The social and attitudinal basis of political parties: Cleavage politics revisited

European Review

Volumn 16, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 287-304

  Enyedi, Zsolt ^a  

^a CENTRAL EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY   (Hungary)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEMOCRACY; PARTY POLITICS; POLITICAL CONFLICT; POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT; POLITICAL SYSTEM;

EURASIA; EUROPE;

EID: 46649115690     PISSN: 10627987     EISSN: 14740575     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S1062798708000264     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. S. Bartolini and P. Mair (1990) Identity, Competition, and Electoral Availability: The Stabilization of European Electorates, 1885-1985 (New York: Cambridge University Press), p. 215.
2. S. M. Lipset and S. Rokkan (1967) Introduction. In: S. M. Lipset and S. Rokkan (eds) Party Systems and Voter Alignments (New York: Free Press), pp. 1-64.
3. See among others P. Nieuwbeerta (1995) The Democratic Class Struggle in Twenty Countries 1945-1990 (Amsterdam: Thesis Publishers).
4. R. J. Dalton (2002) Political cleavages, issues, and electoral change. In: L. Le Duc, R. G. Niemi and P. Norris (eds) Comparing Democracies 2. New Challenges in the Study of Elections and Voting (Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications), pp. 189-209.
5. R. Inglehart (1990) Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Society (Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press).
6. R. J. Dalton (1996) Citizen Politics: Public Opinion and Political Parties in Advanced Industrial Democracies (Washington: Congressional Quarterly Press), p. 346.
7. M. Franklin (1985) The Decline of Class Voting in Britain (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985).
8. O. Knutsen (1988) The impact of structural and ideological party cleavages in Western European democracies: A comparative empirical analysis. British Journal of Political Science, 18, 323-52.
9. H. Schmitt and S. Holmberg (1995) Political parties in decline? In: D. Fuchs and H.-D. Klingemann (eds) Citizens and the State (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
10. R. Dalton (2004) Democratic Challenges, Democratic Choices: The Erosion of Political Support in Advanced Industrial Democracies (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
11. M. Franklin, T. Mackie et al. (1992) Electoral Change: Responses to Evolving Social and Attitudinal Structures in Western Countries (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
12. C. v. d. Eijk, M. Franklin, T. Mackie and H. Valen (1992) Cleavages, conflict resolution and democracy. In: M. Franklin, T. Mackie et al. (1992) Electoral Change, pp. 406-431.
13. For the synthesis of this literature see G. Evans (1999) The End of Class Politics? Class Voting in Comparative Context (Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press).
14. See for example O. Knutsen and E. Scarbrough (1995) Cleavage politics. In: J. W. v. Deth and E. Scarbrough (eds) The Impact of Values (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 492-523.
15. O. Knutsen (1995) Party choice. In: J. W v. Deth and E. Scarbrough (eds) The impact of Values (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 160-196.
16. M. Oskarson (2005) Social structure and party choice. In: J. Thomassen (ed.) The European Voter: A Comparative Study of Modern Democracies (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 84-105.
17. H. Kitschelt and A. J. McGann (1995) The Radical Right in Western Europe. A Comparative Analysis (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press).
18. H. G. v. d. Werfhorst and N. D. De Graaf (2004) The sources of political orientations in post-industrial society: Social class and education revisited. British Journal of Sociology, 55, 211-223.
19. J. Manza and C. Brooks (1999) Social Cleavages and Political Change (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
20. E. O. Wright (1985) Classes (London: Verso). H. Kitscheit (1994) The Transformation of European Social Democracy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
21. H. Kriesi (1999) Movements of the left, movements of the right: Putting the mobilization of two new types of social movement into political context. In: H. Kitschelt, P. Lange, G. Marks and J. D. Stephens (eds) Continuity and Change in Contemporary Capitalism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 398-423.
22. R. Stubager (2006) The education cleavage: New politics in Denmark (Aarhus: Politica).
23. W. Müller (1999) Class cleavages in party preferences in Germany - old and new. In: G. Evans (ed.) The End of Class Politics? Class Voting in Comparative Context (Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press), pp. 137-180.
24. O. Knutsen (2005) The impact of sector employment on party choice: A comparative study of eight West European countries. European Journal of Political Research, 44, 593-621.
25. H. Kriesi (1998) The transformation of cleavage politics. European Journal of Political Research, 33, 165-185.
