Carbon Nanotube-Based Electrochemical Biosensing Platforms: Fundamentals, Applications, and Future Possibilities

Recent Patents on Biotechnology

Volumn 1, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 181-191

  Luong, John H T ^a   Male, Keith B ^a   Hrapovic, Sabahudin ^a  

^a NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA   (Canada)

Author keywords

biosensors; Carbon nanotubes; covalent immobilization; dehydrogenases; DNA; electrochemical sensing; enzymes; functionalization; multi wall; NADH; noncovalent attachment; oxidases; single wall; solublization

Indexed keywords

CHEMICAL DETECTION; ELECTROCHEMICAL BIOSENSORS; ELECTRODES; ENZYME ELECTRODES; ENZYME IMMOBILIZATION; INFRARED DEVICES; MULTIWALLED CARBON NANOTUBES (MWCN); PATENTS AND INVENTIONS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SINGLE-WALLED CARBON NANOTUBES (SWCN); YARN;

COVALENT IMMOBILIZATION; DEHYDROGENASE; ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSING; FUNCTIONALIZATIONS; MULTI-WALL; NADH; NONCOVALENT ATTACHMENT; OXIDASE; SINGLE WALL; SOLUBLIZATION;

BIOMOLECULES;

CARBON NANOTUBE;

BIOTECHNOLOGY; CHEMISTRY; ELECTROCHEMISTRY; GENETIC PROCEDURES; METHODOLOGY; NANOTECHNOLOGY; PATENT; REVIEW;

BIOSENSING TECHNIQUES; BIOTECHNOLOGY; ELECTROCHEMISTRY; NANOTECHNOLOGY; NANOTUBES, CARBON; PATENTS AS TOPIC;

MLCS; MLOWN;

EID: 46849113721     PISSN: 18722083     EISSN: 22124012     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/187220807780809427     Document Type: Article

References (186)

