Application of shar'a rules in Europe - Scope and limits

Welt des Islams

Volumn 44, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 323-350

  Rohe, Mathias ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 47049084103     PISSN: 00432539     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/1570060042562499     Document Type: Article

References (97)

1. nd ed. 2001, p. 91
2. for modern views cf. also Philip Lewis, Islamic Britain, London a.o., 1994, especially p. 52
3. Excellent studies of present developments are presented by Wasif Shadid and Sjoerd van Koningsveld, "Religious Authorities of Muslims in the West: Their Views on Political Participation", in id. (eds.), Intercultural Relations and Religious Authorities: Muslims in the European Union, Leuven a.o. 2003, p. 149
4. and by Jacques Waardenburg, Muslims and Others: Relations in Context, Berlin a.o. 2003, pp. 241, 308 and 336
5. 2, IX, pp. 321-28, under 1.1
6. In many Islamic countries legal reforms aiming at improving the legal status of women and of Non-Muslims have been promulgated or are in course. Nevertheless, it was only the Turkish legislator who abolished such discriminating rules almost in total (cf. Christian Rumpf, Einführung in das türkische Recht, München 2004, p. 128)
7. Cf. Adel El Baradie, Gottes-Recht und Menschen-Recht, Baden-Baden 1983
8. Olaf Köndgen, Das islamisierte Strafrecht des Sudan, Hamburg 1992
9. Cf. Mathias Rohe, "The Formation of a European Shari'a", in Jamal Malik (ed.), Muslims in Europe: From the Margin to the Centre, Münster, 2004, p. 161
10. For an example cf. Rohe, "Formation", (n. 7), p. 173
11. Cf. Heiner Bielefeldt, Muslime im säkularen Rechtsstaat, Bielefeld 2003, p. 60 for critical Muslim voices
12. For the intrinsic connection between full religious freedom and secularism cf. Bielefeldt, n. 10, pp. 15
13. Soheib Bencheikh, Marianne et le Prophète - L'Islam dans la France laïque, Paris 1998, p. 57
14. Cf. Potz/Schinkele, Schächten, Religionsfreiheit und Pierschutz , Freistadt 2001, p. 129
15. BVerfG NJW 2002, p. 663
16. Statements of the mufti of Egypt and president of the al-Azhar University dated 25.2.1982 and the Islamic World League in Jidda 1989 and other authorities; cf. OVG Hamburg NVwZ 1994, pp. 592, 595 s
17. Cf. BVerwG, BVerwGE 99, p. 1
18. see also BVerwG NJW 2001, p. 1225
19. Cf. "Lyrik für Wähler" - Tierschutz, Grundgesetz und die Union, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (FAZ) 27.03.2002, p. 6
20. LAG Hessen 21.06.2001, NJW 2001, p. 3650
21. BAG NJW 2003, p. 1685
22. BVerfG NJW 2003, p. 2815
23. Council Directive 2000/78/EC of 27 November 2000 establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation, OJ L 303, 2.12.2000, p. 16. Cf. Mathias Rohe, "Schutz vor Diskriminierung aus religiösen Gründen im Europäischen Arbeitsrecht - Segen oder Fluch?" in: Krause/Veelken/Vieweg (Eds.), Recht der Wirtschaft und der Arbeit in Europa, Gedächtnisschrift für Wolfgang Blomeyer, Berlin 2004, p. 217
24. OVG Lüneburg FEVS 44, p. 465
25. VG Berlin NVwZ 1994, p. 617
26. See OVG Hamburg NJW 1992, p. 3118, 3119
27. Cf. LG Frankfurt a.M. FamRZ 1976, p. 217
28. LG Osnabrück NJW-RR 1998, p. 582
29. AG Bremen StAZ 1991, pp. 232f
30. VGH Kassel NVwZ-RR 1999, p. 274, 275
31. The English solution differs fundamentally from the German one. None of the widows is legally accepted as such, cf. Court of Appeal in Bibi v. Chief Adjudication Officer [1998] 1 FLR 375
32. Cf. OVG Koblenz 12.03.2004 (10 A 11717/03), not yet published
33. Cf. Verwaltungsgericht Stade, Informationsbrief Ausländerrecht 1983, p. 117 (propaganda of violence in a Qur'an school)
34. Ibrahim Cavdar, former general secretary of the VIKZ, "Allah ist schulreif", Die Zeit No. 31 23.7.1998, pp. 9, 11
35. For further details cf. Rohe, "The legal treatment of Muslims in Germany", in: Roberta Aluffi B.-P./Giovanna Zincone, The Legal Preatment of Islamic Minorities in Europe, 2004 (Peeters), p. 83
36. Tariq Ramadan, Po be a European Muslim, Leicester 1999, p. 138
37. For an introduction to Private International Law in English cf. Peter North and James Fawcett, Cheshire and North's Private International Law, London, 13th ed. 1999
38. Cf. Mathias Rohe, "Staatsangehörigkeit oder Lebensmittelpunkt?", in: Christoph Engel/Helmut Weber (Ed.), Festschrift für Dietrich Rothoeft, München 1994, pp. 1-39
