North-South Cooperation in the refugee regime: The role of linkages

Global Governance

Volumn 14, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 157-178

  Betts, Alexander ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^b MacArthur Foundation

Author keywords

International cooperation; Issue linkage; North South; Refugees; UNHCR

Indexed keywords

EID: 46749100163     PISSN: 10752846     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/19426720-01402004     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. Most of the international relations literature on forced migration has been more historical and descriptive than theoretical. See, for example, G. Loescher and L. Monahan, eds., Refugees and International Relations (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990);
2. G. Loescher, The UNHCR and World Politics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001).
3. A. Suhrke, "Burden-Sharing During Refugee Emergencies: The Logic of Collective Action Versus National Action," Journal of Refugee Studies 11, no. 4 (1998): 396-415;
4. E. Thielemann, "Between Interests and Norms: Burden-Sharing in the European Union," Journal of Refugee Studies 16, no. 3 (2003): 253-273.
5. M. Duffield, Global Governance and the New Wars (London: Zed Books, 2001), pp. 4-7.
6. L. Schuster, "The Realities of a New Asylum Paradigm," COMPAS Working Paper WP-05-20 (Oxford: Centre on Migration Policy and Society, 2005);
7. A. Betts, "The International Relations of the 'New' Extraterritorial Approaches to Forced Migration," Refuge 22, no. 1 (2004): 58-70;
8. Oxfam, Foreign Territory: The Internationalisation of EU Asylum Policy (Oxford: Oxfam, 2005).
9. In 2001, 72 percent of the world's 12 million refugees were hosted by developing countries. UNHCR, Statistical Yearbook 2001 (Geneva: UNHCR, 2002).
10. G. Loescher and J. Milner, Protracted Refugee Situations: Domestic and International Security Implications, Adelphi Paper 375 (London: Routledge, 2005).
11. J. Crisp, "A New Asylum Paradigm? Globalization, Migration and the Uncertain Future of the International Refugee Regime," New Issues in Refugee Research, Working Paper No. 100 (Geneva: UNHCR, 2003).
12. This acknowledgment was, for example, present in the initial justificatory literature of UNHCR's Convention Plus initiative. See, for example, "Convention Plus at a Glance," www.unhcr.ch.
13. Suhrke, "Burden-Sharing During Refugee Emergencies," pp. 396-415.
14. The work of Todd Sandler has highlighted how some impurely public goods can simultaneously yield a range of private benefits (joint products) that accrue to the provider of that public good. See, for example, R. Cornes and T. Sandler, The Theory of Externalities, Public Goods and Club Goods (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997). This has been applied to analyze the refugee regime.
15. See, for example, A. Betts, "Public Goods Theory and the Provision of Refugee Protection," Journal of Refugee Studies 16, no. 3 (2003): 274-296.
16. Loescher, The UNHCR and World Politics, pp. 7-12.
17. Betts, "Public Goods Theory," pp. 274-296.
18. A. Hasenclever, P. Mayer, and V. Rittberger, Theories of International Regimes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), p. 50;
19. L. Martin, "The Rational State Choice of Multilateralism," in J. Ruggie, ed., Multilateralism Matters: The Theory and Praxis of an Institutional Form (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993), pp. 91-121.
20. J. Conybeare, "Public Goods, Prisoners' Dilemmas, and the International Political Economy," International Studies Quarterly 28, no. 1 (1984): 5-22.
21. A. Stein, "The Politics of Linkage," World Politics 33, no. 1 (1980): 62.
22. E. Haas, When Knowledge Is Power: Three Models of Change in International Organizations (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), p. 76.
23. V. Aggarwal, "Reconciling Multiple Institutions: Bargaining, Linkages and Nesting," in V. Aggarwal, ed., Institutional Designs for a Complex World (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998), p. 16;
24. E. Haas, "Why Collaborate? Issue-Linkage and International Regimes," in F. Kratochwil and E. Mansfield, eds., International Organization: A Reader (New York: Harper Collins, 1994), pp. 364-384;
25. Haas, When Knowledge Is Power, pp. 76-80.
26. Martin, "The Rational State Choice of Multilateralism," p. 105.
27. Ibid.
28. B. Stein, "Regional Efforts to Address Refugee Problems," paper presented at ISA, Toronto, 21 March 1997.
29. UN General Assembly Resolution 35/42, 25 November 1980.
30. R. Gorman, "Linking Refugee Aid and Development in Africa," in R. Gorman, ed., Refugee Aid and Development: Theory and Practice (London: Greenwood Press, 1993), p. 63.
31. UNHCR Archives, Post-ICARA Steering Committee, "3rd Draft of Steering Committee of Post-ICARA Coordination Meeting," held 15/9/81, New York, HCR/NY/572 (Fonds UNHCR 11, 391.62/460).
32. UN General Assembly Resolution 36/124, 14 December 1981, cited in J. Milner, "Golden Age? What Golden Age? A Critical History of African Asylum Policy," paper presented at the Centre for Refugee Studies, York University, 28 January 2004.
33. UNHCR Archives, Note for the File: Summary of Statements Relating to ICARA II Made at Informal Meetings of ExCom Representatives, 27/5/83 (Fonds UNHCR 11, 391.78/215).
