The worst scars are in the mind: Psychological torture

International Review of the Red Cross

Volumn 89, Issue 867, 2007, Pages 591-617

  Reyes, Hernán ^a  

^a ICRC's Assistance Division   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 47149094964     PISSN: 18163831     EISSN: 16075889     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S1816383107001300     Document Type: Article

References (35)

1. See also Raul Tomas Escobar, El interrogatorio en la investigacion criminal, Editorial Universidad, Buenos Aires, 1989, pp. 312–30.
2. Break Them Down, Report by Physicians for Human Rights (hereinafter PHR Report), Washington, D.C. 2005.
3. See Cordula Droege, In truth the leitmotiv: the prohibition of torture and other forms of ill-treatment in international humanitarian law, in this issue, pp. 515–541.
4. Memorandum from Jay. S. Bybee, Assistant Attorney General for the Office of Legal Council at the US Department of Justice, to Alberto Gonzales, Counsel to the President (1 August 2002), in Karen Greenberg and Joshua Dratel (eds.), The Torture Papers, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2005, pp. 172–218.
5. The Torture Papers, p. 176.
6. The Torture Papers, p. 176. The memorandum specifically mentions that the phrase severe pain applies in statutes defining an emergency medical condition for the purpose of providing health benefits.
7. The Torture Papers, pp. 195 ff.
8. See Uwe Peters, Uber das Stasi-Verfolgten-Syndrom (The Stasi persecution syndrome), Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr, Vol. 59, No. 7, July 1991, pp. 251–65.
9. See also Christian Pross, Social Isolation of Survivors of Persecution in a Post-totalitarian Society, Behandlungszentrum für Folteropfer, BZFO/Arch, Berlin, 1995, p. 346.
10. Health consequences of psychological torture, PHR Report, above note 16, pp. 48–51.
11. See Pétur Hauksson, Psychological Evidence of Torture, CPT, Council of Europe, 2003, p. 91;
12. see also Metin Başog?lu, Torture and its Consequences, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1992, and
13. Psychological Evidence of Torture: A Practical Guide to the Istanbul Protocol for Psychologists, Human Rights Foundation of Turkey (HRFT), 2004.
14. See Michael Peel and Vincent Iacopino (eds.), The Medical Documentation of Torture, Greenwich Medical Media, London, 2002, ch. 5.
15. Istanbul Protocol, above note 32, ch. V, p. 160:
16. Paraphrasing Carl Sagan in a different context; see The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark, New York, 1996.
17. Personal communication to the author from Prof. Sten Jakobsson, Kaorlinska Institutet, University of Stockholm, at the IVth International Symposium on Torture and the Medical Profession, Budapest, October 1991.
18. See Anne Goldfeld, Richard Mollica et al. The physical and psychological sequelae of torture, Journal of the American Medical Association, 1988, pp. 2725–9;
19. see also Metin Başog?lu, Murat Paker et al. Psychological effects of torture: a comparison of tortured with nontortured political activists in Turkey, American Journal of Psychiatry, No. 151 (January 1994), pp. 76–81.
20. Compare Federico Allodi, Glenn Randall et al. Physical and psychiatric effects of torture, in Eric Stover and Elena Nightingale (eds.), The Breaking of Bodies and Minds: Torture, Psychiatric Abuse, and the Health Professions, Freeman & Co. New York, 1985, pp. 58–79.
21. Istanbul Protocol, above note 32, Başog?lu et al. above note 38, pp. 72–82;
22. See Boston Centre for Refugee Health and Human Rights, available at www.bcrhhr.org/pro/course/physical/signs.html (last visited 15 October 2007).
23. See Rafael Patai, The Arab Mind, Hatherleigh Press, New York, originally published in 1976, re-edited 2002.
24. Sexual and religious phobias in the Muslim world are best described in Patai, above note 54.
25. See Mortimer Zuckerman. A bit of perspective, please, US News and World Report, 16 May 2004, available at www.usnews.com/usnews/opinion/articles/040524/24edit.htm (last visited 15 October 2007).
26. See Grethe Skylv, The nature of human experience: some interfaces between anthropology and psychiatry, Lecture at the Royal Society of Medicine, London, 1992 (copy on file with the author).
27. Stuart Grassian, Psychiatric effects of solitary confinement, Journal of Law and Policy, Vol. 22, 2006, pp. 327–80.
28. Craig Haney, Mental health issues in long-term solitary and supermax confinement, Crime and Delinquency, Vol. 49, No. 1, Jan. 2003, pp. 124–56. Professor Haney is a recognized expert on the effects of solitary confinement.
29. CPT standards: Substantive sections of the CPT’s General Reports, CPT/Inf/E (2002), Rev. 2006, available at www.cpt.coe.int/EN/documents/eng-standards.doc (last visited 15 October 2007).
30. John Schlapobersky, quoted in Megan Lane and Brian Wheeler, The real victims of sleep deprivation, BBC News Online Magazine, Thursday, 8 January 2004, available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/3376951.stm (last visited 15 October, 2007).
31. see also Consideration of reports submitted by States Parties under Article 19 of the Convention, Concluding observations, Israel, Committee against Torture, doc. A/57/44, 25 September 2002, para. 6(a)(ii).
32. US Department of the Army, Field Manual 2–22–3, Human Intelligence Collector Operations, at M-30, available at www.enlisted.info/field-manuals/fm-2–22.3-human-intelligence-collector-operations.shtml (last visited 15 October 2007).
33. See also Manfred Nowak, What practices constitute torture? US and UN standards, Human Rights Quarterly, Vol. 28, 2006, available at http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/human_rights_quarterly/v028/28.4nowak.pdf (last visited 18 October 2007).
34. Situation of the detainees at Guantánamo Bay, Report to the UN Economic and Social Council, 62nd Session, E/CN.4/2006/120, 15 February 2006, p. 25, available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/16_02_06_un_guantanamo.pdf (last visited 15 October 2007).
35. Scott Shane, David Johnston and James Risen, Secret US endorsement of severe interrogations, New York Times, 4 October 2007, available at www.nytimes.com/2007/10/04/washington/04interrogate.html (last visited 15 October 2007).