Conflict prevention and the responsibility to protect

Global Governance

Volumn 14, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 135-156

  Bellamy, Alex J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

Author keywords

Conflict prevention; Institutions; Responsibility to protect; UN; War

Indexed keywords

EID: 46649105878     PISSN: 10752846     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/19426720-01402003     Document Type: Article

References (89)

1. International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, The Responsibility to Protect (Ottawa: ICISS, 2001).
2. Hereafter, Responsibility to Protect refers to the report and Responsibility to Protect refers to the concept.
3. For example, S. N. Macfarlane, C. J. Thielking, and Thomas G. Weiss, "The Responsibility to Protect: Is Anyone Interested in Humanitarian Intervention?" Third World Quarterly, 25, no. 5 (2004): 977-992.
4. Ramesh Thakur, The United Nations, Peace and Security: From Collective Security to the Responsibility to Protect (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), p. 257.
5. United Nations, "2005 World Summit Outcome," A/60/L.1.UN 2005, 20 September 2005, pars. 138, 140.
6. "Report of the Secretary-General on the Work of the Organization," General Assembly, A/2911, 15 September 1955.
7. Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict, Preventing Deadly Conflict: Final Report (Washington, DC: Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict, 1997).
8. Fen Osier Hampson and David M. Malone, "Introduction: Making Conflict Prevention a Priority," in F. O. Hampson and D. M. Malone, eds., From Reaction to Conflict Prevention: Opportunities for the UN System (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2002), p. 4
9. Oliver Ramsbotham, Tom Woodhouse, and Hugh Miall, Contemporary Conflict Resolution, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Polity, 2006), p. 124.
10. Kofi Annan, "Prevention of Armed Conflict: Report of the Secretary-General," A/55/985-S/2001/574, 7 June 2001.
11. D. Chigas, "The OSCE," in A. Chayes and A. H. Chayes, eds., Preventing Conflict in the Post-Communist World (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1996).
12. See Alice Ackerman, "The Idea and Practice of Conflict Prevention," Journal of Peace Research 40, no. 3 (2003): 339-347.
13. Human Security Centre, Human Security Report 2005 (Vancouver: Human Security Centre, 2005).
14. See Ken Menkhaus, "Conflict Prevention and Human Security: Issues and Challenges," Conflict, Security and Development 4, no. 3 (2004): 420.
15. ICISS, Responsibility to Protect, p. 27.
16. See John J. Kirton and Radoslava N. Stefanova, eds., The G8, the United Nations and Conflict Prevention (Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2004).
17. See Paul D. Williams, British Foreign Policy Under New Labour, 1997-2005 (London: Palgrave, 2005), pp. 79, 85, 148.
18. ICISS, Responsibility to Protect, p. 19.
19. Ibid., p. 21.
20. Ibid., pp. 21-22.
21. Ibid., p. 23.
22. Ibid., p. 25.
23. Ibid., p. 26.
24. Ibid., p. 25.
25. Ibid.
26. High-Level Panel Report on Threats, Challenges and Change: A More Secure World-Our Shared Responsibility, A/59/565, 2 December 2004, par. 25.
27. Summarized from A More Secure World, pars. 90-104.
28. Kofi Annan, "Action Plan to Prevent Genocide," SG/SM/9197 AFR/893, 7 April 2004.
29. Task Force on the United Nations, American Interests and UN Reform (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 2005), p. 33.
30. African Union, "Common African Position on the Proposed Reform of the United Nations," African Union Executive Council, Ext/EX.CL/2(VII), 7-8 March 2005;
31. Non-Aligned Movement, "Statement by Chairman of the Non-Aligned Movement Concerning the Draft Outcome Document of the High-Level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly," 21 June 2005.
32. Non-Aligned Movement, "Statement," p. 2.
33. Ibid., p. 5;
34. African Union, "Common African Position," p. 5.
35. Reform the UN, "State-by-State Positions on the Responsibility to Protect," 15 August 2005, www.reformtheun.org/index.php/issues/100-theme= alt42005, p. 8.
36. UN Security Council, S/PV 4334, 21 June 2001.
37. People's Republic of China, "Position Paper of the People's Republic of China on United Nations Reforms," 7 June 2005, pp. 10-12.
38. Government of Canada, "Non-Paper on The Responsibility to Protect and the Evolution of the United Nations' Peace and Security Mandate: Submission to the UN High-Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change," 2005, par. 6.3.
39. Reform the UN, "State-by-State," p. 5.
40. Ibid., p. 7.
41. Ibid., pp. 8, 10.
42. African Union, "Common African Position," p. 3.
43. Luck, "Prevention," p. 256.
44. UN Security Council, S/PV.4174, 20 July 2000, p. 4.
45. See Maria Banda, "The Responsibility to Protect: Moving the Agenda Forward," Report for the United Nations Association of Canada, March 2007.
