Intrusive gravity currents and internal gravity wave generation in stratified fluid

Journal of Fluid Mechanics

Volumn 514, Issue , 2004, Pages 355-383

  Flynn, Morris R ^a   Sutherland, Bruce R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GRAVITATIONAL EFFECTS; GRAVITY WAVES; SPEED;

FLUID INTRUSION; GRAVITY WAVE EXCITATION; INTERNAL GRAVITY WAVES; INTRUSIVE GRAVITY WAVES; STRATIFIED FLUIDS;

FLUID MECHANICS;

ATMOSPHERIC DYNAMICS; FLUID MECHANICS; GRAVITY WAVE; MOMENTUM TRANSFER; STRATIFIED FLUID;

EID: 4644359448     PISSN: 00221120     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0022112004000400     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Alexander, M. J., Holton, J. R. & Durran, D. R. 1995 The gravity wave response above deep convection in a squall line simulation. J. Atmos. Sci. 52, 2212-2226.
2. Alexander, M. J. & Pfister, L. 1995 Gravity wave momentum flux in the lower stratosphere over convection. Geophys. Res. Lett. 22, 2029-2032.
3. Amen, R. & Maxworthy, T. 1980 The gravitational collapse of a mixed region into a linearly stratified solution. J. Fluid Mech. 96, 65-80.
4. Baines, P. G. 1995 Topographic Effects in Stratified Flows. Cambridge University Press.
5. Becker, E. & Schmitz, G. 2002 Energy deposition and turbulent dissipation owing to gravity waves in the mesosphere. J. Atmos. Sci. 59, 54-68.
6. Benjamin, T. B. 1968 Gravity currents and related phenomena. J. Fluid Mech. 31, 209-248.
7. Beres, J. H., Alexander, M. J. & Holton, J. R. 2002 Effects of tropospheric wind shear on the spectrum of convectively generated gravity waves. J. Atmos. Sci. 59, 1805-1824.
8. Birner, T., Dörnbrack, A. & Schumann, U. 2002 How sharp is the tropopause at midlatitudes? Geophys. Res. Lett. 29, 10.1029/2002GL015,142.
9. Britter, R. E. & Simpson, J. E. 1978 Experiments on the dynamics of a gravity current head. J. Fluid Mech. 88, 223-240.
10. Britter, R. E. & Simpson, J. E. 1981 A note on the structure of the head of an intrusive gravity current. J. Fluid Mech. 112, 459-466.
11. Clark, T. L., Hauf, T & Kuettner, J. P. 1986 Convectively forced internal gravity waves: results from two-dimensional numerical experiments. Q. J. R. Met. Soc. 112, 899-925.
12. Cotton, W. R. & Anthes, R. A. 1989 Storm and Cloud Dynamics. Academic Press, San Diego, USA.
13. D'Alessio, S. J. D., Moodie, T. B., Pascal, J. P. & Swaters, G. E. 1996 Gravity currents produced by sudden release of a fixed volume of heavy fluid. Stud. Appl. Maths 96, 359-385.
14. D'Alessio, S. J. D., Moodie, T. B., Pascal, J. P. & Swaters, G. E. 1997 Intrusive gravity currents. Stud. Appl. Maths 98, 19-46.
15. Dalziel, S. B. 1992 Decay of rotating turbulence: some particle tracking experiments. Appl. Sci. Res. 49, 217-244.
16. Dewan, E. M., Picard, R. H., O'Neil, R. R., Gardiner, H. A., Gibson, J., Mill, J. D., Richards, E., Kendra, M. & Gallery, W. O. 1998 MSX satellite observations of thunderstorm-generated gravity waves in mid-wave infrared images of the upper stratosphere. Geophys. Res. Lett. 25, 939-942.
17. Dohan, K. & Sutherland, B. R, 2003 Internal waves generated from a turbulent mixed region. Phys. Fluids 15, 488-498.
18. Dugan, J. P., Warn-Varnas, A. C. & Piacsek, S. A. 1976 Numerical results for laminar mixed region collapse in a density stratified fluid. Comput. Fluids 4, 109-121.
