Fabricating random arrays of boron doped diamond nano-disc electrodes: Towards achieving maximum Faradaic current with minimum capacitive charging

Sensors and Actuators, B: Chemical

Volumn 133, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 118-127

  Xiao, Lei ^a   Streeter, Ian ^a   Wildgoose, Gregory G ^a   Compton, Richard G ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Atomic force microscopy; Boron doped diamond; Diffusion; Nanoelectrode; Random array; Voltammetry

Indexed keywords

BORON; CHEMICALS; COPPER PLATING; DIAMONDS; ELECTRODES; ELECTROPOLYMERIZATION; HYDROCHLORIC ACID; HYDROLYSIS; INORGANIC ACIDS; MOLYBDENUM; NANOPARTICLES; NANOSTRUCTURES; NONMETALS; POLYMER FILMS; POLYMERS;

(1 1 0) SURFACE; BORON DOPED DIAMOND (BDD); CHARGING (MATERIALS); DISC ELECTRODES; ELECTRODE SURFACES; FARADAIC CURRENTS; MOLYBDENUM DIOXIDE; POLYMER LAYERS; RANDOM ARRAYS; STEP METHOD (STEM);

METALLIZING;

EID: 46449136941     PISSN: 09254005     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2008.02.003     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Harrison T.S. Who discovered microelectrodes. J. Hist. Neurosci. 9 (2000) 165
2. Bard A.J., and Faulkner L.R. Electrochemical Methods, Fundamentals and Applications. 2nd edition (2001), John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York
3. Davies T.J., Brookes B.A., and Compton R.G. A computational and experimental study of the cyclic voltammetry response of partially blocked electrodes. Part III: Interfacial liquid-liquid kinetics of aqueous vitamin B12s with random arrays of femtolitre microdroplets of dibromocyclohexane. J. Electroanal. Chem. 566 (2004) 193-216
4. Davies T.J., Brookes B.A., Fisher A.C., Yunus K., Wilkins S.J., Greene P.R., Wadhawan J.D., and Compton R.G. A computational and experimental study of the cyclic voltammetry response of partially blocked electrodes. Part II: Randomly distributed and overlapping blocking systems. J. Phys. Chem. B 107 (2003) 6431-6444
5. Davies T.J., Ward-Jones S., Banks C.E., Del Campo J., Mas R., Munoz F.X., and Compton R.G. The cyclic and linear sweep voltammetry of regular arrays of microdisc electrodes: fitting of experimental data. J. Electroanal. Chem. 585 (2005) 51-62
6. Davies T.J., Banks C.E., and Compton R.G. J. Solid State Electrochem. 9 (2005) 797
7. Aoki K., and Osteryoung J. Diffusional inpdependence criteria. J. Electroanal. Chem. 125 (1981) 315
8. Caudill W.L., Howell J.O., and Wightman R.M. Diffusional independence criteria. Anal. Chem. 54 (1982) 2532
9. Simm A.O., Ward-Jones S., Banks C.E., and Compton R.G. Novel methods for the production of silver microelectrode-arrays: their characterisation by atomic force microscopy and application to the electroreduction of halothane. Anal. Sci. 21 (2005) 667-671
10. Welch C.M., and Compton R.G. The use of nanoparticles in electroanalysis: a review. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 384 (2006) 601-619
11. Lanyon Y.H., and Arrigan D.W.M. Recessed nanoband electrodes fabricated by focused ion beam milling. Sens. Actuators B 121 (2007) 341
12. Lanyon Y.H., De Marzi G., Watson Y.E., Quinn A.J., Gleeson J.P., Redmond G., and Arrigan D.W.M. Fabrication of nanopore array electrodes by focused ion beam milling. Anal. Chem. 79 (2007) 3048