46. Kofi Annan, "Progress Report on the Prevention of Armed Conflict," A/60/ 891, 18 July 2006, p. 4.
47. For example, John Burton, Global Conflict: The Domestic Sources of International Crisis (Brighton, UK: Wheatsheaf, 1984);
48. and Michael Lund, Preventing Violent Conflicts: A Strategy for Preventive Diplomacy (Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace, 1996).
49. See Peter Wallensteen, ed., Preventing Future Conflicts: Past Record and Future Challenges (Uppsala: Uppsala University, 1998).
50. For example, Paul Collier et al., Breaking the Conflict Trap: Civil War and Development Policy (Oxford: Oxford University Press/World Bank, 2003).
51. Hugh Miall, "Global Governance and Conflict Prevention," in Fergal Cochrane, Rosaleen Duffy, and Jan Selby, eds., Global Governance, Conflict and Resistance (Houndmills, UK: Palgrave, 2003), pp. 59-77.
52. Lund, Preventing Violent Conflicts, p. 35.
53. Ramesh Thakur, "Iraq and the Responsibility to Protect," Behind the Headlines 61, no. 1 (2004): 1-16.
54. Thomas G. Weiss, "The Sunset of Humanitarian Intervention? The Responsibility to Protect in a Unipolar Era," Security Dialogue 35, no. 2 (2004): 135.
55. Set out in detail in Alex J. Bellamy and Paul D. Williams, "The West and Contemporary Peace Operations," Journal of Peace Research, forthcoming.
56. Lee Feinstein and Anne-Marie Slaughter, "A Duty to Prevent," Foreign Affairs 83, no.1 (2004): 136-150.
57. Ibid., p. 138.
58. Ibid., p. 147.
59. Ibid.
60. Ibid., pp. 148-149.
61. The National Security Strategy of the United States of America (Washington, DC: The White House, 2002), p. 15.
62. Ibid.
63. Ian Johnstone, "US-UN Relations After Iraq: The End of the World (Order) As We Know It?" European Journal of International Law 15, no. 4 (2004): 832.
64. Chris Brown, "Self-Defense in an Imperfect World," Ethics and International Affairs 17, no. 1 (2003): 2.
65. George W. Bush, speech to the German Parliament, 23 May 2002, in Stefan Halper and Jonathan Clarke, America Alone: The Neo-Conservatives and the Global Order (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), p. 140.
66. Alex J. Bellamy, Just Wars: From Cicero to Iraq (Oxford: Polity, 2006), pp. 175-178.
67. Statement by H. E. Ban Ki-moon, Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade of the Republic of Korea, at the General Debate of the 60th Session of the United Nations General Assembly, 18 September 2005, www.un.org/webcast/ga/60/ statements/kor050918eng.pdf.
68. Yevgeny Primakov, "UN Process, Not Humanitarian Intervention, Is World's Best Hope," New Perspectives Quarterly, 2 September 2004, www.digitalnpq.org/global_services/global%20viewpoint/02-09-04primakov.html.
69. Anita Inder Singh, "UN at Sixty: New Strategies a Must for Effectiveness," The Tribune: On-Line, Edition (Chandigarh, India), 30 September 2005, www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050930/edit.htm#4.
70. Statement by H. E. Ambassador Stafford Neil, Permanent Representative of Jamaica to the United Nations and Chairman of the Group of 77, on the Report of the Secretary-General Entitled "In Larger Freedom," 6 April 2005, www.g77.org/Speeches/040405.htm.
71. Set out in Alex J. Bellamy, "A Responsibility to Protect or a Trojan Horse? The Crisis in Darfur and Humanitarian Intervention After Iraq," Ethics and International Affairs 19, no. 2 (2005).
72. Lloyd Axworthy, Gareth Evans, and Ramesh Thakur, "Responsibility to Protect: Redefining Sovereignty," MacArthur Newsletter, Summer 2005, p. 9.
73. See Gareth Evans and Mohammed Sahnoun, "The Responsibility to Protect," Foreign Affairs 81, no. 6 (2002): 99-110.
74. ICISS, The Responsibility to Protect, pars. 6.19-6.21.
75. Nicholas J. Wheeler, "Legitimating Humanitarian Intervention: Principles and Procedures," Melbourne Journal of International Law 2, no. 2 (2001): 566.
76. Ramesh Thakur, "No More Rwandas: Intervention, Sovereignty and the Responsibility to Protect," Humanitarian Exchange, http://odihpn.org/report.asp-ID=2605.
77. Wheeler, "Legitimating Humanitarian Intervention," p. 566.
78. UN Security Council, S/PV.5027, 2 September 2004, esp. p. 3.
79. See Menkhaus,"'Conflict Prevention."
80. Banda, "The Responsibility to Protect," pp. 12-17.
81. See Paul D. Williams, "Indifference and Intervention: International Society and Human Rights in Africa," International Journal of Human Rights 5, no. 2 (2001).
82. Daniela Kroslak, The Role of France in the Rwandan Genocide (London: Hurst, 2007).
83. Susan L. Woodward, Balkan Tragedy: Chaos and Dissolution After the Cold War (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1995).
84. See "Talisman Oil Operations Prolong Sudan Civil War," Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, 11 November 2000, www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2000/02/14/ talisman000214.html;
85. and Williams, British Foreign Policy.
86. Government of Canada, "Non-Paper," par. 6.3.
87. ICISS, Responsibility to Protect, par. 6.11.
88. Ibid., par. 6.29-6.40.
89. Ibid., vol. 2.