19. Faust, K. M. & Plate, F. J. 1984 Experimental investigation of intrusive gravity currents entering stably stratified fluids. J. Hydraul. Res. 22, 315-325.
20. Fovell, R., Durran, D. & Holton, J. R. 1992 Numerical simulations of convectively generated stratospheric gravity waves. J. Atmos. Sci. 49, 1427-1442.
21. Fritts, D. C. & Nastrom, G. D. 1992 Sources of mesoscale variability of gravity waves. Part II: Frontal, convective, and jet stream excitation. J. Atmos. Sci. 49, 111-127.
22. Gavrilov, N. M. & Roble, R. G. 1994 The effect of gravity-waves on the global mean temperature and composition structure of the upper-atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 99(D12), 25 773-25 780.
23. Hallworth, M. A., Huppert, H. E., Phillips, J. C. & Sparks, R. S. J. 1996 Entrainment into two-dimensional and axisymmetric turbulent gravity currents. J. Fluid Mech. 308, 289-311.
24. Härtel, C., Kleiser, L., Michaud, M. & Stein, C. F. 1997 A direct numerical simulation approach to the study of intrusion fronts. J. Engng Maths 32, 103-120.
25. Holyer, J. Y. & Huppert, H. E. 1980 Gravity currents entering a two-layer fluid. J. Fluid. Mech. 100, 739-767.
26. Huppert, H. E. & Simpson, J. E. 1980 The slumping of gravity currents. J. Fluid Mech. 99, 785-799.
27. Keulegan, G. H. 1957 An experimental study of the motion of saline water from locks into fresh water channels. Tech. Rep. 5168, Natl Bur. Stand.
28. Kida, H. A. 1984 A numerical experiment on the general circulation of the middle atmosphere with a three-dimensional model explicitly representing internal gravity waves and their breaking. Pure Appl. Geophys. 122, 731-746.
29. Klemp, J. B., Rotunno, R. & Skamarock, W. C. 1994 On the dynamics of gravity currents in a channel. J. Fluid Mech. 269, 169-198.
30. Lighthill, M. J. 1978 Waves in Fluids. Cambridge University Press. 504 pp.
31. Linden, P. F. 1975 The deepening of a mixed layer in a stratified fluid. J. Fluid Mech. 71, 385-405.
32. Lindzen, R. S. 1974 Stability of a Helmholtz velocity profile in a continuously stratified infinite Boussinesq fluid - applications to clear air turbulence. J. Atmos. Sci. 31, 1507-1514.
33. Lindzen, R. S. 1981 Turbulence and stress owing to gravity wave and tidal breakdown. J. Geophys. Res. 86, 9707-9714.
34. Long, R. R. 1955 Some aspects of the flow of stratified fluids. III Continuous density gradients. Tellus 7, 341-357.
35. Manins, P.C. 1976 Intrusion into a stratified media. J. Fluid Mech. 74, 547-560.
36. Mason, P. J. & Sykes, R. I. 1982 A two-dimensional numerical study of horizontal role vortices in an inversion capped boundary layer. Q. J. R, Met. Soc. 108, 801-823.
37. Maxworthy, T., Leilich, J., Simpson, J. & Meiburg, E. H. 2002 The propagation of a gravity current in a linearly stratified fluid. J. Fluid Mech. 453, 371-394.
38. Mehta, A., Sutherland, B. R. & Kyba, P. J. 2002 Interfacial gravity currents: Part II - wave excitation. Phys. Fluids 14, 3558-3569.
39. Moodie, T. B. 2002 Gravity currents. J. Comput. Appl. Maths 144, 49-83.
40. Oster, G. 1965 Density gradients. Sci. Am. 213, 70.
41. Palmer, T. N., Shutts, G. J. & Swinbank, R. 1986 Alleviation of a systematic westerly bias in general circulation and numerical weather prediction models through an orographic gravity drag parametrization. Q. J. R. Met. Soc. 112, 1001-1039.