13. Sandison M.E., and Cooper J.M. Nanofabrication of electrode arrays by electron-beam lithography and nanoimprint lithographies. Lab. Chip 8 (2006) 1020
14. Ordeig O., Banks C.E., Davies T.J., del Campo J., Mas R., Munoz F.X., and Compton R.G. Regular arrays of microdisc electrodes: simulation quantifies the fraction of 'dead' electrodes. Analyst 131 (2006) 440-445
15. Besenhard J.O., Schulte A., Schur K., and Jannakoudakis P.D. Carbon fibre microelectrodes, NATO ASI Series E. Appl. Sci. 197 (1991) 189
16. Niwa O. Carbo nanostructured film based microelectrodes. Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan 78 (2005) 555
17. Fletcher S., and Horne M.D. Random assemblies of microelectrodes (RAM electrodes) for electrochemical studies. Electrochem. Commun. 1 (1999) 502-512
18. Ordeig O., Banks C.E., Davies T.J., del Campo J., Munoz F.X., and Compton R.G. The linear sweep voltammetry of random arrays of microdisc electrodes: fitting of experimental data. J. Electroanal. Chem. 592 (2006) 126-130
19. Fungaro D.A., and Brett C.M.A. Microelectrode arrays: application in batch-injection analysis. Anal. Chim. Acta 385 (1999) 257-264
20. Cain L.J. Metal ion analysis by diffusional microtitration: electrochemical generation of EDTA at carbon-fiber microelectrode arrays. Diss. Abstr. Int. B 59 (1998) 195
21. Guo Y., Shao M., Zhang C., and Zhao J. Determination of neurotransmitter in body fluid with voltammetry at bevelled carbon fiber array electrodes. Fenxi Huaxue 25 (1997) 527-530
22. Armstrong-James M., and Millar J. Carbon fibre microelectrodes. J. Neurosci. Methods 1 (1979) 279-287
23. Pingarron J.M., and Yanez-Sedeno Orive P. Trends in Electrochemistry and Corosion at the Beginning of the 21st Century (2004), University of Barcelona, Barcelona
24. Ivanov I., Puretzky A., Eres G., Wang H., Pan Z., Cui H., Jin R., Howe J., and Geohegan D.B. Fast and highly anisotropic thermal transport through vertically aligned carbon nanotube arrays. Appl. Phys. Lett. 89 (2006) 223110/223111-223110/223113
25. Ye J.-S., Wen Y., Zhang W.-D., Cui H.F., Xu G.Q., and Sheu F.-S. Electrochemical functionalization of vertically aligned carbon nanotube arrays with molybdenum oxides for the development of a surface-charge-controlled sensor. Nanotechnology 17 (2006) 3994-4001
26. Wang H., Xu Z., and Eres G. Order in vertically aligned carbon nanotube arrays. Appl. Phys. Lett. 88 (2006) 213111/213111-213111/213113
27. Ye X.R., Chen L.H., Wang C., Aubuchon J.F., Chen I.C., Gapin A.I., Talbot J.B., and Jin S. Electrochemical modification of vertically aligned carbon nanotube arrays. J. Phys. Chem. B 110 (2006) 12938-12942
28. Shin S.J., Choi D.-W., Kwak H.-S., Lim G.I., and Choi Y.S. Matrix-free laser desorption/ionization on vertically aligned carbon nanotube arrays. Bull. Kor. Chem. Soc. 27 (2006) 581-583
29. Zheng R., Cheng G.A., Peng Y., Zhao Y., Liu H., and Liang C. Synthesis of vertically aligned carbon nanotube arrays on silicon substrates. Sci. Chin. Ser. E: Eng. Mater. Sci. 47 (2004) 616-624
30. http://www.nano-lab.com/home.html.
31. Li J., Koehne J.E., Cassell A.M., Chen H., Ng H.T., Ye Q., Fan W., Han J., and Meyyappan M. Inlaid multi-walled carbon nanotube nanoelectrode arrays for electroanalysis. Electroanalysis 17 (2005) 15-27