39. For further details cf. Mathias Rohe, "Islamic Law in German Courts", Hawwa 1 (2003), p. 46
40. Cf. e.g. Dilger, "Tendenzen der Rechtsentwicklung", in: Ende/Steinbach (Eds.), Der Islam in der Gegenwart, 4th ed. München 1996, p. 187
41. Ali Mezghani, Le juge français et les institutions du droit musulman, J.D.I. 2003, pp. 721, 722
42. for the Maghrib as a whole cf. Nelle, Neue familien-rechtliche Entwicklungen im Maghreb, StAZ 2004, p. 253
43. Mathias Rohe, "Islamic Law in German Courts", 1 Hawwa (2003), 46-59, at 46 et seq
44. OLG Düsseldorf FamRZ 1998, p. 1113
45. Cf. Christian Wichard, Zwischen Markt und Moschee, Paderborn 1995, p. 180
46. Rüdiger Lohlker, Das islamische Recht im Wandel. Ribā, Zins und Wucher in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart, München 1999
47. Saeed, Islamic Banking and Interest. A Study of the Prohibition of Riba and its Contemporary Interpretation, Leiden/New York/Köln 1996
48. Iqbal, Islamic Banking and Finance: Current Developments in Pheory and Practice, Leicester 2001
49. Hilmar Krüger, "Zum islamischen Zinsverbot in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart", in: Fischer-Czermak et al. (Eds.), Festschrift Rudolf Welser, Wien 2004, p. 579
50. Mathias Rohe, "Islamisches Wirtschaften aus rechtlicher Sicht", in: Herrmann (Ed.), Wirtschafts- und rechtsethische Vorträge zu Grundfragen der Globalisierung, Ludwig-Erhard-Ringvorlesung 2002/03 der Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, to appear in 2004
51. Cf. "Das Geschäft mit islamischen Fondsanlegern wächst kräftig", Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung 20.12.1999, p. 35
52. "Zinsverbot umgangen. Commerzbank legt einen Fonds für Muslime auf", Erlanger Nachrichten 3.1.2000, p. 8
53. regarding legal problems see Kilian Bälz, "Islamic Investment Funds in Germany, International Bar Association", Arab Region Newshtter 2000 No. 2, p. 7
54. Bälz, "Islamische Aktienfonds in Deutschland?", BKR 2002, p. 447
55. Cf. Klarmann, Islamic Project Finance. A legal study with particular reference to the Laws of Switzerland and the United Arab Emirates, Zurich/Bâle/Genève 2003
56. Bälz, "A Murbaha Transaction in an English Court", ILAS 11(2004), p. 117
57. Cf. "A leap of faith for the Muslim world's investors", Financial Times 07.05. 2003, p. 8
58. Cf. "Islamischer Aktienfonds in Deutschland", Freitagsblatt 2/2 Februar 2000, p. 13
59. Cf. "Nicht nur für Fundis", Prisma 14/2000, p. 14
60. The Dow Jones Islamic Market Indexes include the DJ Islamic Market Index, the DJ Islamic Market US Index, the DJ Islamic Market Technology Index, the DJ Islamic Market Extra Liquid Index, the DJ Islamic Market Canadian Index, the DJ Islamic Market UK Index, the DJ Islamic Market Europe Index, and the DJ Islamic Market Asia/Pacific Index (for up to date information see http:// www.djindexes.com/jsp/islamicMarket.jsp?sideMenu=true)
61. It is based on a combination of leasing contracts concerning the state's real property. Muslims point out that they consider this kind of a public loan to be more appropriate for the sake of future generations than loans simply based on debts to be paid back in the future, because this asset backed loan is limited by the value of the existing assets (which will be inherited by future generations); cf. "Finanzmarkt: Islam-Anleihe aus Magdeburg", Die Bank 01.01.2004
62. Cf. "Sachsen-Anhalt bereitet erste islamische Anleihe vor", FAZ 06.11.2003, p. 31
63. "Anlegen mit Allahs Segen", Handelsblatt 14.07.2004, p. 29
64. Cf. the recent reports on doubtful investments in Turkey supported by certain organisations in "Neuer Markt auf Türkisch" (Michael Fröhlingdorf), Spiegel Online, http://www.spiegel.de/0,1518,283591,00.html, 29.01.2004
65. Cf. Iqbal Asaria, "Islamic home finance arrives on UK's high streets", Muslim News 25 July 2003 (no. 171), p. 6
66. Cf. Rohe, Islamic law, n. 39
67. Article 138 sect. 1: "A legal transaction which offends good morals is void."; cf. Rohe, "Islam und deutsches Zivilrecht", in: Ebert/Hanstein (Ed.), Beiträge zum Islamischen Recht II, 2003, pp. 35, 51
68. rd ed. London 1998, ch. 3-81
69. Cf. Shah-Kazemi, Untying the Knot. Muslim Women, Divorce and the Sharia, London 2001
70. Rohe, "Religiös gespaltenes Zivilrecht in Deutschland und Europa?", in: De Wall/Germann (Eds.), Festschrift Link, Tübingen 2003, pp. 409, 415 et seq