1. Iijima S. Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon. Nature 1991; 354: 56-58
2. Dresselhauss MS, Dresselhauss G, Eklund PC. Science of fullerenes and carbon nanotubes. Academic Press, San Diego, 1996; 1-985.
3. Dekker C. Carbon nanotubes as molecular quantum wires. Phys World 1999; 52: 22-28
4. Treacy MMJ, Ebbesen TW, Gibson, JM. Exceptionally high Young's modulus observed for individual carbon nanotube. Nature 1996; 381: 678-80
5. Dai H. Controlling nanotube growth. Phys World 2000; 13: 43-47
6. Ebbesen TW, Ajayan PM. Large-scale synthesis of carbon nanotubes. Nature 1992; 358: 220-222
7. Ando Y, Iijima S. Preparation of carbon nanotubes by arc-discharge evaporation. Jpn J Appl Phys 1993; 32: L107-L109.
8. Zhao X, Wang M, Ohkohchi M, Ando Y. Morphology of carbon nanotubes prepared by carbon arc. Jpn J Appl Phys 1996: 35: 4451-4456
9. Iijima S, Ichihashi T. Single-shell carbon nanotubes of 1-nm diameter. Nature 1993; 363: 603-605
10. Sen R, Ohtsuka Y, Ishigaki T, et al. Time period for the growth of single-wall carbon nanotubes in the laser ablation process: evidence from gas dynamic studies and time resolved imaging. Chem Phys Lett 2000; 332: 467-473.
11. Che G, Lakshmi BB, Martin CR, Fisher ER, Ruoff RS. Chemical vapor deposition based synthesis of carbon nanotubes and nanofibers using a template method. Chem Mater 1998; 10: 260-267.
12. Kong J, Franklin N, Zhou C, Chapline M, Peng S, Cho K, Dai H. Nanotube molecular wires as chemical sensors. Science 2000; 287: 622-625.
13. Collins PG, Bradley K, Ishigami M, Zettl A. Extreme oxygen sensitivity of electronic properties of carbon nanotubes. Science 2000; 287: 1801-1804.
14. Kong J, Dai H. Full and modulated chemical gating of individual carbon nanotubes by organic amine compounds. J Phys Chem B 2001; 105: 2890-2893.
15. Shim M, Javey A, Kam NWS, Dai H. Polymer functionalization for air-stable n-type carbon nanotube field-effect transistors. J Am Chem Soc 2001; 123: 11512-11513.
16. Tsang SC, Davis JJ, Green MLH, Hill HAO, Leung YC, Sadler PJ. Immobilization of small proteins in carbon nanotubes: high-resolution transmission electron microscopy study and catalytic activity. J Chem Soc Chem Comm 1995; 2579-2580.
17. Tsang SS, Guo Z, Chen YK, Green MLH, Hill HAO, Hambley TW, Sadler PJ. Immobilization of platinated and iodinated oligonucleotides on carbon nanotubes. Angew Chem Int Ed 1997; 36: 2198-2220.
18. Guo Z, Sadler PJ, Tsang SC. Immobilization and visualization of DNA and proteins on carbon nanotubes. Adv Mater 1998; 10: 701-703.
19. Balavoine F, Schultz P, Richard C, Mallouh V, Ebbeson TW, Mioskowski C. Helical crystallization of proteins on carbon nanotubes: a first step towards the development of new biosensors. Angew Chem Int Ed 1999; 38: 1912-1915.
20. Bakker E, Qin Y. Electrochemical sensors. Anal Chem 2006; 78: 3965-3984.
21. Merkoci A, Pumera M, Llopis X, Perez B, del Valle M, Alegret S. New materials for electrochemical sensing VI: carbon nanotubes. Trends Anal Chem 2005; 24: 826-838.
22. Wang J. Nanomaterial-based electrochemical biosensors. Analyst 2005; 130: 421-426.
23. Dujardin E, Ebbesen TW, Hiura H, Tanigaki K. Capillarity and wetting of carbon nanotubes. Science 1994; 265: 1850-1852.
24. Yamamoto K, Shi G, Zhou T, Xu F Xu J, Kato T, Lin J-Y, Lin L. Study of carbon nanotubes-HRP modified electrode and its application for novel online biosensors. Analyst 2003; 128: 249-254.
25. O’Connell MJ, Boul P, Ericson LM, et al. Reversible water-solubilization of single-walled carbon nanotubes by polymer wrapping. Chem Phys Lett 2001; 342: 265-271.
26. Wang J, Musameh M, Lin Y. Solubilization of carbon nanotubes by Nafion toward the preparation of amperometric biosensors. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125: 2408-2409.
27. Chen J, Hamon MA, Hu H, et al. Solution properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes. Science 1998; 282: 95-98.
28. Tasis D, Tagmatarchis N, Georgakilas V, Prato M. Soluble carbon nanotubes. Chem Eur J 2003; 9: 4000-4008.
29. Islam MF, Rojas E, Bergey DM, Johnson AT, Yodh AG. High weight fraction surfactant solubilization of single-wall carbon nanotubes in water. Nano Lett 2003; 3: 269-273.
30. Liu J, Rinzler AG, Dai H, et al. Fullerene pipes. Science 1998; 280: 1253-1256.
31. Hirsch A. Functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes. Angew Chem Int Ed 2002; 114: 1933-1939.
