Dispersion of discharged ship ballast water in Vancouver Harbour, Juan De Fuca Strait, and offshore of the Washington Coast

Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science

Volumn 2, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 163-176

  Larson, Max R ^a   Foreman, Michael G G ^b   Levings, Colin D ^c   Tarbotton, Michael R ^a  

^a Triton Consultants Ltd   (Canada)

^b FISHERIES AND OCEANS CANADA   (Canada)

^c Fisheries and Oceans Canada   (Canada)

Author keywords

Discharge; Microorganism; Ship ballast water; Trajectory; Vancouver Harbour; West Coast

Indexed keywords

EID: 4644273752     PISSN: 14962551     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/S03-014     Document Type: Article

References (31)

1. Barry, K.L., and Levings, C.D. 2002. Feasibility of using the RAMAS-metapopulation model to assess the risk of a non-indigenous copepod (Pseudomarinus marinus) establishing in Vancouver Harbour from ballast water. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2401. West Vancouver Lab, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Ottawa, Ont.
2. Barth, J., Collins, C., and Hickey, B. 2003. West Coast oceanography: implications for ballast water exchange [online]. Background document for West Coast Coastal Exchange Workshop, Oakland, Calif. Unpublished. Available from http://ballast-outreach-ucsgep.ucdavis.edu/Conferences/CE %20Draft%20Report.html [Accessed 8 Jan. 2003].
3. Beeton, A.M., Carlton, J.T., Holohan, B.A., Wheless, G.H., Valle-Levinson, A., Drake, L.A., Ruiz, G., McCann, L., Walton, W., Frese, A., Fofonoff, P., Godwin, S., Toft, J., Hartman, L., and von Holle, E. 1998. Ballast exchange study: consideration of back-up exchange zones and environmental effects of ballast exchange and ballast release. Report to National Sea Grant, NOAA, and EPA. Cooperative Institute for Limnology and Ecosystems Research, Ann Arbor, Mich.
4. Canadian Hydrographic Service. 1996. Chart 3481. Hydrographic Chart Distribution Office, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Ottawa, Ont. Available from www.chs-shc.dfo-mpo.gc.ca
5. Canadian Hydrographic Service. 1997. Charts 3493, 3494, and 3495. Hydrographic Chart Distribution Office, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Ottawa, Ont. Available from www.chs-shc.dfompo.gc.ca
6. Davidson, L.W. 1973. On the physical oceanography of Burrard Inlet and Indian Arm, British Columbia. M.Sc. thesis, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C.
7. Foreman, M.G.G., and Thomson, R.E. 1997. Three-dimensionalmodel simulations of tides and buoyancy currents along the west coast of Vancouver Island. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 27(7): 1300-1325.
8. Foreman, M.G.G., Henry, R.F., Walters, R.A., Keller, C.P., and Dolling, A.G. 1995. A tidal model for eastern Juan de Fuca Strait and the southern Strait of Georgia. J. Geophys. Res. 100(C1): 712-740.
9. Foreman, M.G.G., Thomson, R.E., and Smith, C.L. 2000. Seasonal current simulation for the western continental margin of Vancouver Island. J. Geophys. Res. 105(C8): 19665-19698.
10. Forrester, W.D. 1983. Canadian tidal manual. Canadian Hydrographic Service, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Ottawa, Ont. 138 p.
11. Godin, G. 1972. The analysis of tides. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Ont. 264 p.
12. Gramling, J. 2000. Ballast water and shipping patterns in Puget Sound: considerations for siting of alternative ballast water exchange zones. Puget Sound Water Quality Action Team. Olympia, Wash.
13. Grosholz, E.D., Ruiz, G.M., Dean, C.A., Shirley, K.A., Maron, J.L., and Connors, P.G. 2000. The impacts of a non-indigenous predator in a California bay. Ecology, 81: 1206-1224.
