Political violence in retrospect: Its effect on the mental health of Palestinian adolescents

International Journal of Behavioral Development

Volumn 32, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 283-289

  Haj Yahia, Muhammad M ^a  

^a HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEM   (Israel)

Author keywords

Exposure to political violence; First Palestinian Intifada; Long term effects of political violence; Mental health consequences of political violence; Palestinian children and adolescents

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGGRESSION; ANXIETY; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; CHILD PSYCHIATRY; CONFERENCE PAPER; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEMOGRAPHY; DEPRESSION; FEMALE; HUMAN; JUVENILE DELINQUENCY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MENTAL DISEASE; PALESTINE; POLITICS; PSYCHOSOCIAL WITHDRAWAL; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; SELF REPORT; SOCIAL PROBLEM; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; SOCIOECONOMICS; SOMATIZATION; SYMPTOMATOLOGY; THOUGHT DISORDER; VIOLENCE;

EID: 46949107213     PISSN: 01650254     EISSN: 14640651     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0165025408090971     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (56)

1. Abu-Hein, F., Qouta, S., Thabet, A., International Journal of Behavioral Development El Sarraj, E. (1993). Trauma and mental health of children in Gaza. British Medical Journal, 306, 1129.
2. Achenbach, T.M., & Edelbrock, C.S. (1987). Manual for the youth self-report and profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont Press.
3. Angel, B., Hjern, A., & Ingleby, D. (2001). Effects of war and organized violence on children: A study of Bosnian refugees in Sweden. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 71, 4-15.
4. Ayalon, O. (1983). Coping with terrorism: The Israeli case. In D. Meichenbaum & M. Jaremko (Eds.), Stress reduction and prevention (pp. 293-339). New York: Plenum.
5. Baider, L., & Rosenfeld, E. (1974). Effect of parental fear on children in wartime. Social Casework, 55, 497-503.
6. Baker, A. (1990). The psychological impact of the Intifadah on Palestinian children in the occupied West Bank and Gaza: An exploratory study. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 60, 496-505.
7. Baker, A., El-Husseini, S., Arafat, C., & Ayyoush, D. (1991). The Palestinian child in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Jerusalem: El Tawin Institute (Arabic).
8. Barber, B.K. (1999). Political violence, family relations, and Palestinian youth functioning. Journal of Adolescent Research, 14, 206-230.
9. Barber, B.K. (2001). Political violence, social integration, and youth functioning: Palestinian youth from the Intifada. Journal of Community Psychology, 29, 259-280.
10. Bat-Zion, N., & Levi-Shiff, R. (1993). Children in war: Stress and coping reactions under the threat of the scud missile attacks and the effect of proximity. In L.A. Leavitt & N. A Fox (Eds.), The psychological effects of war and violence on children (pp. 143-161). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
11. Cairns, E., & Wilson, R. (1993). Stress, coping and political violence in Northern Ireland. In J.P. Wilson & B. Raphael (Eds.), International handbook of traumatic stress syndromes (pp. 365-376). New York: Plenum Press.
12. Catherall, D.R. (2005). When terrorism threatens family functioning. In D.R. Catherall (Ed.), Family stressor: Interventions for stress and trauma (pp. 167-187). New York: Brunner-Routledge.
13. Davies, S. (2001). The long-term psychological effects of traumatic wartime experiences on older adults. Aging & Mental Health, 5 (2), 99-103.
14. Dawes, A., Tredoux, C., & Feinstein, A. (1989). Political violence in South Africa: Some effects on children of the violent destruction of their community. International Journal of Mental Health, 18, 16-43.
15. Foster, D., Davies, S., & Steele, H. (2003). The evacuation of British children during World War II: A preliminary investigation into the long-term psychological effects. Aging & Mental Health, 7, 398-408.
16. Fraser, M. (1974). Children in conflict. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
17. Freud, A., & Burlingham, D.T. (1943). War and children. New York: Medical War Books, Ernst Willard.
18. Garbarino, J., & Kostelny, K. (1996). The effects of political violence on Palestinian children's behavior problems: A risk accumulation model. Child Development, 67, 33-45.
19. Gerber, G.L. (1995). Gender stereotypes and the problem of marital violence. In L.L. Adler & F.L. Denmark (Eds.), Violence and the prevention of violence (pp. 145-155). Westport, CT: Praeger.
20. Greenbaum, C.W., Erlich, C., & Toubiana, Y. (1993). Settler children and the Gulf War. In L.A. Leavitt & N.A. Fox (Eds.), The psychological effects of war and violence on children (pp. 109-130). New York: Erlbaum.
21. Gupta, L., Dyregrov, A., Gjestad, R., & Mukanoheli, X. (1996, November). Trauma, exposure and psychological reactions to genocide among Rwandan refugees. Paper presented at the 12th Annual Conference of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, San Francisco, CA.
22. Haj-Yahia, M.M. (2000). Wife abuse and battering in the sociocultural context of Arab society. Family Process, 39, 237-255.
23. Haj-Yahia, M.M. (2001). The incidence of witnessing interparental violence and some of its psychological consequences among Arab adolescents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 25, 885-907.
24. Haj-Yahia, M.M., & Abdo-Kaloti, R. (2003) The rates and correlates of the exposure of Palestinian adolescents to family violence: Toward an integrativeholistic approach. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27, 781-806.