32. Mawhinney DB, Naumenko V, Kuznetsova A, Yates Jr. JT, Liu J, Smalley RE. Surface defect site density on single walled carbon nanotubes by titration. Chem Phys Lett 2000; 324: 213-216.
33. Ramesh S, Ericson LM, Davis VA, et al. Dissolution of pristine single walled carbon nanotubes in superacids by direct protonation. J Phys Chem B 2004; 108: 8794-8798.
34. Wang S, Humphreys ES, Chung S-Y, et al. Peptides with selective affinity for carbon nanotubes. Nat Mater 2003; 2(3): 196-200.
35. Azamian BR, Davis JJ, Coleman KS, Bagshaw CB, Green MLH. Bioelectrochemical single-walled carbon nanotubes. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124: 12664-12665.
36. Dieckmann GR, Dalton AB, Johnson PA, et al. Controlled assembly of carbon nanotubes by designed amphiphilic peptide helices. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125: 1770-1777.
37. Zheng M, Jagota A, Strano MS, et al. Structure-based carbon nanotube sorting by sequence-dependent DNA assembly. Science 2003; 302: 1545-1548.
38. Chen RJ, Zhang Y, Wang D, Dai H. Noncovalent sidewall functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes for protein immobilization. J Am Chem Soc 2001; 123: 3838-3839.
39. Michelson ET, Huffman CB, Rinzler AG, Smalley RE, Hauge RH, Margrave JL. Fluorination of single-wall carbon nanotubes. Chem Phys Lett 1998; 296: 188-194.
40. Michelson ET, Chiang IW, Zimmerman JL, et al. Solvation of fluorinated single-wall carbon nanotubes in alcohol solvents. J Phys Chem B 1999; 103: 4318-4322.
41. Pekker S, Salvetat JP, Jakab E, Bonard JM, Forro L. Hydrogenation of carbon nanotubes and graphite in liquid ammonia. J Phys Chem B 2001; 105: 7938-7943.
42. Bahr JL, Yang J, Kosynkin DV, Bronikowski, MJ, Smalley RE, Tour JM. Functionalization of carbon nanotubes by electrochemical reduction of aryl diazonium salts: A bucky paper electrode. J Am Chem Soc 2001; 123: 6536-6542.
43. Bahr J L, Tour JM. Highly functionalized carbon nanotubes using in situ generated diazonium compounds. Chem Mater 2001; 13: 3823-3824.
44. Sun Y, Wilson SR, Schuster DI. High dissolution and strong light emission of carbon nanotubes in aromatic amine solvents. J Am Chem Soc 2001; 123: 5348-5349.
45. Holzinger M, Vostrowsky O, Hirsch A, et al. Sidewall functionalization of carbon nanotubes. Angew Chem Int Ed 2001; 40: 4002-4005.
46. Georgakilas V, Kordatos K, Prato M, Guldi DM, Holzinger M, Hirsch A. Organic functionalization of carbon nanotubes. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124: 760-761.
47. Sun YP, Huang W, Lin Y, et al. Soluble dendron-functionalized carbon nanotubes: Preparation, characterization, and properties. Chem Mater 2001; 13: 2864-2869.
48. Fu K, Huang W, Lin Y, Riddle LA, Carroll DL, Sun YP. Defunctionalization of functionalized carbon nanotubes. Nano Lett 2001; 1: 439-441.
49. Riggs JE, Guo Z, Carroll DL, Sun YP. Strong luminescence of solubilized carbon nanotubes. J Am Chem Soc 2000; 122: 5879-5880.
50. Jiang K, Eitan A, Schadler LS, et al. Selective attachment of gold nanoparticles to nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes. Nano Lett 2003; 3(3): 275-277.
51. Georgakilas V, Tzitzios V, Gournis D, Petridis D. Attachment of magnetic nanoparticles on carbon nanotubes and their soluble derivatives. Chem Mater 2005; 17: 1613-1617.
52. Elkin T, Jiang XP, Taylor S, et al. Immuno-carbon nanotubes and recognition of pathogens. ChemBioChem 2005; 6: 640-643.
53. Gu LR, Elkin T, Jiang XP, et al. Single-walled carbon nanotubes displaying multivalent ligands for capturing pathogens. Chem Comm 2005; 7: 874-876.
54. Georgakilas V, Kordatos K, Prato M, Guldi DM, Holzinger M, Hirsch A. Organic functionalization of carbon nanotubes. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 124: 760-761.
55. Georgakilas V, Tagmatarchis N, Pantarotto D, et al. Amino acid functionalisation of water soluble carbon nanotubes. Chem Comm 2002; 24: 3050-3051.
56. Pantarotto D, Partidos CD, Graff R, et al. Synthesis, structural characteri-zation, and immunological properties of carbon nanotubes functionalized with peptides. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125: 6160-6164.
57. Price BK, Hudson JL, Tour JM. Green chemical functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes in ionic liquids. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127: 14867-14870.