14. Jamieson, G.S., Foreman, M.G.G., Cherniawsky, J.Y., and Levings, C.D. 2002. European green crab (Carcinus maenas) dispersal: the Pacific experience. In Crabs in cold water regions: biology, management, and economics. 19th Lowell Wakefield Fisheries Symposium, Anchorage, Alaska. Univ. Alsk. Sea Grant Coll. Program Rep. AK-SG-02-01. pp. 561-576.
15. Lalli, C.M., and Parsons, T.M. 1995. Biological oceanography - an introduction. Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., London, U.K.
16. Levings, C.D., Piercey, G.E., Galbraith, M., and Jamieson, G.S. 1998. Analyses of invertebrate fauna in ballast water collected in ships arriving at British Columbia ports, especially those from the western North Pacific. In Proceedings of the 8th International Zebra Mussel and Aquatic Nuisance Species Conference, Sacramento, Calif. 16-18 March 1998. Available from http://www.aquatic-invasive-species-conference.org/conference-home.htm [Accessed 5 Jan. 2003]. pp. 111-124.
17. Levings, C.D., Kieser, D., Jamieson, G.S., and Dudas, S. 2002. Marine and estuarine alien species in the Strait of Georgia, BC. In Alien species in Canada. Edited by R. Claudi. Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, Ont. pp. 111-131.
18. Longhurst, A.R. 1976. Vertical migration. In Ecology of the seas. Edited by D.H. Cushing and J. Walsh. Blackwell Scientific Publications Ltd., Oxford, U.K. pp. 116-137.
19. Lynch, D.R., and Werner, F.E. 1987. Three-dimensional hydrodynamics on finite elements, Part I: linearized model, Int. J. Numer. Methods Fluids, 7: 871-909.
20. Lynch, D.R., Wemer, F.E., Greenberg, D.A., and Loder, J.W. 1992. Diagnostic model for baroclinic, wind-driven, and tidal circulation in shallow seas. Continental Shelf Res. 12(1): 507-533.
21. Merilees, B., and Gillespie, G. 1995. Two new exotic clams in Georgia Strait. Discovery, 24: 143-145.
22. Piercey, G.E., Levings, C.D., Elfert, M., Galbraith, M., and Waters, R. 2000. Invertebrate fauna in ballast water collected in vessels arriving in British Columbia ports, especially those from the Western North Pacific. Can. Data Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1060. Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Ottawa, Ont.
23. Smith, C.L., Hill, A.E., Foreman, M.G.G., and Peña, M.A. 2001. Horizontal transport of marine organisms resulting from interactions between diel vertical migration and tidal currents off the west coast of Vancouver Island. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 58: 736-748.
24. Thomson, R.E. 1981. Oceanography of the British Columbia coast. Can. Spec. Publ. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 56: 291.
25. VPA. 1998. Question and answer sheet on mandatory ballast water program. Vancouver Port Authority. Distributed at 8th International Zebra Mussel and Aquatic Nuisance Species Conference, Sacramento, Calif. 16-18 March 1998. Vancouver Port Authority, Vancouver, B.C.
26. VPA. 2002. Harbour operating manual. Vancouver Port Authority [online]. Available from http://www.portvancouver.com/the_port/docs/harbour_manual.pdf [Accessed 10 Nov. 2002].
27. Villarinio, M.L., Figueiras, F.G., Jones, K.J., Alvarez-Salgado, X.A., Richards, J., and Edwards, A. 1995. Evidence of in situ diel vertical migration of a red-tide microplankton species in Ria de Vigo (NW Spain). Mar. Biol. 123: 607-617.
28. Walters, R.A. 1987. A model for tides and currents in the English Channel and southern North Sea. Adv. Water Resour. 10: 138-148.
29. Walters, R.A. 1992. A three-dimensional finite element model for coastal and estuarine circulation. Contin. Shelf Res. 12: 83-102.
30. Waters, R., Haigh, N., Whyte, J.N.C., and Levings, C. 2001. Synoptic investigation for algae in ballast water and sediments of ships using selected British Columbia ports. Can. Data Rep. Fish Aquat. Sci. 1083: 19.
31. Wonham, M.J., Walton, W.C., Ruiz, G.M., Frese, A.M., and Galil, B.S. 2001. Going to the source: role of the invasion pathway in determining potential invaders. Marine Ecol. Prog. Ser. 215: 1-12.