34. UNHCR Archives, High Commissioner's Opening Remarks at the 3rd Steering Committee Meeting on ICARA II, 14/11/83, Jessen-Petersen's summary of the debate (Fonds UNHCR 11, 391.78/398A).
35. Stein, "Regional Efforts to Address Refugee Problems."
36. For an overview of the approach of ICARAII, see A. Betts, "International Cooperation and Targeting Development Assistance for Refugee Solutions: Lessons From the 1980s," Working Paper No. 91, New Issues in Refugee Research (Geneva: UNHCR, 2004).
37. UNHCR, "Review of the CIREFCA Process," 1994, www.unhcr.ch; UNHCR, "Questions and Answers About CIREFCA," prepared for the seminar "Implementation of a Human Development Approach for Areas Affected by Conflict in Central America and Related Strategies for the Post-CIREFCA Process," June 1993, UNHCR Fonds 11, Series 3, 391.85.5.
38. For a detailed analysis, see A. Betts, "Comprehensive Plans of Action: Insights from CIREFCA and the Indochinese CPA," Working Paper No. 120, New Issues in Refugee Research (Geneva: UNHCR, 2006).
39. "Introductory Statement by Mrs. Sadako Ogata," Informal Meeting of ExCom, Geneva, 28/1/94, UNHCR Fonds 391.86.5 (emphasis added).
40. For example, Article 8 of the Esquipulas II peace agreement referred explicitly to displacement, and CIREFCA's CPA was itself incorporated as Chapter 1 of UNDP's wider Special Programme of Economic Cooperation for Central America (PEC), which was the main development plan linked to the peace process. UNHCR's ability to promote a commitment to the displaced relied upon appealing to and channeling these wider interests. "From Conflict to Peace and Development: Note on Implementation of the Concerted Plan of Action of CIREFCA," Pablo Mateu (JSU) to K. Asomani (RBLAC), 17/3/92, UNHCR Fonds 361.86.5.
41. Jenifer Otsea, CIREFCA JSU, to UNHCR Brussels, "CIREFCA: A Strategy for Solutions," 8/2/93, UNHCR Fonds 391.86.5.
42. Memo, Ruprecht Von Arnim, Representative to Brussels, to Jenifer. Otsea, Headquarters, "The Ninth San José Summit of Foreign Ministers of the EC and Countries of Central America," 3/3/93, UNHCR Fonds 391.86/381.
43. Sérgio Vieira de Mello, "Preparation of the International Conference on Solutions to the Problems of Central American Refugees as a Contribution to Peace: Report on a Mission to Central America, Mexico and UN Headquarters, 16-18 March 1988," UNHCR Fonds 391.86.1.
44. Ibid.
45. "Principles and Criteria for the Protection and Assistance of Refugees, Repatriation and Displaced Persons," prepared by the Juridical Committee of CIREFCA, UNHCR Fonds 391.86.3 HCR/Mex/0890.
46. "Procedures for the Preparatory Activities of the Conference Itself and the Establishment of Follow-Up Mechanisms: Proposal Submitted to the Organizing Committee Meeting, Guatemala, 24 January 1989," UNHCR Fonds 391.86.3 HCR/ NYC/0102.
47. "Preparatory Meeting for CIREFCA, Guatemala, 12-14 April 1989," UNHCR Fonds 391.86.3.
48. "Vietnam and Laos Finally Join Talks on Refugees," New York Times, 30 October 1988.
49. Ibid.
50. Memo, Sérgio Vieira de Mello to Refeeudin Ahmed, Secretary-General's Office, "Recommended Opening Speech for Kuala Lumpur Meeting, 7-9 March," 22 March 1989, UNHCR Fonds 11, Series 3, 391.89 HCR/NYC/0248.
51. "Report on the Meeting of the Co-ordinating Committee for the International Conference on Indochinese Refugees," Geneva, 19-20 April 1989, UNHCR Fonds 391.89 HCR/THA/0516 (emphasis added).
52. Memo, UNHCR, Washington, DC, to Headquarters, "A Staff Report on the International Conference on Indochinese Refugees, 1989, prepared for 101st Congress," 7 July 1989, UNHCR Fonds 391.89
53. Memo, UNHCR Washington, DC, to Headquarters, "A Staff Report on the International Conference on Indochinese Refugees, 1989, prepared for 101st Congress," 7 July 1989, UNHCR Fonds 11, Series 3, 391.89.
54. "Opening Statement by the UN Secretary-General to the International Conference on Indochinese Refugees," Geneva, 13 June 1989, UNHCR Fonds 391.89.
55. Council for Refugee Rights Conference, Westminster, California, 7 May 1989, UNHCR Fonds 391.89.
56. Memo, UNHCR Washington, DC, to Headquarters, "A Staff Report on the International Conference on Indochinese Refugees, 1989," prepared for 101st Congress," 7 July 1989, UNHCR Fonds 391.89.
57. Ibid.
58. Aspen Institute, "Recommendations for the New Administration on United States Policy Towards Indochina," by Dick Clark, director of the Indochina Policy Forum, November 1988.
59. Interviews with UNHCR staff and relevant state diplomats following the close of the initiative in November 2005.
60. Statement by Ruud Lubbers, "Lubbers Launches Forum On Convention Plus Initiative," 27 June 2004, www.unhcr.ch.
61. Interview with Ardi Stoios-Braken, first secretary (Humanitarian Affairs), Netherlands, in Geneva, 16 September 2004.
62. Interview with Jeff Crisp, director of Policy and Research, Global Commission on International Migration, Geneva, 20 September 2004.
63. "Draft Framework for a Comprehensive Plan of Action for Somali Refugees," on file with the author.
64. Ruud Lubbers, Opening Statement, Second Convention Plus Forum, 12 March 2004, www.unhcr.ch.
65. Interview with Jean-François Durieux, head of the Convention Plus Unit (CPU), Geneva, 7 September 2004.
66. Statement of the Ugandan Government to the Fourth Convention Plus Forum, Geneva, 20 May 2005, on file with the author.
67. Swiss Forum for Migration and Population Studies, presentation to the Convention Plus Forum, Palais des Nations, Geneva, 23 February 2005, on file with the author.