32. Koehne J., Li J., Cassell A.M., Chen H., Ye Q., Ng H.T., Han J., and Meyyappan M. The fabrication and electrochemical characterization of carbon nanotube nanoelectrode arrays. J. Mater. Chem. 14 (2004) 676-684
33. Li J., Ng H.T., Cassell A., Fan W., Chen H., Ye Q., Koehne J., Han J., and Meyyappan M. Carbon nanotube nanoelectrode array for ultrasensitive DNA detection. Nano Lett. 3 (2003) 597-602
34. Simm A.O., Banks C.E., Ward-Jones S., Davies T.J., Lawrence N.S., Jones T.G.J., Jiang L., and Compton R.G. Boron-doped diamond microdisc arrays: electrochemical characterisation and their use as a substrate for the production of microelectrode arrays of diverse metals (Ag, Au, Cu) via electrodeposition. Analyst 130 (2005) 1303-1311
35. O'Mullane A.P., Neufeld A.K., Harris A.R., and Bond A.M. Electrocrystallization of phase I, CuTCNQ (TCNQ = 7,7,8,8-Tetracyanoquinodimethane), on indium tin oxide and boron-doped diamond electrodes. Langmuir 22 (2006) 10499-10505
36. Tsunozaki K., Einaga Y., Rao T.N., and Fujishima A. BDD microarray. Chem. Lett. 5 (2002) 502
37. Provent C., Haenni W., Santoli E., and Rychen P. BDD microarray. Electrochim. Acta 49 (2004) 3737
38. Soh K.L., Kang W.P., Davidson J.L., Basu S., Wong Y.M., Cliffel D.E., Bonds A.B., and Swain G.M. BDD microarrays. Diamond Relat. Mater. 13 (2004) 2009
39. Madore C., Duret A., Haenni W., and Perret A. BDD microarray. Proc. Electrochem. Soc. 159 (2000) 2000-2019
40. Hyde M.E., Davies T.J., and Compton R.G. Fabrication of random assemblies of metal nanobands: a general method. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 44 (2005) 6491-6496
41. Davies T.J., Hyde M.E., and Compton R.G. Nanotrench arrays reveal insight into graphite electrochemistry. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 44 (2005) 5121-5126
42. Zach M.P., Inazu K., Ng K.H., Hemminger J.C., and Penner R.M. Synthesis of molybdenum nanowires with millimeter-scale lengths using electrochemical step edge decoration. Chem. Mater. 14 (2002) 3206-3216
43. Zach M.P., Ng K.H., and Penner R.M. Molybdenum nanowires by electrodeposition. Science 290 (2000) 2120-2123
44. Jurkschat K., Wilkins S.J., Salter C.J., Leventis H.C., Wildgoose G.G., Jiang L., Jones T.G.J., Crossley A., and Compton R.G. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes with molybdenum dioxide nanoplugs-new chemical nanoarchitectures by electrochemical modification. Small 2 (2006) 95-98
45. Chevallier F.G., Davies T.J., Klymenko O.V., Jiang L., Jones T.G.J., and Compton R.G. Numerical simulation of partially blocked electrodes under cyclic voltammetry conditions: influence of the block unit geometry on the global electrochemical properties. J. Electroanal. Chem. 577 (2005) 211-221
46. Brookes B.A., Davies T.J., Fisher A.C., Evans R.G., Wilkins S.J., Yunus K., Wadhawan J.D., and Compton R.G. Computational and experimental study of the cyclic voltammetry response of partially blocked electrodes. Part 1. Nonoverlapping, uniformly distributed blocking systems. J. Phys. Chem. B 107 (2003) 1616-1627
47. Chevallier F.G., and Compton R.G. Regular arrays of microdisk electrodes: numerical simulation as an optimizing tool to maximize the current response and minimize the electrode area used. Electroanalysis 18 (2006) 2369-2374
48. Járai-Szabó F., and Néda Z. On the size-distribution of Poisson Voronoi cells. arXiv Condens. Matter e-prints 06 (2004) 116