A model-independent method of determining energy scale and muon number in cosmic ray surface detectors

Astroparticle Physics

Volumn 29, Issue 6, 2008, Pages 355-365

  Schmidt, Fabian ^a,b   Ave, Maximo ^a,b   Cazon, Lorenzo ^a,b   Chou, Aaron ^c,d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

^c NEW YORK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d FERMI NATIONAL ACCELERATOR LABORATORY   (United States)

Author keywords

Cosmic rays: composition; EAS; Hadronic interaction models; UHECR

Indexed keywords

COSMOLOGY; DEPOSITS; DETECTORS; IONIZING RADIATION; NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUMBER THEORY; NUMERICAL METHODS; SURFACES;

(1 1 0) SURFACE; DETECTOR ARRAY (DA); DETECTOR SIGNALS; ELECTROMAGNETIC (EM); ENERGY SCALING; EXTENSIVE AIR SHOWERS (EAS); HIGH-ENERGY COSMIC RAYS; PARTICLE FLUXES; PRIMARY COSMIC RAYS; PRIMARY ENERGIES; SURFACE DETECTORS; ZENITH ANGLES;

COSMIC RAYS;

EID: 46749149631     PISSN: 09276505     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.astropartphys.2008.03.004     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. Ave M., Hinton J.A., Vázquez R.A., Watson A.A., and Zas E. Constraints on the ultrahigh-energy photon flux using inclined showers from the Haverah Park array. Physical Review D 65 6 (2002) 063007
2. Risse M., and Homola P. Search for ultra-high energy photons using air showers. Modern Physics Letters A 22 (2007) 749-766
3. 19 eV using the surface detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory. Available from: 0712.1147.
4. Greisen K. End to the cosmic-ray spectrum?. Physical Review Letters 16 (1966) 748-750
5. Zatsepin G.T., and Kuz'min V.A. Upper limit of the spectrum of cosmic rays. Soviet Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics Letters 4 (1966) 78
6. HiRes Collaboration, Observation of the GZK cutoff by the HiRes experiment. Available from: 0703099.
7. T. Yamamoto, for the Pierre Auger Collaboration, The UHECR spectrum measured at the Pierre Auger Observatory and its astrophysical implications. Available from: 0707.2638.
8. Pierre Auger Collaboration. Correlation of the highest-energy cosmic rays with nearby extragalactic objects. Science 318 (2007) 938
9. Nagano M., and Watson A.A. Observations and implications of the ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays. Reviews of Modern Physics 72 (2000) 689-732
10. A. Chou et al., An universal description of the particle flux distributions in extended air showers, in: Proceedings of the 29th International Cosmic Ray Conference, Pune, India, 2005.
11. Nerling F., Blümer J., Engel R., and Risse M. Universality of electron distributions in high-energy air showers - Description of Cherenkov light production. Astroparticle Physics 24 (2006) 421-437
12. Giller M., Kacperczyk A., Malinowski J., Tkaczyk W., and Wieczorek G. Similarity of extensive air showers with respect to the shower age. Journal of Physics G Nuclear Physics 31 (2005) 947-958
13. Góra D., Engel R., Heck D., Homola P., Klages H., Peķala J., Risse M., Wilczyńska B., and Wilczyński H. Universal lateral distribution of energy deposit in air showers and its application to shower reconstruction. Astroparticle Physics 24 (2006) 484-494
14. P. Billoir, C. Roucelle, J.-C. Hamilton, Evaluation of the primary energy of UHE photon-induced atmospheric showers from ground array measurements. Available from: 0701583.
15. P. Billoir, Indirect measurement of Xmax with the surface detector, Auger-internal GAP note 2004-010.
16. M.D. Healy, K. Arisaka, D. Barnhill, J. Lee, T. Ohnuki, A. Tripathi, Applying the constant intensity cut to determine composition, energy, and muon richness, Auger-internal GAP note 2006-020.
17. Hillas A.M., et al. Acta Physica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 29 Suppl. 3 (1970) 533
18. Newton D., Knapp J., and Watson A.A. The optimum distance at which to determine the size of a giant air shower. Astroparticle Physics 26 (2007) 414-419
