Einthoven's String Galvanometer: The first electrocardiograph

Texas Heart Institute Journal

Volumn 35, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 174-178

  Rivera Ruiz, Moises ^a   Cajavilca, Christian ^b   Varon, Joseph ^c,d  

^a UNIVERSIDAD POPULAR AUTÓNOMA DEL ESTADO DE PUEBLA   (Mexico)

^b UNIVERSIDAD DE MONTERREY   (Mexico)

^c UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^d NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

Cardiology history; Einthoven W; Electrocardiography history instrumentation; Electrophysiology history instrumentation; Heart diseases diagnosis history; History, 19th century; History, 20th century; Nobel prize; Portraits as topic

Indexed keywords

DEVELOPMENT; ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY; HEART ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; STRING GALVANOMETER;

CARDIAC ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY; HISTORY, 19TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HUMANS; NETHERLANDS; PORTRAITS AS TOPIC;

EID: 47249143773     PISSN: 07302347     EISSN: 15266702     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (25)

1. Piccolino M. Luigi Galvani's path to animal electricity. C R Biol 2006;329(5-6):303-18.
2. Galvani L. Aloysii Galvani de viribus electricitatis in motu musculari. De Bononiensi Scientiarum et Artium Instituto atque Academia, commentarii 1791;7:363-418.
3. Piccolino M. Animal electricity and the birth of electrophysiology: the legacy of Luigi Galvani. Brain Res Bull 1998;46(5):381-407.
4. M'Kendrick JG. A text-book of physiology. Vol. I: General physiology. Glasgow: James Maclehose & Sons; 1888. p. 436-40.
5. Matteucci C. Traite des phenomenes electro-physiologiques des animaux. Paris: Chez Fortin Masson et C., Libraires; 1844. p. 60.
6. Breathnach CS, Westphal W. Early detectors of the heart's electrical activity. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2006;29(4):422-4.
7. Burnett J. The origins of the electrocardiograph as a clinical instrument. Med Hist Suppl 1985;(5):53-76.
8. Seyfarth EA. Julius Bernstein (1839-1917): pioneer neurobiologist and biophysicist. Biol Cybern 2006;94(1):2-8.
9. Burch GE, de Pasqual NP. A history of electrocardiography. Chicago: Year Book Medical Publishers Inc.; 1964. p. 13-129.
10. Mehta NJ, Khan IA. Cardiology's 10 greatest discoveries of the 20th century. Tex Heart Inst J 2002;29(3):164-71.
11. Waller AD. A demonstration on man of electromotive changes accompanying the heart's beat. J Physiol 1887;8(5):229-34.
12. Barold SS. Willem Einthoven and the birth of clinical electrocardiography a hundred years ago. Card Electrophysiol Rev 2003;7(1):99-104.
13. Barold SS, Fazekas T. Einthoven's first electrocardiogram 100 years ago. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2002;25(12):1792-3.
14. Waller AD. On the electromotive changes connected with the beat of the mammalian heart, and of the human heart in particular. Phil Tran Roy Soc London 1889;Ser B 180:169-94.
15. Hurst JW. Naming of the waves in the ECG, with a brief account of their genesis. Circulation 1998;98(18):1937-42.
16. Sykes AH. A D Waller and the electrocardiogram, 1887. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1987;294(6584):1396-8.
17. Snellen HA. Willem Einthoven (1860-1927) - Father of electrocardiography. Life and work, ancestors and contemporaries. Dordrecht/Boston/London: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1995. p. 5-60.
18. Nobel lectures, physiology or medicine 1922-1941. Amsterdam: Elsevier Publishing Company; 1965. Available from: http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/ medicine/laureates/1924/einthoven-bio.html
19. Raju TN. The Nobel chronicles. 1924: Willem Einthoven (1860-1927). Lancet 1998;352(9139):1560.
20. Lama A. Einthoven: the man and his invention [in Spanish]. Rev Med Chil 2004;132(2):260-4.
21. Fye WB. A history of the origin, evolution, and impact of electrocardiography [published erratum appears in Am J Cardiol 1995;76(8):641]. Am J Cardiol 1994;73(13):937-49.
22. Einthoven W. Galvanometrische registratie van het menschelijk electrocardiogram. In: Herinneringsbudendedl Professor S.S. Rosenstein. Leiden: Eduard Ijdo; 1902. p. 101-7.
23. Kligfield P. The centennial of the Einthoven electrocardiogram. J Electrocardiol 2002;35 Suppl:123-9.
24. Einthoven W. Le telecardiogramme. Arch Int de Physiol 1906;4:132-64 (translated into English, Am Heart J 1957;53:602-15).
25. Wellens HJ, Gorgels AP. The electrocardiogram 102 years after Einthoven. Circulation 2004;109(5):562-4.