1292.
19. Jean Baudrillard, 1988. The ecstasy of communication. Translated by Bernard and Caroline Schutze. Brooklyn, N.Y.: Autonomedia.
20. Marshall McLuhan, 1964. Understanding media: The extensions of man. New York: McGraw-Hill.
21. Christophe Aguiton and Dominique Cardon, 2007. "The strength of weak cooperation: An attempt to understand the meaning of Web 2.0," International Journal of Digital Economics, volume 65, pp. 51-65.
22. Wikipedia Is far from perfect and still under active development. All attempts to Improve its many shortcomings involve more, rather than less reliance on Its internal records. See, for example, the project WikiScanner, which tries to connect technical IP addresses, logged for each entry, to social organizations in order to increase transparency; see http://wikiscanner.virqil. gr/.
23. The concept of "weak social ties" was developed by Mark Granovetter, who recognized that people received essential information (while looking for jobs) often from casual acquaintances (with whom they are connected by weak ties), rather than from close friends (with whom they share strong ties); see Mark Granovetter, 1973. "The strength of weak ties," American Journal of Sociology, volume 78, number 6, pp. 1360-1380.
24. It is, perhaps, this need to expose one self, and the greater risk this still entails to women, that explains the gender imbalance in this area.
25. Yochai Benkler, 2006. The wealth of networks: How social production transforms markets and freedom. Mew Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, pp. 212-272.
26. Aguiton and Cardon, op.cit.
27. This does, of course, not preclude a minority from reacting to this challenge by turning to fundamentalism. See Manuel Castells, 2004. The power of identity, The information age: Economy, society and culture, Volume II. Second edition. Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell.
28. Yochai Benkler, 2002. "Coase's penguin, or, Linux and the nature of the firm," Yale Law Journal, number 112, and at http://www.benkler. org/CoasesPenguin.html.
29. Eben Moglen, 1999. "Anarchism triumphant: Free software and the death of copyright," First Monday, volume 4, number 8, at http://www.firstmonday.org/issues/issue4_8/moglen/.
30. See, for example, Andrew L. Shapiro, 1999. The control revolution: How the Internet is putting individuals in charge and changing the world we know. New York: PublicAffalrs.
31. Ulrich Beck and Elisabeth Beck-Gernsheim, 1994. Riskante freiheiten: Individualisierung in modernen gesellschaften. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.
32. Jürgen Habermas, 1989. The structural transformation of the public sphere: An inquiry into a category of bourgeois society. Translated by Thomas Burger with the assistance of Frederick Lawrence. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press; Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky, 2002. Manufacturing consent: The political economy of the mass media. New York: Pantheon Books.
33. See Manuel Castells, 2004. The power of Identity.
34. Robert O. Keohane, 2002. Power and governance in a partially globalized world. London: Routledge.
35. See http://www.bilaterals.org.
36. Quoted after "Update from bilaterals.org" (1 September 2006), at http://www.bilaterais.org./article.php3?id_article=5725.
37. Alan Hudson, 2001. "NGOs' transnational advocacy networks: From 'legitimacy' to 'political responsibility'," Global Networks, volume 1, number 4, pp. 331-352.
38. This occurs at the same time as the state, in other areas and usually on a local level, seeks new ways to interface with the citizenry, through citizen panels, public consultations, and similar measures of voluntary engagement.
39. Saskia Sassen, 2006. Territory, authority, rights: From medieval to global assemblages. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
40. John Robb, 2007. Brave new war: The next stage of terrorism and the end of globalization. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley.
41. David Lyon, 2003. Surveillance after September 11. Cambridge: Polity Press.
42. For a critical analysis, see http://www.edri.org/issues/privacy/ dataretention.
43. Saskia Sassen, 2006. Territory, authority, rights, pp 179-184.
44. Michel Crozier, Samuel P. Huntington, and Joji Watanuki, 1975. The crisis of democracy: Report on the governability of democracies to the Trilateral Commission. New York: New York University Press, and at http://www.trilateral.org/library/crisis_of_democracy.pdf.
45. See Brian Holmes, 2002, "The flexible personality, parts I & II," at http://www.nettime.org.
46. Yochai Benkler, 2006. The Wealth of Networks, pp. 212-272.