42. Plumb, R. A. & McEwan, A. D. 1978 The instability of a forced standing wave in a viscous, stratified fluid: a laboratory analogue of the quasi-biennial oscillation. J. Atmos. Sci. 35, 1827-1839.
43. de Rooij, F. 1999 Sedimenting particle-laden flows in confined geometries. PhD thesis, University of Cambridge.
44. de Rooij, F., Linden, P. F. & Dalziel, S. B. 1999 Saline and particle-driven interfacial intrusions. J. Fluid Mech. 389, 303-334.
45. Rose, W. I., Bluth, G. J. S., Schneider, D. J., Ernst, G. G. J., Riley, C. M., Henderson, L. J. & McGimsey, R. G. 2001 Observations of volcanic clouds in their first few days of atmospheric residence: The 1992 eruptions of Crater Peak, Mount Spurr Volcano, Alaska. J. Geol. 109, 677-694.
46. Rottman, J. W. & Simpson, J. E. 1983 Gravity currents produced by instantaneous releases of a heavy fluid in a rectangular channel. J. Fluid Mech. 135, 95-110.
47. Salby, M. L. & Garcia, R. R. 1987 Transient response to localized episodic heating in the tropics. Part I: Excitation and short-time near-field behavior. J. Atmos. Sci. 44, 458-498.
48. Schooley A. H. 1967 Wake collapse in a stratified fluid. Science 157, 421-423.
49. Schooley, A. H. & Hughes, B. A. 1972 An experimental and theoretical study of internal waves generated by the collapse of a two-dimensional mixed region in a density gradient. J. Fluid Mech. 51, 159-175.
50. Shin, J. O., Dalziel, S. B. & Linden, P. F. 2004 Gravity currents produced by lock exchange. J. Fluid Mech. (in press).
51. Simpson, J. E. 1972 Effects of lower boundary on the head of a gravity current. J. Fluid Mech. 53, 759-768.
52. Simpson, J. E. 1982 Gravity currents in the laboratory, atmosphere, and ocean. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 14, 213-234.
53. Simpson, J. E. 1997 Gravity Currents, 2nd edn. Cambridge University Press.
54. Simpson, J. E. & Britter, R. E. 1979 The dynamics of the head of a gravity current advancing over a horizontal surface. J. Fluid Mech. 94, 477-495.
55. Spiegel, E. A. & Veronis, G. 1960 On the Boussinesq approximation for a compressible fluid. Astrophys. J. 131, 442-447.
56. Sutherland, B. R. 1996 The dynamic excitation of internal gravity waves in the equatorial oceans. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 26, 3214-3235.
57. Sutherland, B. R., Caulfield, C. P. & Peltier, W. R. 1994 Internal wave generation and hydrodynamic instability. J. Atmos. Sci. 51, 3261-3280.
58. Sutherland, B. R., Dalziel, S. B., Hughes, G. O. & Linden, P. F. 1999 Visualization and measurement of internal waves by 'synthetic schlieren'. Part 1. Vertically oscillating cylinder. J. Fluid Mech. 390, 93-126.
59. Sutherland, B. R,, Kyba, P. J. & Flynn, M. R. 2004 Interfacial gravity currents in two-layer fluids. J. Fluid Mech. 514, 327-353.
60. Sutherland, B. R. & Linden, P. F. 1998 Internal wave generation by flow over a thin barrier. J. Fluid Mech. 377, 223-252.
61. Ungarish, M. & Huppert, H. E. 2002 On gravity currents propagating at the base of a stratified fluid. J. Fluid Mech. 458, 283-301.
62. Wu, J. 1969 Mixed region collapse with internal wave generation in a density stratified medium. J. Fluid Mech. 35, 531-544.