(ING): A vernacular baseline for english in appalachia

American Speech

Volumn 83, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 116-140

  Hazen, Kirk ^a  

^a WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 46749121026     PISSN: 00031283     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1215/00031283-2008-008     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. Anshen, Frank. 1969. "Speech Variation among Negroes in a Small Southern Community." Ph.D. diss., New York Univ.
2. Callaway, Morgan. 1889. 'The Absolute Participle in Anglo-Saxon." Ph.D. diss., John Hopkins Univ.
3. _. 1929. "Concerning the Origin of the Gerund in English." In Studies in English Philology: A Miscellany in Honor of Frederick Klaeber, ed. Kemp Malone and Martin B. Ruud, 32-49. Minneapolis: Univ. of Minnesota Press.
4. Campbell-Kibler, Kathryn. 2007. "Accent, (ING), and the Social Logic of Listener Perceptions." American Speech 82: 32-64.
5. Carpenter, Charles. 1974. "Remnants of Archaic English in West Virginia." In West Virginia People and Places, vol. 22 of The West Virginia Heritage Encyclopedia, ed. Jim Gomstock, 198-204. Richwood, W.Va.: Comstock.
6. Carver, Craig M. 1987. American Regional Dialects: A Word Geography. Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan Press.
7. Chambers, J. K 2003. Sociolinguistic Theory: Linguistic Variation and Its Social Significance, 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell.
8. Coupland, Nikolas. 2001. "Language, Situation, and the Relational Self: Theorizing Dialect-Style in Sociolinguistics. " In Style and Sociolinguistic Variation, ed. Penelope Eckert and John R. Rickford, 185-211. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
9. Curme, George O. 1912. "History of the English Gerund." Englischen Studien 45: 349-80.
10. Dal, Ingerid. 1952. "Zur entstehung des Englischen participium praesentis auf -ing." Norsk Tidsskrifi for Sprogvidenskab 16: 5-116.
11. Dial, Wylene P. 1972. "The Dialect of the Appalachian People." West Virginia History 30: 463-71.
12. Douglas-Cowie, Ellen. 1978. "Linguistic Code-Switching in a Northern Irish Village: Social Interaction and Social Ambition." In Sociolinguistic Patterns in British English, ed. Peter Trudgill, 37-51. London: Arnold.
13. Eckert, Penelope. 2000. Language Variation as Social Practice: The Linguistic Construction of Identity in Belten High. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell.
14. Fischer, John L. 1958. "Social Influence on the Choice of a Linguistic Variant." Word 14: 47-56.
15. Gaaf, W. van der. 1928. "The Gerund Preceded by the Common Case." English Studies 10: 33-41, 65-72.
16. Gainer, Patrick W. 1975. Witches, Ghosts, and Signs: Folklore of the Southern Appalachians. Grantsville, W.Va.: Seneca.
17. Gordon, Elizabeth, and Andrea Sudbury. 2002. "The History of Southern Hemispheres Englishes. "In Alternative Histories of English, ed. Richard Watts and Peter Trudgill, 67-86. London: Routledge.
18. Green, Lisa J. 2002. African American English: A Linguistic Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
19. Gruwell, Pamela. 1987. Clinical Phonology. 2nd ed. London: Croom Helm.
20. Guy, Gregory R. 1988. "Language and Social Class." In Linguistics: The Cambridge Survey, vol. 4, ed. Frederick J. Newmeyer, 37-54. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press.
21. Hazen, Kirk. 2002. "Identity and Language Variation in a Rural Community." Lan-guage 78: 240-57.
22. _. 2005. "Mergers in the Mountains: West Virginia Division and Unification." English World-Wide 26: 199-221.
23. _. 2006a. "IN/ING Variable." In Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, 2nd ed., ed. Keith Brown, 581-84. Oxford: Elsevier.
24. _. 2006b. "Final Days of Appalachian Heritage Language." In Language Variation and Change in the American Midland: A New Look at "Heartland "English, ed. Thomas E. Murray and Beth Lee Simon, 129-50. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
25. Houston, Ann. 1985. "Continuity and Change in English Morphology: The Variable (ING)." Ph.D. diss., Univ. of Pennsylvania.
26. Huddleston, Rodney, and Geoffrey K. Pullum. 2002. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
