Class/Race Polarisation in Venezuela and the Electoral Success of Hugo Chavez: A break with the past or the song remains the same?

Third World Quarterly

Volumn 29, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 731-748

  Cannon, Barry ^a  

^a DUBLIN CITY UNIVERSITY   (Ireland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLASS; ELECTION; ETHNOPOLITICS; PARTY POLITICS; POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY; POWER RELATIONS; RACE; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR;

SOUTH AMERICA; VENEZUELA;

EID: 46749103322     PISSN: 01436597     EISSN: 13602241     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01436590802075020     Document Type: Article

References (73)

1. Robert Miles & Malcolm Brown, Racism, London: Routledge, 2003, p105.
2. See Barry Cannon, 'April 2002: The myth of a united Venezuela', Bulletin of Latin American Research, 23 (3), 2004, pp 285-302.
3. Richard Gott, 'Latin America as a white settler society', Bulletin of Latin American Research, 26 (2), 2007, p 273
4. and Gregory Wilpert, Changing Venezuela by Taking Power, London: Verso, 2007, p 20.
5. Damarys Canache, 'Urban poor and political order', in Jennifer L McCoy & David J Myers (eds), The Unraveling of Representative Democracy in Venezuela, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004, pp44-46.
6. Kenneth Roberts, 'Social polarisation and the populist resurgence', in Steve Ellner & Daniel Hellinger (eds), Venezuelan Politics in the Chávez Era: Class, Polarization and Conflict, Boulder, CO: Lynne Reinner, 2003, p 66.
7. Canache, 'Urban poor and political order', p 46.
8. Carlos Subero, 'Clases sociales tienen distinto candidato', El Universal (Seccí on Nacional y Polí tica), 6 April 2000, at http://www.eluniversal.com/2000/04/06/06102AA.shtml, accessed 20 June 2003.
9. Datanalisis, Escenarios Julio, 2001, IV (3), 2003, p 21, Table 4.
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11. Evans/McDonough Co/Consultores 30.11, 'Clima Polí tica Votantes Venezolanos: Presentació n de resultados', 2007, at http://www.rethinkvenezuela.com/downloads/PRESENTACION_ENCUESTA_ NACIONAL_NOVIEMBRE_2007.pdf, accessed 15 January 2008.
12. Roberts, 'Social polarisation and the populist resurgence', p 55.
13. WR Wright, Café con Leche: Race, Class and National Image in Venezuela, Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1990.
14. Quinta Punto Fijo was the name of the house where the political agreement between the main parties, AD, COPEI and URD was drawn up after the 1958 coup against dictator Peréz Jimenez.
15. Miles & Brown, Racism, p 37.
16. Ibid, pp 89-90.
17. Ibid, p 11.
18. Ibid, p 105.
19. Ibid, p 117.
20. Ibid, p 118.
21. Jesú s Maria Herrera Salas, 'Ethnicity and evolution: The political economy of racism in Venezuela', Latin American Perspectives, 32, 2005, p 74.
22. Judith Ewell, Venezuela: A Century of Change, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1984, p 14.
23. Patrick Wolfe, Settler Colonialism and the Transformation of Anthropology, London: Cassell, 1999, p 163, cited in Gott, 'Latin America as a white settler society', p 272.
24. Gott, 'Latin America as a white settler society', p 273.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid.
27. Ibid.
28. Herrera Salas, 'Ethnicity and evolution', p 76.
29. Ibid, p 77.
30. Ibid.
31. Oficina Central de Estadistica e Informatica/Programa Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (OCEA/PNUD), Informe sobre Desarrollo Humano en Venezuela, 2000: Caminos para superar la probreza, Caracas: CDB Publicaciones, 2001, p 92.
32. Jun Ishibashi, 'Hacia una apertura del debate sobre el racismo en Venezuela: Exclusión y inclusión esteriotipada de personas negras en los medios de comunicación', in Daniel Mato (ed), Politicas de identidades y diferencias sociales en tiempos de globalización, Caracas: FACES-UCV, 2003, p 34.
33. Ibid, p 48.
34. Ibid, p 49.
35. World Values Survey, 'Online Data Analysis, Venezuela 1996, 2000: Sociodemographics Ethnic Description', at http://www.jdsurvey.net/ bdasepjds/wvsevs/home.jsp?OWNERWVS, accessed 15 January 2008.