19. R. Engel, for the Pierre Auger Collaboration, Test of hadronic interaction models with data from the Pierre Auger Observatory. Available from: 0706.1921.
20. Takeda M., et al. Energy determination in the Akeno giant air shower array experiment. Astroparticle Physics 19 (2003) 447-462
21. The Telescope Array Collaboration. The telescope array and its low energy extension. Nuclear Physics B Proceedings Supplements 165 (2007) 33-36
22. D. Heck, J. Knapp, J.N. Capdevielle, G. Schatz, T. Thouw, Corsika: A Monte Carlo code to simulate extensive air showers, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe Report FZKA 6019.
23. Ostapchenko S. Nonlinear screening effects in high energy hadronic interactions. Physical Review D 74 1 (2006) 014026
24. S. Ostapchenko, Status of QGSJET, in: American Institute of Physics Conference Series, vol. 928 of American Institute of Physics Conference Series, 2007, pp. 118-125.
25. A. Fassò et al., in: Proceedings of the International Conference on Adv. Monte Carlo Radiation Phys. (MC2000), Lisbon, Portugal.
26. Fletcher R.S., Gaisser T.K., Lipari P., and Stanev T. Sibyll: An event generator for simulation of high energy cosmic ray cascades. Physical Review D 50 (1994) 5710-5731
27. R. Engel, Air shower calculations with the new version of SIBYLL, in: International Cosmic Ray Conference, vol. 1 of International Cosmic Ray Conference, 1999, p. 415.
28. H. Fesefeldt, Report PITHA-85/02, RWTH Aachen.
29. Pierre Auger Collaboration, M. Kobal, A thinning method using weight limitation for air-shower simulations, Astroparticle Physics 15 (2001) 259-273.
30. Agostinelli S., et al. G4 - a simulation toolkit. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A 506 (2003) 250-303
31. Giller M., Stojek H., and Wieczorek G. Extensive air shower characteristics as functions of shower age. International Journal of Modern Physics A 20 (2005) 6821-6824
32. M. Ave, Reconstruction accuracy of the surface detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory, in: Proceedings of the 30th International Cosmic Ray Conference, Mérida, Mexico, 2007.
33. T. Pierog, R. Engel, D. Heck, Impact of uncertainties in hadron production on air-shower predictions. Available from: 0602190.
34. P. Sokolsky et al., UHE composition measurement by stereo HiRes experiment, in: International Cosmic Ray Conference, vol. 7 of International Cosmic Ray Conference, 2005, p. 385.
35. M. Unger, for the Pierre Auger Collaboration, Study of the cosmic ray composition above 0.4 EeV using the longitudinal profiles of showers observed at the Pierre Auger Observatory. Available from: 0706.1495.
36. Arciprete F., et al. AIRFLY: Measurement of the air fluorescence radiation induced by electrons. Nuclear Physics B Proceedings Supplements 150 (2006) 186-189
37. M. Chikawa et al., Energy estimation of AGASA events, in: International Cosmic Ray Conference, vol. 1 of International Cosmic Ray Conference, 2001, p. 329.
38. 18 eV. Journal of Physics A Mathematical General 7 (1974) 1199-1212
39. 18 eV measured with the Haverah Park array. Astroparticle Physics 19 (2003) 61-75
40. M.D. Healy, for the Pierre Auger Collaboration, Composition-sensitive parameters measured with the surface detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory. Available from: 0706.1569.
41. T. Pierog, K. Werner, New facts about muon production in extended air shower simulations. Available from: astro-ph/0611311.
42. K. Werner, T. Pierog, Extended air shower simulations using EPOS, in: American Institute of Physics Conference Series, vol. 928 of American Institute of Physics Conference Series, 2007, pp. 111-117.
43. Antoni T., et al. KASCADE measurements of energy spectra for elemental groups of cosmic rays: Results and open problems. Astroparticle Physics 24 (2005) 1-2
44. A. Laszlo, for the NA61 Collaboration, Na61/Shine at the CERN SPS. Available from: 0709.1867.