26. S. Guimond, G. Bégin and D. L. Palmer (1989) Education and causal attribution: The development of 'person-blame' and 'system-blame' ideology. Social Psychology Quarterly, 52, 126-140.
27. J. L. Holland (1985) Making Vocational Choices: A Theory of Vocational Personalities and Work Environments (Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall).
28. G. Tóka (1998) Party appeals and voter loyalty in new democracies. Political Studies, 46, 589-610.
29. H. Kitschelt (2004) Diversification and reconfiguration of party systems in postindustrial democracies. In: Europäische Politik (Berlin: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung), http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/id/ 02608.pdf.
30. H. Kriesi, E. Grande, R. Lachat, M. Dolezal, S. Bornschier and T. Frey (2006) Globalization and the transformation of the national political space: Six European countries compared. European Journal of Political Research, 45, 921-956.
31. Cf. M. Mattila and T. Raunio (2006) Cautious voters - supportive parties: Opinion congruence between voters and parties on the EU dimension. European Union Politics, 7, 427-449.
32. C. v. d. Eijk and M. Franklin (2004) Potential for contestation on European matters at national elections in Europe. In: G. Marks and M. Steenbergen, (eds) European Integration and Political Conflict (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 32-50.
33. '...based on the differentiation of interests and ideological positions within established and bounded political communities'. S. Bartolini (2005) Restructuring Europe: Centre Formation, System Building, and Political Structuring Between the Nation State and the European Union (Oxford: Oxford University Press), p. 349.
34. As Przeworski and Sprague famously put it: '...the relative salience of class as a determinant of individual voting behavior is a cumulative consequence of the strategies pursued by political parties of the Left'. A. Przeworski and J. Sprague (1986) Paper Stones: A History of Electoral Socialism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press), p. 8.
35. Z. Enyedi (2005) The role of agency in cleavage formation. European Journal of Political Research, 44, 697-720.
36. P. Mair (2006) Cleavages. In: W. Crotty and R. Katz (eds) Handbook of Political Parties (London: Sage), pp. 371-375.
37. T. Holbrook and S. D. McClurg (2005) Presidential campaigns and the mobilization of core supporters. American Journal of Political Science, 49, 689-703, p. 701.
38. M. Elff (2007) Social structure and electoral behavior in comparative perspective: The decline of social cleavages in Western Europe revisited. Perspectives on Politics, 5, 277-294.
39. For example, J. Thomassen (ed.) (2005) The European Voter. A Comparative Study of Modern Democracies (Oxford: Oxford University Press)
40. N. D. De Graaf, A. Heath and A. Need (2001) Declining cleavages and political choices: The interplay of social and political factors in the Netherlands. Electoral Studies, 20, 1-15.
41. M. Oskarson (2005) Social structure and party choice. In: J. Thomassen (ed.) The European Voter. A Comparative Study of Modern Democracies (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
42. W. Bernecker and M. Günther (eds.) (2007) España: Del consenso a la polarización (Madrid and Frankfurt am Main: Iberoamericana and Vervuert).
43. D. M. Farrell (2006) Political parties in a changing campaign environment. In: R. D. Katz and W. Crotty (eds) Handbook of Party Politics (London: Sage), pp. 122-133.
44. H. Kitschelt (2000) Citizens, politicians, and party cartellization: political representation and state failure in post-industrial democracies. European Journal of Political Research, 37, pp. 149-179.
45. For example, K. Lawson (1999) Cleavages, parties, and voters. In: K. Lawson, A. Rommele and G. Karasimeonov (eds) Cleavages, Parties and Voters; Studies from Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Romania (Westport, CT and London: Praeger), pp. 19-34.
46. H. Kitschelt, Z. Mansfeldova, R. Markowski and G. Tóka (1999) Post-communist Party Systems: Competition, Representation, and Inter-Party Cooperation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
47. G. Tóka (2006) Elections and representation. In: P. Heywood, E. Jones, M. Rhodes and U. Sedelmeier (eds) Developments in European Politics (Basingstoke: Palgrave-Macmillan), pp. 117-135.
48. S. Whitefield (2002) Political cleavages and post-communist politics. Annual Review of Political Science, 5 181-200, p. 191.
49. H. Kitschelt (1995) The formation of party cleavages in post-communist democracies. Party Politics, 1, 447-472.
50. G. Tóka (1998) Party appeals and voter loyalty in new democracies. Political Studies, 46, 589-610.
51. A. Körösényi (1999) Government and Politics in Hungary (Budapest: CEU Press-Osiris).
52. R. Rose and I. McAllister (1986) Voters Begin to Choose: From Closed Class to Open Elections in Britain (London and Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications).
53. G. Evans and S. Whitefield (1993) Identifying the bases of party competition in Eastern Europe. British Journal of Political Science 23, 521-548.