36. Ewell, Venezuela.
37. Herrera Salas, 'Ethnicity and evolution'.
38. Fernando Coronil & Julie Skurski, 'Dismembering and remembering the nation: The semantics of political violence in Venezuela', Comparative Studies in Society and History, 33 (2), 1991, p 326.
39. Ibid, p 328.
40. Margarita Ló pez-Maya, 'Venezuela after the Caracazo: Forms of protest in a deinstitutionalized context', Bulletin of Latin American Studies, 21 (2), 2000, pp 199-219.
41. Ibid, pp 50-51.
42. For example, in 1992 unemployment stood at 7.1% as opposed to 6.9% in 1988. Of total employment in 1991, 59.5% was in the formal sector while 40.5% was in the informal sector, as opposed to 61.9% and 39.7% respectively in 1988. Between 1988 and 1991 poverty increased from 46% to 68% and extreme poverty from 14% to 34%. See E Lander, 'The impact of neoliberal adjustment in Venezuela, 1989-1993', Latin American Perspectives, 23 (3), 1996, pp 50-73.
43. MBR-200/Pirela Romero, Lt Col A MBR-200, El Arbol de las Tres Raíces, Valencia, Venezuela, 1994.
44. Ernesto Laclau, 'What's in a word?', in Francisco Panizza, Populism and the Mirror of Democracy, London: Verso, 2005, pp 324-329.
45. Ibid, p100.
46. Francisco Panizza, 'Introduction', in Panizza, Populism and the Mirror of Democracy, p 19.
47. Hugo Chávez Frías, A Dos Años del 4 de febrero, Yare, no publisher, 1994, p 3.
48. Hugo Chávez Frías, Seis discursos del Presidente Constitucional de Venezuela, Hugo Chávez Frías, Caracas: Ediciones de la Presidencia de la República, 2000, p 21.
49. Ibid, p 17.
50. Ibid, p 18.
51. Ibid, p 23.
52. Nicolas Kozlo., 'A real radical democracy: Hugo Chávez and the politics of race', October 2005, at www.venezuelanalysis.com/ articles.php?artno 1577.
53. 'President Chávez o.ers cheap oil to the poor of the United States', interview with President Chávez by Democracy Now!, at http://www.democracynow.org/2005/9/20/ venezuelas_president_chavez_o.ers_cheap_oil, accessed 15 January 2008.
54. Nestor Francia, Antichavismo y Estupidez Ilustrada, Caracas: Rayuela Taller de Ediciones, 2000, pp 109-111.
55. E Gomez, 'Sólo la presión social puede liberar conciencias', El Universal, 13 February 2002, p 4.
56. Herrera Salas, 'Ethnicity and evolution', p 85.
57. Ibid, pp 82-87.
58. Luis Duno Gottberg, 'Mob outrages: Reflections on the media construction of the masses in Venezuela (April 2000-January 2003)', Journal of Latin American Cultural Studies, 13 (1), 2004, p 120.
59. Ibid, p 124.
60. Ibid, p 115.
61. Ibid, p 131.
62. Wilpert, Changing Venezuela by Taking Power, p 20.
63. Patricia Marquez, 'Vacas flacas y odios gordos: La polarización en Venezuela', in Patricia Marquez & Ramón Piñango (eds), Realidades y Nuevos Caminos en esta Venezuela, Caracas: Ediciones del Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Administración, 2005, quoted in Herrera Salas, 'Ethnicity and evolution', p 86.
64. Herrara Salas, 'Ethnicity and evolution'.
65. NorbisMujica Chirinos & Sorayda Rincón González, 'Caracterizaci-acon de la política social y la política económica del actual gobierno venezolano: 1999-2004', Revista Venezolana de Economía y Ciencias Sociales, 12 (1), 2006, pp 31-57, at http://www.revele.com.ve/programas/indice/ ria.php?id-13331&rev-reveecciso, accessed 15 January 2008.
66. Mark Weisbrot, Luis Sandoval & David Rosnick, Poverty Rates in Venezuela: Getting the Numbers Right, at http://www.cepr.net/ index.php?option-com_content&task-view&id-61&Itemid-8, accessed
67. January 2008.
68. Ibid, p 10.
69. Terry Gibbs, 'Business as unusual: What the Chávez era tells us about democracy under globalisation', Third World Quarterly, 27 (2), 2006, p 272.
70. Programa Venezolano de Educación-Acción en Derechos Humanos (PROVEA), Informe Anual 2004-005, p18, at www.derechos.org, accessed 15 January 2008.
71. PROVEA, Informe Anual 2005-2006, pp 30-33, at www.derechos.org, accessed 15 January 2008.
72. Ibid, p 33.
73. PROVEA, Informe Anual 2006-2007, p 19, at www.derechos.org, accessed 15 January 2008.