Funding the international refugee regime: implications for protection

Global Governance

Volumn 14, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 241-258

  Whitaker, Beth Elise ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA AT CHARLOTTE   (United States)

Author keywords

Africa; Compliance; Funding; International regimes; Refugees

Indexed keywords

EID: 46649091317     PISSN: 10752846     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/19426720-01402008     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. While the tendency in recent literature has been to focus specifically on international organizations or formal agreements, the broader concept of a regime allows us to examine issue areas in which cooperation among states is guided by several such instruments.
2. Lisa L. Martin and Beth A. Simmons, "Theories and Empirical Studies of International Institutions," International Organization 52, no. 4 (Autumn 1998): 729-757.
3. Raimo Väyrynen, "Funding Dilemmas in Refugee Assistance: Political Interests and Institutional Reforms in UNHCR," International Migration Review 35, no. 1 (Spring 2001): 143-167.
4. Jimin Zhao, "The Multilateral Fund and China's Compliance with the Montreal Protocol," Journal of Environment and Development 11, no. 4 (December 2002): 331-354. The full title of the protocol is Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer.
5. Erica R. Gould, "Money Talks: Supplementary Financiers and International Monetary Fund Conditionality," International Organization 57, no. 3 (Summer 2003): 551-586.
6. Daniel L. Nielson and Michael J. Tierney, "Delegation to International Organizations: Agency Theory and World Bank Environmental Reform," International Organization 57, no. 2 (Spring 2003): 241-276.
7. Alexander Cooley and James Ron, "The NGO Scramble: Organizational Insecurity and the Political Economy of Transnational Action," International Security 27, no. 1 (Summer 2002): 5-39.
8. These findings are based largely on interviews with Tanzanian policymakers in 2003. Travel was funded by a Junior Faculty Research Grant from the University of North Carolina at Charlotte.
9. Amelia Bookstein, "UNHCR and Forgotten Emergencies: Can Funds Be Found?" Forced Migration Review 10 (April 2001): 46-48.
10. Gil Loescher, "UNHCR at Fifty: Refugee Protection and World Politics," in Nikiaus Steiner, Mark Gibney, and Gil Loescher, eds., Problems of Protection: The UNHCR, Refugees, and Human Rights (New York: Routledge, 2003).
11. Erika Feller, "The Evolution of the International Refugee Protection Regime," Journal of Law and Policy 5 (2001): 129-139.
12. Gil Loescher, Beyond Charity: International Cooperation and the Global Refugee Crisis (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993);
13. Gil Loescher, The UNHCR and World Politics: A Perilous Path (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001);
14. Raimo Väyrynen, "Funding Dilemmas in Refugee Assistance";
15. Astri Suhrke and Kathleen Newland, "UNHCR: Uphill into the Future," International Migration Review 35, no. 1 (Spring 2001): 284-302;
16. Jeffrey Crisp, "Mind the Gap! UNHCR, Humanitarian Assistance and the Development Process," International Migration Review 35, no. 1 (Spring 2001): 168-191;
17. Karen Jacobsen, "Can Refugees Benefit the State? Refugee Resources and African Statebuilding," Journal of Modern African Studies 40, no. 4 (2002): 577-596.
18. In 1983, then president Julius Nyerere was awarded the Nansen Medal for Outstanding Service to Refugees by UNHCR.
19. Beth Elise Whitaker, "Disjunctured Boundaries: Refugees, Hosts, and Politics in Tanzania," PhD diss. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1999.
20. Interview with Brian Vaughan, senior program officer, UNHCR Tanzania, Dar es Salaam, 12 June 2003.
21. Despite prompting by the interviewers and claims by the Burundi government, refugees did not attribute their departure to the recent inauguration of a Hutu president at home. Interview with Jesse Kamstra, TCRS, Kibondo, Tanzania, 3 July 2003.
22. This group is distinct from approximately 37,000 refugees who returned to Burundi in 2003 with UNHCR assistance. Since then, nearly 200,000 more refugees have returned to Burundi through a voluntary repatriation program that has been heavily promoted by the Tanzanian government.
23. Loren B. Landau, "The Humanitarian Hangover: Transnationalization of Governmental Practice in Tanzania's Refugee-Populated Areas," Refugee Survey Quarterly 21, no. 1-2 (April 2002): 260-299.
24. Beth Elise Whitaker, "Creating Alternatives: Refugee Relief and Local Development in Western Tanzania," in Ondine Barrow and Mike Jennings, eds., The Charitable Impulse: Relief, Development and Non-Governmental Organisations in North East Africa (Oxford: James Cuney, 2001).
25. Beth Elise Whitaker, "Refugees in Western Tanzania: The Distribution of Burdens and Benefits Among Local Hosts," Journal of Refugee Studies 15, no. 4 (2002): 339-358.
26. J. M.K. Lwehabura, C. W. Bobillier, and D. Byabato, "A Short Brief on the Refugee Problem and Security Along the Tanzania-Rwanda-Burundi Border," Office of the Prime Minister and First Vice President, Dar es Salaam: United Republic of Tanzania, 1995.
27. Mark Lawrence and Alex King, "Household Food Economy Assessment of Burundian Refugees in Northwest Tanzania," undertaken jointly by Save the Children Fund (UK), WFP Tanzania, and UNHCR Tanzania, 1998.
28. UNHCR, "Tanzania: UNHCR Expresses Appreciation of WFP Food Ration Increase, Despite Inadequate Donor Funding," UNHCR Briefing Notes, 11 March 2005.
29. Interview with Yves Horent, European Commission Humanitarian Aid Office (ECHO), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 13 June 2003.
30. In a speech at a workshop of the Refugee Review Policy Project on 15 December 2000, Johnson Brahim, a senior official in the Refugees Department, made the following statement: "The refugees Tanzania hosts come from countries facing land shortages due to their small sizes but at the same time having one of the highest population growth rates. Hence one cannot rule out the possibility of deliberate policies to keep outside part of the population in order to create enough space for those remaining. As to the refugees themselves, they may consider remaining in Tanzania for the sake of land they may be offered."
31. Interview with Duane Poppe, TCRS, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 16 June 2003.
32. Sadako Ogata, "The Future of Refugee Work (Excerpt of a Speech Given by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees on May 22, 1998)," Migration World Magazine 26, no. 5 (Sept.-Oct. 1998): 29-31.
33. Speech delivered by Joseph Rwegasira, minister for foreign affairs and international co-operation, when opening the International Workshop on the Refugee Crisis in the Great Lakes Region, Arusha, Tanzania, 16-19 August 1995.
34. This official asked to remain anonymous.
35. Interview with Brian Vaughan, 12 June 2003.
36. The development of "Africa's first world war" in Congo suggests these worries were not unfounded.
37. US Committee for Refugees, "Funding Crisis in Refugee Assistance: Impact on Refugees," USCR press release, 20 November 2002.
38. 33: Gil Loescher, "The UNHCR and World Politics: State Interests vs. Institutional Autonomy," International Migration Review 35, no. 1 (Spring 2001): 33-56;
39. Michael Barnett and Martha Finnemore, Rules for the World: International Organizations in Global Politics (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2004).