71. Badawi, "Muslim Justice in a Secular State", in: King (ed.), God's Law versus State Law. The Construction of an Islamic Identity in Western Europa, London 1995, p. 75
72. rd ed. London 1998, ch. 3-100
73. Cf. Rohe, "Die Reform des ägyptischen Familienrechts", StAZ 2001, p. 193
74. Pearl/Menski (1998), ch. 3-100
75. Cf. the position paper of the Canadian Council of Muslim Women, published on the homepage of the CCMW under http://www.ccmw.com/In%20Phe%20Press/ sharia_in_canada.htm (18.06.2004)
76. An English version can be found ob the homepage of the Central Council under http:/www.islam.de/?site=sonstiges/events/charta&di=en (called on 30.01. 2004). Critical reflections worth to be considered are found in Brunner, "Die 'Islamische Charta' des Zentralrats der Muslime in Deutschland", available under http://www. bpb.de/veranstaltungen/NTGHNT,0,0,Die_% 22Islamische_Charta %22_des_Zentralrats_ der_Muslime_in_Deutschland.html (30.01.2004) and Kandel, "Die Islamische Charta - Fragen und Antworten", available under http://www.fes-online-akademie.de/download/pdf/ KANDEL_ISLAMCHARTA.PDF (30.01.2004); but also see the statement of the Council's chairman Nadeem Elyas, "Die Islamische Charta - Resümee nach einem Jahr", in: Ökumenischer Vorbereitungsausschuß zur Woche der ausländischen Mitbürger 28. September - 4. Oktober 2003, Frankfurt/M 2003, p. 36
77. Larbi Kechat: "Le coran a été relevé au VIIe siècle: dans le contexte socioculturel de l'époque", entretien réal isé par Guy Gauthier, in Panoramiques No. 29 (2e trimestre-1997), L'islam est-il soluble dans la République, pp. 183, 189
78. Cf. Martinez-Torrón, "The Legal Status of Islam in Spain", in: Ferrari/Bradney (eds.), Islam and European Legal Systems, Aldershot a.o.. 2000, pp. 47, 56
79. Cf. Poulter, "The Claim to a Separate Islamic System of Personal Law for British Muslims", in: Mallat/Connors (Eds.), Islamic Family Law, London, reprint 1993, p. 147 with further references
80. Cf. Youssef Seddik, "Avons-nous jamais lu le Coran?", Esprit no. 239 (1/1998), p. 99
81. Cf. e.g. T. Ramadan, To be a European Muslim, Leicester 1999, pp. 82, 93
82. Cf. Ibn Rushd, al-Muqaddimāt al-mumahhida, Cairo 1325/1907 Vol. 2, p. 286
83. even stricter statements in al-Qayrawānī, Kitāb al-jihād min kitāb al-mawādir wa alziyāda (Ed. v. Bredow), Stuttgart 1994, at p. 486
84. Khoury, Islamische Minderheiten in der Diaspora, Mainz 1985, p. 128
85. cf. also Miller, "Muslim Minorities and the Obligation to Emigrate to Islamic Territory", Islamic Law and Society 7/2000, p. 258
86. Cf. only Dressendörfer, Islam unter der Inquisition. Die Morisco-Prozesse in Poledo 1575-1610, Wiesbaden 1971
87. See Ibn Baz/Uthaymeen, Muslim Minorities - Fatawa Regarding Muslims Living as Minorities, Hounslow 1998, especially p. 71
88. "The Fiqh Council of the Muslim World League on its 16th session in Mecca", reported in "A message from Muslim scholars to Muslim Minorities in the West", Daawah No. 4 1422 A.H./Feb. 2002, pp. 8, 11
89. M. Ali Kettani, Muslim Minorities in the World Poday, London 1986, p. 18
90. also see Abedin, "Muslim Minority Communities in the World Today", Islamochristiana 16 (1990), p. 1
91. nd ed. Kuwait 1990
92. Khālid 'Abd al-Qādir, Fiqh alaqallīyāt al-muslima, Tarābulus 1419/1998, p. 59
93. 2, II, p. 131
94. E.g. Rafiq Zakaria, Is Islam Secular?, Aligarh 1989, 54
95. Oubrou, "Die 'Minderheits-Scharia' in Frankreich: Reflexionen zu einer rechtlichen Integration des Islam", in: Escudier u.a. (Hrsg.), Der Islam in Europa. Der Umgang mit dem Islam in Frankreich und Deutschland, Göttingen 2003, pp. 193, 197
96. "Graz Declaration" of a Conference of leaders of Islamic centers and imams in Europe in Graz/Austria, June 13th-15th, 2003: "The medieval distinction between opposite 'dār al-Islām and 'dār al-hcombining dot belowarb' has to be objected. It is based neither in the Qur'ān nor in the Sunna, and has no relevance whatsoever nowadays, being a historical phenomenon which is outdated since a very long time" (translated from the German version by the author). The declaration is published on the homepage of the Central Council of Muslims in Germany, http://www.islam.de/?site=articles&archive=euroislamScarticle_number= 1651
97. also see the references in Shadid/Van Koningsveld, Religious Freedom and the Position of Islam in Western Europe, Kampen 1995, 3.2