27. Irwin, BettyJ. 1967. "The Development of the -ing Ending of the Verbal Noun and the Present Participle from c. 700 to c. 1400." Ph.D. diss., Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison.
28. Kurath, Hans. 1949. A Word Geography of the Eastern United States. Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan Press.
29. Jespersen, Otto. 1926. "On -ing." Society for Pure English 25: 147-72.
30. Labov, William, 1966. The Social Stratification of English in New York City. Washington, D.C.: Center for Applied Linguistics.
31. _. 1989. 'The Child as Linguistic Historian." Language Variation and Change 1:85-97.
32. _. 2001. Principles of Linguistic Change. Vol. 2, Social Factors. Oxford: Blackwell.
33. Labov, William, Sharon Ash, and Charles Boberg. 2006. Atlas of North American English: Phonetics, Phonology, and Sound Change; A Multimedia Reference Tool Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
34. Langenhove, George Ch. van. 1925. On the Origin of the Gerund in English. Grand, France: van Rysselberghe & Rombaut.
35. Lass, Roger. 1992. "Phonology and Morphology." In The Cambridge History of the English Language, vol. 2, 1066-1476, ed. Norman Blake, 23-154. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
36. Lewis, Ronald L., and Dwight B. Billings. 1997. "Appalachian Culture and Economic Development: A Retrospective View on the Theory and Literature. "Journal of Appalachian Studies 3: 3-42.
37. Lowe, Solomon. 1755. The Critical Spelling-Book: An Introduction to Reading and Writing Readily and Correctly. London: Henry and Cave. Repr. Leeds: Scolar Press, 1967.
38. Montgomery, Michael B. 2006. "Language." In Encyclopedia of Appalachia, ed. Rudy Abramson and Jean Haskell, 999-1005. Knoxville: Univ. of Tennessee Press.
39. Mossé, Fernand. 1938. Histoire de la forme pé riphrastique être et participe présent en germanique. Part 2, Moyen-anglais et anglais moderne. Collection Linguistique (Société de linguistique de Paris) 43. Paris: Klincksieck.
40. Poutsma, H. 1923. The Infinitive, the Gerund and the Participles of the English Verb. Groningen, Netherlands: Noordhoff.
41. Preston, Dennis R. 1991. "Sorting Out the Variables in Sociolinguistic Theory." American Speech 66: 33-56.
42. Reid, Euan. 1978. "Social and Stylistic Variation in the Speech of Children: Some Evidence from Edinburgh." In Sociolinguistic Patterns in British English, ed. Peter Trudgill, 158-71. London: Arnold.
43. Richards, Melinda Lou. 2001. "An Examination of Change in Selected Vowel Structures of Three Generations of Native Appalachian Speakers." Ph.D. diss., Univ. of Tennessee.
44. Rooth, Erik. 1941. "Zur Geschichte der englischen Partizip-Präsens-Form auf-ing." Studia Neophilobgica 14: 71-85.
45. Shuy, Roger W., Walter A. Wolfram, and William K. Riley. 1968. Linguistic Correlates of Social Stratification in Detroit Speech. Final report, Cooperative Research Project Number 6-1347. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education, Bureau of Research.
46. Tagliamonte, SaIiA. 2004. "Somethi[n]'s Goi[n] Onl Variable (ing) at Ground Zero." In Language Variation in Europe: Papers from the Second International Conference on Language Variation in Europe, ICLaVE 2, Uppsala University, Sweden, June 12-14, 2003, ed. Britt-Louise Gunnarsson, Lena Bergström, Gerd Eklund, Staffan Fridell, Lise H. Hansen, Angela Karstadt, Bengt Nordberg, Eva Sundgren, and Mats Thelander, 390-403. Uppsala, Sweden: Dept. of Scandinavian Languages, Uppsala Univ.
47. _. 2006. Analysing Sociolinguistic Variation. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
48. Trudgill, Peter. 1974. The Social Differentiation of English in Norwich. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
49. Wald, Benji, and Timothy Shopen. 1981. "A Researcher's Guide to the Sociolinguistic Variable (ING)." In Style and Variables in English, ed. Timothy Shopen and Joseph M. Williams, 219-49. Cambridge, Mass.: Winthrop.
50. Woods, Howard. 1978. "A Socio-dialectology Survey of the English Spoken in Ottawa: A Study of Sociological and Stylistic Variation in Canadian English." Ph.D. diss., Univ. of British Columbia.
51. Wolfram, Walt, and Donna Christian. 1976. Appalachian Speech. Arlington, Va. : Center for Applied Linguistics.