58. Rochette JF, Sacher E, Meunier M, Luong JHT. A mediatorless biosensor for putrescine using multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Anal Biochem 2005; 336: 305-311.
59. Zhao H, Ju H. Multilayer membranes for glucose biosensing via layer-by-layer assembly of multiwall carbon nanotubes and glucose oxidase. Anal Biochem 2006; 350: 138-144.
60. Zhang M, Gong K, Zhang H, Mao L. Layer-by layer asembled carbon nanotubes for selective determination of dopamine in the presence of ascorbic acid. Biosens Bioelectron 2005; 20: 1270-1276.
61. Liu G, Lin Y. Carbon nanotube-templated assembly of protein. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2006; 6: 948-953.
62. Yang D-Q, Rochetet, J-F, Sacher, E. Spectroscopic evidence for π-π interaction between poly(diallyl dimethylammonium) chloride and multiwalled carbon nanotubes. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109: 4481-4484.
63. He P, Bayachou M. Layer-by-layer fabrication and characterization of DNA-wrapped single-walled carbon nanotube particles. Langmuir 2005; 21: 6086-6092.
64. Liu G, Lin Y.Biosensor based on self-assembling acetylcholinesterase on carbon nanotubes for flow injection/amperometric detection of organophosphate pesticides and nerve agents. Anal Chem 2006; 78: 835-843.
65. Barisci JN, Wallace GG, MacFarlane DR, Baughman RH. Investigation of ionic liquids ass electrolytes for carbon nanotube electrodes. Electrochem Comm 2004; 6: 22-27.
66. Katakabe T, Kaneko T, Watanabe M, Hukushima T, Aida T. Electric double layer capacitors using ionic liquids and carbon nanotubes. J Electrochem Soc 2005; 152: A1913-A1916.
67. Fukushima T, Kosaka A, Ishimura Y, Yamamoto T, Takigawa T, Ishii N, Aida T. Molecular ordering of organic molten salts triggered by single-walled carbon nanotubes. Science 2003; 300: 2072-2074.
68. Yu B, Zhou F, Liu G, Liang Y, Huck WTS, Liu W. The electrolyte switchable solubility of multi-walled carbon naotube/ionic liquid (MWCNT/IL) hybrids. Chem Comm 2006: 2356-2358.
69. Arapalli S, Fireman H, Huffman C, et al. Carbon-nanotube-based electrochemical double-layer capacitor technologies for spaceflight applications. JOM 2005; 57: 26-31.
70. Musameh M, Wang J, Merkoci A, Lin Y. Low-potential stable NADH detection at carbon-nanotube-modified glassy carbon electrodes. Electrochem Comm 2002; 4: 743-746.
71. Lawrence NS, Deo RP, Wang J. Comparison of the electrochemical reactivity of electrodes modified with carbon nanotubes from different sources. Electroanalysis 2005; 17: 65-72.
72. Luong JHT, Hrapovic S, Wang D, Bensebaa F, Simard B. Solubilization of multiwall carbon nanotubes by 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane towards the fabrication of electrochemical biosensors with promoted electron transfer. Electroanalysis 2004; 16: 132-139.
73. Kim K, Je J, Baldwin, JW, Kooi S, Pehrsson PE, Buckley LJ. Solubilization of single-wall carbon nanotubes by supramolecular encapsulation of helical amylose. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125: 4426-4427.
74. Star A, Stoddart JF, Steuerman D, et al. Preparation and properties of polymer-wrapped single-walled carbon nanotubes. Angew Chem Int Ed 2001; 40: 1721-1725.
75. Huang W, Fernando S, Allard LF, Sun YP. Solubilization of single-walled carbon nanotubes with diamine-terminated oligomeric poly(ethylene glycol) in different functionalization reactions. Nano Lett 2003; 3: 565-568.
76. Fernando KAS, Lin Y, Sun YP. High aqueous solubility of functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes. Langmuir 2004; 20: 4777-4778.
77. Huang W, Lin Y, Taylor S, Gaillard J, Rao AM, Sun YP. Sonication-assisted functionalization and solubilization of carbon nanotube. Nano Lett 2002; 2: 231-234.
78. Penicaud A, Poulin P, Derre A, Anglaret E, Petit PJ. Spontaneous dissolution of a single-wall carbon nanotube salt. J Am Chem Soc 2005;127: 8-9.
79. Kahn MGC, Banerjee S, Wong SS. Solubilization of oxidized single-walled carbon nanotubes in organic and aqueous solvents through organic derivatization. Nano Lett 2002; 2: 1215-1218.
80. Pompeo F, Resasco DE. Water solubilization of single-walled carbon nanotubes by functionalization with glucosamine. Nano Lett 2002; 2: 369-373.
81. Dodziuk H, Ejchart A, Anczewski W, et al. Water solubilization, determination of the number of different types of single-wall carbon nanotubes and their partial separation with respect to diameters by complexation with η-cyclodextrin. Chem Comm 2003; 8: 986-987.
