The effect of CO2 regulations on the cost of corn ethanol production

Environmental Research Letters

Volumn 3, Issue 2, 2008, Pages

  Plevin, R J ^a   Mueller, S ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b 1120 Science and Engineering Offices   (United States)

Author keywords

Ethanol; Greenhouse gas emissions; Life cycle assessment; Low carbon fuel standard

Indexed keywords

ADDERS; COSTS; ETHANOL; FUELS; GLOBAL WARMING; GREENHOUSE GASES; LAND USE; LIFE CYCLE;

COAL FIRED PLANTS; COST OF PRODUCTIONS; ETHANOL PRODUCTION; LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT (LCA); LIFE CYCLE EMISSIONS; LOW CARBON FUELS; LOW-CARBON; PRODUCTION SYSTEM;

CARBON DIOXIDE;

EID: 46749090146     PISSN: None     EISSN: 17489326     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/3/2/024003     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. 2007 Clean Fuels and Vehicles Act of 2007
2. 2007 Energy Independence and Security Act
3. Chambers R S, Herendeen R A, Joyce J J and Penner P S 1979 Gasahol: does it or doesn't it produce positive net energy? Science 206 789-95
4. Chouinard H and Perloff J M 2004 Incidence of federal and state gasoline taxes Econ. Lett. 83 55-60
5. DeLuchi M A 1993 Emissions of greenhouse gases from the use of transportation fuels and electricity ANL/ESD/TM-22, Appendixes A-S vol 2 (Argonne, IL: Center for Transportation Research, Argonne National Laboratory)
6. Energy and Environmental Analysis Inc 2006 An assessment of the potential for energy savings in dry mill ethanol plants from the use of combined heat and power (CHP), US Environmental Protection Agency Combined Heat and Power Partnership, Available at http://www.epa.gov/chp/documents/ ethanol_energy_assessment.pdf
7. Energy Information Administration 2006 Average open market sales price of coal by state and coal rank. Retrieved 14 December 2007 from http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/coal/page/acr/table31.html
8. Energy Information Administration 2006 Average retail price of electricity to ultimate customers by end-use sector. Retrieved 14 December 2007 from http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epa/epat7p4.html
9. Energy Information Administration 2006 US Natural Gas Prices Industrial Price Data Series
10. Farrell A E, Plevin R J, Turner B T, O'Hare M, Jones A D and Kammen D M 2006 Ethanol can contribute to energy and environmental goals Science 311 506-8
11. Farrell A E et al 2007 A Low-Carbon Fuel Standard for California, Part 1: Technical Analysis UC Berkeley and UC Davis, Available at http://www.energy.ca. gov/low_carbon_fuel_standard/UC-1000-2007-002-PT1.PDF
12. Farrell A E et al 2007 A Low-Carbon Fuel Standard for California, Part 2: Policy Analysis UC Berkeley and UC Davis, Available at http://www.energy.ca. gov/low_carbon_fuel_standard/UC-1000-2007-002-PT2.PDF
13. Gallagher P W, Brubaker H and Shapouri H 2005 Plant size: capital cost relationships in the dry mill ethanol industry Biomass Bioenergy 28 565-71
14. Graboski M S 2002 Fossil energy use in the manufacture of corn ethanol National Corn Growers Association, Available at http://www.ncga.com/ethanol/ pdfs/energy_balance_report_final_R1.PDF
15. Hess J R, Wright C T and Kenney K L 2007 Cellulosic biomass feedstocks and logistics for ethanol production Biofuels Bioproducts Biorefining 1 181-90
16. Hill J, Nelson E, Tilman D, Polasky S and Tiffany D 2006 Environmental, economic, and energetic costs and benefits of biodiesel and ethanol biofuels Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 103 11206-10
17. Holland S P, Knittel C R and Hughes J E 2007 Greenhouse gas reductions under low carbon fuel standards? University of California Energy Institute, Center for Study of Energy Markets Available at http://repositories.cdlib.org/ ucei/csem/CSEMWP-167
18. Houghton J T, Ding Y, Grigg D J, Nogue M, van der Linden P J, Dai X, Maskell K and Johnson C A 2001 Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis ed Cambridge University Press (Cambridge: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change)
19. Kotrba R 2006 Larger scale, relative economics Ethanol Prod. Mag. (May)
20. Kwiatkowski J R, McAloon A J, Taylor F and Johnston D B 2006 Modeling the process and costs of fuel ethanol production by the corn dry-grind process Ind. Crops Prod. 23 288-96