25. Haj-Yahia, M.M., Musleh, K., & Haj-Yahia, Y.M. (2002). The incidence of adolescent maltreatment in Arab society and some of its psychological effects. Journal of Family Issues, 23, 1032-1064.
26. Herberg, M., & Övensen, G. (1993). Palestinian society in Gaza, the West Bank and Arab Jerusalem. Oslo, Norway: FAFO.
27. Hunt, N., & Robbins, I. (2001 a). World War II veterans, social support, and veterans' associations. Aging & Mental Health, 5, 175-182.
28. Hunt, N., & Robbins, I. (2001 b). The long-term consequences of war: The experience of World War II. Aging & Mental Health, 5, 183-192.
29. Kaffman, M. (1977). Kibbutz civilian population under war stress. British Journal of Psychiatry, 130, 489-494.
30. Khamis, V. (1995). Coping with stress: Palestinian families and Intifada-related trauma. Unpublished manuscript. Palestine: Bethlehem University.
31. Khamis, V. (2000). Political violence and the Palestinian family. New York: The Haworth Press.
32. Kinzie, J.D., Sack, W.H., Argell, R.H., Manson, S., & Rath, B. (1986). The psychiatric effects of massive trauma on Cambodian children: 1. The children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 25, 370-376.
33. Klingman, A. (1992). Stress reactions of Israeli youth during the Gulf War: A quantitative study. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 23, 521-527.
34. Kuterovac-Jagodić, G. (2003). Post-traumatic stress symptoms in Croatian children exposed to war: A prospective study. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 59, 9-25.
35. Laufer, A., & Solomon, Z. (2006). Posttraumatic symptoms and posttraumatic growth among Israeli youth exposed to terror incidents. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 25, 429-447.
36. Liddell, C., Kemp, J., & Moema, M. (1993). The young lions - South African children and youth in political struggle. In L. Leavitt & N. Fox (Eds.), The psychological effects of war and violence on children (pp. 199-214). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
37. Macksoud, M. (1992). Assessing war trauma in children: A case study of Lebanese children. Journal of Refugees Studies, 5, 1-15.
38. Myers-Walls, J.A. (2003). Children as victims of war and terrorism. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 8 (1/2), 41-62.
39. Pat-Horenczyk, R., Abramovitz, R., Peled, O., Brom, D., Daie, A., & Chemtob, C.M. (2007). Adolescent exposure to recurrent terrorism in Israel: Posttraumatic distress and functional impairment. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 77, 76-85.
40. Punamäki, R.-L. (1999). The relationship of dream content and changes in daytime mood in traumatized vs. non-traumatized children. Dreaming, 9, 213-233.
41. Punamäki, R.-L., Qouta, S., & El Sarraj, E. (1997 a). Relationships between traumatic events, children's gender, and political activity and perceptions of parenting styles. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 21, 91-109.
42. Punamäki, R.-L., Qouta, S., & El Sarraj, E. (1997 b). Models of traumatic experiences and children's psychological adjustment: The roles of perceived parenting and children's own resources and activity. Child Development, 68, 718-728.
43. Qouta, S., Punamäki, R.-L., & El Sarraj, E. (1995). Impact of peace treaty on psychological well-being: A follow-up study on Palestinian children. Child Abuse & Neglect, 19, 1197-1208.
44. Qouta, S., Punamäki, R.-L., & El Sarraj, E. (1998). House demolition and mental health: Victims and witnesses. Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless, 7, 279-288.
45. Saigh, P.A. (1989). The validity of DSM-3 posttraumatic stress disorder classification as applied to children. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 198, 189-192.
46. Shaw, J.A. (2003). Children exposed to war/terrorism. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 6, 237-246.
47. Shields, L., & Bryan, B. (2002). The effect of war on children: The children of Europe after World War II. International Nursing Review, 49, 87-98.
48. Shmotkin, D., Blumstein, T., & Modan, B. (2003). Tracing long-term effects of early trauma: A broad-scope view of Holocaust survivors in late life. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 223-234.
49. Sigal, J.J. (1998). Long-term effects of the Holocaust: Empirical evidence for the resilience in the first, second, and third generation. Psychoanalytic review, 85, 579-585.
50. Smith, P., Perrin, S., Yule, W., & Rabe-Hesketh, S. (2001). War exposure and maternal reactions in the psychological adjustment of children from Bosnia-Hercegovina. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42, 395-404.
51. Thabet, A.A., & Vostanis, P. (1999). Posttraumatic stress reactions in children of war. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 40, 385-391.
52. Vizek-Vidovic, V., Kuterovac-Jagodić, G., & Arambasic, L. (2000). Posttraumatic symptomatology in childhood exposed to war. Scandanavian Journal of Psychology, 41, 297-306.
53. Voydanoff, P., & Donnelly, B.W. (1999). Risk and protective factors for psychological adjustment and grades among adolescents. Journal of Family Issues, 20, 328-349.
54. Yule, W., Smith, P.A., Perrin, S.G., Tukner, S.W., Shapo, L., Bowie, C., & Dunn, G. (2001, December). The mental health of Kosovan Albanian child refugees in the UK. Paper presented at the 17th Annual Meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, New Orleans, Louisiana.
55. Yule, W., Stuvland, R., Baingana, F.K., & Smith, P. (2003). Children in armed conflict. In B.L. Green et al. (Eds.), Trauma interventions in war and peace (pp. 217-242). New York: Kluwer Academic / Plenum.
56. Zeidner, M., Klingman, A., & Itskowitz, R. (1993). Children's affective reactions and coping under threat of missile attack: A semi-projective assessment procedure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 60, 435-457.