82. Zhang M, Smith A, Gorski W. Carbon nanotube-chitosan system for electrochemical sensing based on dehydrogenase enzymes. Anal Chem 2004; 76: 5045-5050.
83. Valentini F, Amine A, Orlanducci S, Terranova ML, Palleschi G. Carbon nanotube purification: preparation and characterization of carbon nanotube paste electrode. Anal Chem 2003; 75: 5413-5421.
84. Wang J, Musameh M. Carbon nanotube/Teflon composite electrochemical sensors and biosensors. Anal Chem 2003; 75: 2075-2079.
85. Pumera M, Merkoci A, Alegret S. Carbon nanotube-epoxy composites for electrochemical sensing. Sensors Actuators B 2006; 113: 617-622.
86. Gao M, Dai L, Wallace G. Glucose sensors based on glucose-oxidase-containing polypyrrole/aligned carbon nanotube coaxial nanowire electrodes. Synth Met 2003; 137: 1393-1394.
87. Loh KP, Zhao SL, Zhang WD. Diamond and carbon nanotube glucose sensors based on electropolymerization. Diamond Relat Mater 2004; 13: 1075-1079.
88. Wang J, Musameh M. Carbon nanotube screen-printed electrochemical sensors. Analyst 2004; 129:1-2.
89. Lawrence NS, Deo RP, Wang J. Comparison of the electrochemical reactivity of electrodes modified with carbon nanotubes from different sources. Electroanalysis 2005; 17: 65-72.
90. Yu X, Chattopadhyay D, Galeska I, Papadimitrakopoulos F, Rusling JF. Peroxidase activity of enzymes bound to the ends of single-wall carbon nanotube forest electrodes. Electrochem Comm 2003; 5: 408-411.
91. Gavalas VG, Law SA, Ball JC, Andrews R, Bachas LG. Carbon nanotube aqueous sol-gel composites: enzyme-friendly platforms for the development of stable biosensors. Anal Biochem 2004; 329: 247-252.
92. Xu Z, Chen X, Qu X, Jia J, Dong S. Single-wall carbon nanotube-based voltammetric sensor and biosensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2004; 20: 579-584.
93. Patolsky F, Weizmann Y, Willner I. Long-range electrical contacting of redox enzymes by SWCNT connectors. Angew Chem Int Ed 2004; 43: 2113-2117.
94. Liu J, Chou A, Rahmat W, Paddon-Row MN, Gooding JJ. Achieving direct electrical connection to glucose oxidase using aligned single walled carbon nanotube arrays. Electroanalysis 2005; 17: 38-46.
95. Droege, W. Free radicals in the physiological control of cell function. Physiol Rev 2001; 82: 47-95.
96. Wood ZA, Poole LB, Karplus PA. Peroxiredoxin evolution and the regulation of hydrogen peroxide signaling. Science 2003; 300(5619): 650-653.
97. Clark LCJr, Lyons C. Electrode systems for continuous monitoring in cardiovascular surgery. Ann NY Acad Sci 1962: 102: 29-45.
98. Scouten WH, Luong JHT, Brown RS. Enzyme or protein immobilization techniques for applications in biosensor design. Trends Biotechnol 1995; 13 (5): 178-185.
99. Hrapovic S, Liu Y, Male KB, Luong JHT. Electrochemical biosensing platforms using platinum nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes. Anal Chem 2004; 76: 1083-1088.
100. + at Azure-Chitosan Modified Carbon Electrode. Sensors and Actuators B 2007; 121:277-281.
101. Musameh M, Wang J, Merkoci A, Lin Y. Low-potential stable NADH detection at carbon-nanotube-modified glassy carbon electrodes Electrochem. Comm 2002; 4:743–746.
102. Chen J, Bao J.-C, Cai C.-X, Lu T.-H. Direct Electrochemical Oxidation of Dihydronicotiamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NADH) at an Ordered Carbon Nanotubes Electrode. Chin Chem Lett 2003; 14: 1171-1174.
103. Chen J, Cai C.-X. Direct Electrochemical Oxidation of NADPH at a Low Potential on the Carbon Nanotube Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode. Chin J Chem 2004; 22: 167-171.
104. Banks CE, Compton RG. Exploring the electrocatalytic sites of carbon nanotubes for NADH detection: an edge plane pyrolytic graphite electrode study. Analyst 2005; 130: 1232-1239.
105. Liu J, Tian S, Knoll W. Properties of polyaniline/carbon nanotube multilayer films in neutral solution and their applications for stable low-potential detection of reduced-nicotinamide adeniine dinucleotide. Langmuir 2005; 21: 5596-5599.
106. Antiochia R, Lavagnini I, Magno F. Electrocatalytic oxidation of NADH at single-wall carbon-nanotube-paste electrode:kinetic considerations for use of a redox mediator in solution and dissolved in paste. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 381: 1355-1361.
107. Banks CE, Compton RG. New electrodes for old:from carbon nanotubes to edge plane pyrolytic graphite. Analyst 2006; 131: 5-21.