21. McAloon A, Taylor F, Yee W, Ibsen K and Wooley R 2000 Determining the cost of producing ethanol from corn starch and lignocellulosic feedstocks NREL/TP-580-28893, US Dept of Agriculture and National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Available at http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy01osti/28893.pdf
22. Morris D and Ahmed I 1992 How much energy does it take to make a gallon of ethanol? Institute for Local Self-Reliance, Available at http://www. carbohydrateeconomy.org/library/admin/uploadedfiles/ How_Much_Energy_Does_it_Take_to_Make_a_Gallon_.html
23. Mueller S and Cuttica J 2006 Research investigation for the potential use of Illinois coal in dry mill ethanol plants Energy Resources Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Available at http://www.erc.uic.edu/PDF/mueller/ icci_coal_ethanol.pdf
24. Petrolia D R 2006 The economics of harvesting and transporting corn stover for conversion to fuel ethanol: a case study for Minnesota University of Minnesota, Available at http://agecon.lib.umn.edu/cgi-bin/pdf_view.pl?paperid = 23488
25. Pimentel D 1991 Ethanol fuels: energy security, economics, and the environment J. Agric. Environ. Ethics 4 1-13
26. Pimentel D and Patzek T 2005 Ethanol production using corn, switchgrass, and wood; biodiesel production using soybean and sunflower Nat. Resour. Res. 14 65-76
27. Portney P R 2003 Market-based approaches to environmental policy Resources (Summer 2003) Available at http://www.rff.org/rff/Documents/RFF- Resources-151-Marketapproaches.pdf
28. Righelato R and Spracklen D V 2007 Carbon mitigation by biofuels or by saving and restoring forests? Science 317 902
29. Searchinger T, Heimlich R, Houghton R A, Dong F, Elobeid A, Fabiosa J, Tokgoz S, Hayes D and Yu T-H 2008 Use of US croplands for biofuels increases greenhouse gases through emissions from land use change Science 319 1238-40
30. Shapouri H, Duffield J A and Graboski M S 1995 Estimating the net energy balance of corn ethanol Agricultural Economics Report No (AER721) Economic Research Service, US Dept of Agriculture, Available at http://www.ers.usda.gov/ publications/aer721/AER721.PDF
31. Shapouri H, Duffield J A and McAloon A 2004 The 2001 net energy balance of corn-ethanol Proc. Conf. on Agriculture as a Producer And Consumer Of Energy (Arlington, VA, June)
32. Shapouri H and Gallagher P W 2005 USDA's 2002 ethanol cost-of-production survey Agricultural Economics Report No 841 US Department of Agriculture, Available at http://www.usda.gov/oce/reports/energy/USDA_2002_ETHANOL.pdf
33. Tiffany D, Morey R V and De Kam M M 2007 Economics of biomass gasification/combustion at fuel ethanol plants 2007 ASABE Annual Int. Mtg (Minneapolis, MN)
34. Tiffany D G and Eidman V R 2003 Factors associated with success of fuel ethanol producers Staff Paper Series University of Minnesota p 62
35. US-EPA 1998 AP-42 5th edn chapter 1.1 Bituminous and subbituminous coal combustion. Retrieved 14 December 2007 from http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/ ch01/final/c01s01.pdf
36. US-EPA 1998 AP-42 5th edn chapter 1.4 Natural gas combustion. Retrieved 14 December 2007 from http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/ch01/final/c01s04.pdf
37. Wang M 2007 Land Use Change in GREET (Personal communication) ed R J Plevin
38. Wang M, Saricks C and Santini D 1999 Effects of fuel ethanol use on fuel-cycle energy and greenhouse gas emissions ANL/ESD-38 (Argonne, IL: Center for Transportation Research, Energy Systems Division, Argonne National Laboratory) Available at http://www.transportation.anl.gov/pdfs/TA/58.pdf
39. Wang M, Wu M and Huo H 2007 Life-cycle energy and greenhouse gas emission impacts of different corn ethanol plant types Environ. Res. Lett. 2 024001
40. Wang M Q 1999 GREET 1.5-transportation fuel-cycle model vol 1: methodology, development, use, and results ANL/ESD-39 vol 1 (Argonne, IL: Center for Transportation Research, Energy Systems Division, Argonne National Laboratory) Available at http://www.transportation.anl.gov/software/GREET/pdfs/ esd_39v1.pdf
41. Wang M Q 2007 GREET 1.8a Spreadsheet Model Retrieved October 2007 from http://www.transportation.anl.gov/software/GREET/