108. Zeng J, Wei W, Zhai X, Yin J, Wu L. Low-potential nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide detection in a glassy carbon electrode modified with toluidine blue O functionalized multiwall carbon nanotubes. Anal Sci 2006; 22: 399-403.
109. Wang J, Angnes L, Martinez T. Scanning tunneling microscopic probing of surface fouling during the oxidation of nicotinamide coenzymes. Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg 1992; 29: 215-221.
110. Gooding JJ, Wibowo R, Liu JQ, et al. Protein electrochemistry using aligned carbon nanotube arrays. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125: 9006-9007.
111. Patolsky F, Weizmann Y, Willner I. Long-range electrical contacting of redox enzymes by SWCNT connectors. Angew Chem Int Ed 2004; 43: 2113-2117.
112. Zhang M, Gorski. Electrochemical Sensing Platform Based on the Carbon. Nanotubes/Redox Mediators-Biopolymer System. JACS 2005; 127: 2058-2059.
113. Raj CR, Chakraborty S. Carbon nanotubes-polymer-redox mediator hybrid thin film for electrocatalytic sensing. Biosens Bioelect 2006; 22: 700-6.
114. Riccarda A, Lo G. Development of a carbon nanotube paste electrode osmium polymer-mediated biosensor for determination of glucose in alcoholic beverages. Biosens Bioelectr 2007; 22: 2611-7.
115. Liu J, Tian S, Knoll W. Properties of polyaniline/ carbon nanotube multilayer films in neutral solution and their application for stable low-potential detection of reduced-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. Langmuir 2005; 21: 5596-5599.
116. Gao M, Dai L, Wallace GG. Biosensors based on aligned carbon nanotubes coated with inherently conducting polymers. Electroanalysis 2003; 15: 1089-1094.
117. Wang J, Musameh M. Enzyme-dispersed carbon-nanotube electrodes: a needle microsensor for monitoring glucose. Analyst 2003; 128: 1382-1385.
118. Rubianes MD, Rivas GA. Carbon nanotubes paste electrode. Electrochem Comm 2003; 5: 689-694.
119. Lin Y, Lu F, Tu Y, Ren Z. Glucose biosensors based on carbon nanotube nanoelectrode ensembles. Nano Lett 2004; 2: 191-195.
120. Joshi PP, Merchant SA, Wang Y, Schmidtke DW. Amperometric biosensors based on redox polymer-carbon nanotube-enzyme composites. Anal Chem 2005; 77: 3183-3188.
121. Besteman K, Lee J, Wiertz F, Heering H, Dekker C. Enzyme-coated carbon nanotubes as single-molecule biosensors. Nano Lett 2003; 3: 727-730.
122. Sotiropoulou S, Vamvakaki V, Chaniotakis NA. Stabilization of enzymes in nanoporous materials for biosensor applications. Biosens Bioelec 2005; 20: 1674-1679.
123. Luong JHT, Hrapovic S, Wang D. Multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) based electrochemical biosensors for mediatorless detection of putrescine. Electroanalysis 2005; 17(1): 47-53.
124. Brown RS, Luong JHT. A regenerable pseudo-reagentless glucose biosensor based on nafion polymer and 1,1'-dimethylferricinium mediator. Anal Chim Acta 1995; 310 (3): 419-427.
125. Rubianes MD, Rivas GA. Enzymatic biosensors based on carbon nanotubes paste electrodes. Electroanalysis 2004; 17: 73-78.
126. Wang J, Musameh M. A reagentless amperometric alcohol biosensor based on carbon-nanotube/teflon composite electrodes. Anal Lett 2003; 36: 2041-2048.
127. Valentini F, Salis A, Curulli A, Palleschi G. Chemical reversibility and stable low-potential NADH detection with nonconventional conducting polymer nanotubule modified glassy carbon electrodes. Anal Chem 2004; 76: 3244-3248.
128. Lin Y, Yantasee W, Wang J. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for the development of electrochemical biosensors. Front Biosci 2005; 10: 492-505.
129. Liaw H-W, Chen J-M, Tsai Y-C. Development of an amperometric ethanol biosensor based on a multiwalled carbon nanotube-nafion-alcohol dehydrogenase nanocomposite. J Nanosci Nanotech 2006; 6: 2396-2402.
130. Wang J, Musameh M. A reagentless amperometric alcohol biosensor based on carbon/teflon composite electrodes. Anal Letts 2003; 36: 2041-2048.
131. Massey, R.J., Martin, M.T., Dong, L., Lu, M., Fischer, A., Jamieson, F., Liang, P., Hoch, R., Leland, J.K.: US20067052861 (2006).
132. Yamamoto K, Shi G, Zhou TS, Xu F, Xu JM, Kato T, Jin JY, Jin L. Study of carbon nanotubes–HRP modified electrode and its application for novel online biosensors. Analyst 2003; 128: 249-254.
133. Xu JZ, Zhu JJ, Wu Q, Hu Z, Chen HY. An amperometric biosensor based on the coimmobilization of horseradish peroxidase and methylene blue on a carbon nanotubes modified electrode. Electroanalysis 2003; 15: 219-224.
134. Wang L, Wang J, Zhou F. Direct electrochemistry of catalase at a gold electrode modified with single-wall carbon nanotubes. Electroanalysis 2004; 16: 627-632.
135. Lin Y, Lu F, Wang J. Disposable carbon nanotube modified screen-printed biosensor for amperometric detection of organophosphorus pesticides and nerve agents. Electroanalysis 2004; 16: 145-149.
136. Ye JS, Wen Y, Zhang WD, Gan LM, Xu GQ, Sheu FS. Nonenzymatic glucose detection using multi-walled carbon nanotube electrodes. Electrochem Commun 2004; 6: 66-70.
137. Male KB, Hrapovic S, Liu Y, Wang D, Luong JHT. Electrochemical detection of carbohydrates using copper nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes. Anal Chim Acta 2004; 516 (1-2): 35-41.
138. Cui HF, Ye JS, Liu X, Zhang WD, Sheu FS. Pt–Pb alloy nanoparticle/carbon nanotube nanocomposite: a strong electrocatalyst for glucose oxidation. Nanotechnology 2006; 17: 2334-2339.
139. Sljukic B, Banks CE, Salter C, Crossley A, Compton RG. Electrochemically polymerised composites of multi-walled carbon nanotubes and poly (vinylferrocene) and their use as modified electrodes: application to glucose sensing. Analyst 2006; 131: 670-677.
140. Wang J, Musameh M. Electrochemical detection of trace insulin at carbon-nanotube-modified electrodes. Anal Chim Acta 2004; 511: 33-36.
141. Wang J, Hocevar SB, Ogorevc B. Carbon nanotube-modified glassy carbon electrode for adsorptive stripping voltammetric detection of ultratrace levels of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene. Electrochem Comm 2004; 6: 176-179.
142. Hrapovic S, Majid E, Liu Y, Male K, Luong JHT. Metallic nanoparticle-carbon nanotube composites for electrochemical determination of explosive nitroaromatic compounds. Anal Chem 2006; 78(15): 5504-5512.
143. Deo RP, Lawrence NS, Wang J. Electrochemical detection of amino acids at carbon nanotube and nickel-carbon nanotube modified electrodes. Analyst 2004; 129: 1076-1081.
144. Zhang S, Qu W, Huang W, Wu YJ. Fabrication of multi-wall carbon nanotube film on glassy carbon electrode surface and the determination of tyrosine. Nanosci Nanotechnol 2004; 4: 553-557.
145. Zhang W, Xie Y, Ai S, Wan F, Wang GJ, Jin L, Jin J. Liquid chromato-graphy with amperometric detection using functionalized multi-wall carbon nanotube modified electrode for the determination of monoamine neurotransmitters and their metabolites. J Chromatogr B 2003; 791: 217-225.
146. Wang HS, Li TH, Jia WL, Xu HY. Highly selective and sensitive determination of dopamine using a Nafion/carbon nanotubes coated poly(3-methylthiophene) modified electrode. Biosens Bioelectron 2006; 22(5): 664-669.
147. Wang J, Deo RP, Musameh M. Stable and sensitive electrochemical detection of phenolic compounds at carbon nanotube modified glassy carbon electrodes. Electroanalysis 2003; 15: 1830-1834.
148. Pedano M, Rivas GA. Adsorption and electrooxidation of nucleic acids at carbon nanotubes paste electrodes. Electrochem Comm 2004; 6: 10-16.
149. Wang J, Li M, Shi Z, Li N, Gu Z. Electrochemistry of DNA at single-wall carbon nanotubes. Electroanalysis 2004; 16: 140-144.
150. Wang J, Kawde A, Mustafa M. Carbon-nanotube-modified glassy carbon electrodes for amplified label-free electrochemical detection of DNA hybridization. Analyst 2003; 128: 912-916.
151. Li J, Ng HT, Cassell A, Fan W, Chen H, Ye Q, Koehne J, Meyyappan M. Carbon nanotube nanoelectrode array for ultrasensitive DNA detection. Nano Lett 2003; 3: 597-602.
152. Cai H, Cao X, Jiang Y, He P, Y Fang. Carbon nanotube-enhanced electrochemical DNA biosensor for DNA hybridization detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2003; 375: 287-293.
153. Wang J, Liu G, Rasul-Jan M. Ultrasensitive electrical biosensing of proteins and DNA: carbon-nanotube derived amplification of the recognition and transduction events. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126 (10): 3010-3011.
154. Kerman K, Morita Y, Takamura Y, Tamiya E. Escherichia coli single-strand binding protein-DNA interactions on carbon nanotube-modified electrodes from a label-free electrochemical hybridization sensor. Anal. Bioanal Chem 2005; 381: 1114-1121.
155. Kerman K, Morita Y, Takamura Y, Ozsoz M, Tamiya E. DNA-directed attachment of carbon nanotubes for enhanced label-free electrochemical detection of DNA hybridization. Electroanalysis 2004; 16: 1667-1672.
156. Cai H, Xu Y, He P, Fang YZ. Indicator free DNA hybridization detection by impedance measurement based on the DNA-doped conducting polymer film formed on the carbon nanotube modified electrode. Electroanalysis 2003; 15: 1864-1870.
157. Chen RJ, Choi HC, Bangsaruntip S, et al. An investigation of the mechanisms of electronic sensing of protein adsorption on carbon nanotube devices. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126: 1563-1568.
158. Star A, Gabriel JCP, Bradley K, Grüner G. Electronic detection of specific protein binding using nanotube FET devices. Nano Lett 2003; 3: 459-463.
159. Staii C, Johnson Jr AT. DNA-decorated carbon nanotubes for chemical sensing. Nano Lett 2005; 5 (9): 1774-1778.
160. So HM, Won K, Kim YH, et al. Single-walled carbon nanotube biosensors using aptamers as molecular recognition elements. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127: 11906-11907.
161. Star A, Tu E, Niemann J, Gabriel JCP, Joiner CS, Valcke C. Label-free detection of DNA hybridization using carbon nanotube network field-effect transistors. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2006; 103: 921-926.
162. Gui EL, Li LJ, Lee PS, et al. Electrical detection of hybridization and threading intercalation of deoxyribonucleic acid using carbon nanotube network field-effect transistors. Appl Phys Lett 2006; 89: 232104-232107.
163. Lee CS, Baker SE, Marcus MS, Yang WS, Eriksson MA, Hamers RJ. Electrically addressable biomolecular functionalization of carbon nanotube and carbon nanofiber electrodes. Nano Lett 2004; 4: 1713-1716.
164. Iijima, S.: US 5,747,161 (1992).
165. Ebbesen, T., Ajayan, P.M., Hiura, H.: US 5,641,466 (1994).
166. Bethune, D.S., Beyers, R.B., Kiang, C.-H.: US 5,424,054 (1993).
167. http://www.cnanotech.com/pages/resources_and_news/press_release_archive/pres_story_30_patents.html
168. Smalley, R.E., Colbert, D.T., Dai, H., Liu, J., Rinzler, A.G., Hafner, J.H., Smith, K.A., Guo, T., Nikolaev, P., Thess, A.: US20067108841 (2006).
169. Smalley, R.E., Colbert, D.T., Dai, H., Liu, J., Rinzler, A.G., Hafner, J.H., Smith, K.A., Guo, T., Nikolaev, P., Thess, A.: US20067105596 (2006).
170. Smalley, R.E., Colbert, D.T., Dai, H., Liu, J., Rinzler, A.G., Hafner, J.H., Smith, K.A., Guo, T., Nikolaev, P., Thess, A.: US20067097820 (2006).
171. Smalley, R.E., Colbert, D.T., Dai, H., Liu, J., Rinzler, A.G., Hafner, J.H., Smith, K.A., Guo, T., Nikolaev, P., Thess, A.: US20067087207 (2006).
172. Smalley, R.E., Colbert, D.T., Dai, H., Liu, J., Rinzler, A.G., Hafner, J.H., Smith, K.A., Guo, T., Nikolaev, P., Thess, A.: US20067071406 (2006).
173. Smalley, R.E., Colbert, D.T., Dai, H., Liu, J., Rinzler, A.G., Hafner, J.H., Smith, K.A., Guo, T., Nikolaev, P., Thess, A.: US20067067098 (2006).
174. Smalley, R.E., Colbert, D.T., Dai, H., Liu, J., Rinzler, A.G., Hafner, J.H., Smith, K.A., Guo, T., Nikolaev, P., Thess, A.: US20067052666 (2006).
175. Smalley, R.E., Colbert, D.T., Dai, H., Liu, J., Rinzler, A.G., Hafner, J.H., Smith, K.A., Guo, T., Nikolaev, P., Thess, A.: US20067048999 (2006).
176. Smalley, R.E., Colbert, D.T., Dai, H., Liu, J., Rinzler, A.G., Hafner, J.H., Smith, K.A., Guo, T., Nikolaev, P., Thess, A.: US20067048903 (2006).
177. Smalley, R.E., Colbert, D.T., Dai, H., Liu, J., Rinzler, A.G., Hafner, J.H., Smith, K.A., Guo, T., Nikolaev, P., Thess, A.: US20067041620 (2006).
178. Smalley, R.E., Colbert, D.T., Dai, H., Liu, J., Rinzler, A.G., Hafner, J.H., Smith, K.A., Guo, T., Nikolaev, P., Thess, A.: US20067008604 (2006).
179. Smalley, R.E., Colbert, D.T., Dai, H., Liu, J., Rinzler, A.G., Hafner, J.H., Smith, K.A., Guo, T., Nikolaev, P., Thess, A.: US20066986876 (2006).
180. Benavides, J.M., Leidecker, H.W., Frazier, J.: US20046740224 (2004).
181. Erlanger, B., Brus, L., Sheetz, M.: WO03007881 (2003).
182. Dai, H., Kong, J.: US2003068432 (2003).
183. Boussaad, S., Diner, B., Fan, J., Rostovtsev, V.: WO06137899 (2006).
184. Strano, M.S., Baik, S, Barone P.: WO07013872 (2007).
185. Melker, R.J., Dennis, D.M.: US20056974706 (2005).
186. Wang H, Gu L, Lin Y, Lu F, Meziani MJ, Luo PG, Wang W, Cao L, Sun YP. Unique aggregation of anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) spores by sugar-coated single-walled carbon nanotubes. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128(41): 13364-13365.