Review of current and future softwood kraft lignin process chemistry

Industrial Crops and Products

Volumn 20, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 131-141

  Chakar, Fadi S ^a   Ragauskas, Arthur J ^a  

^a GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

Biofuel; Biomaterial; Kraft; Lignin; Phenol

Indexed keywords

BIOMATERIALS; BIOPOLYMERS; KRAFT PULP; NATURAL RESOURCES; SOFTWOODS;

BIOCOMPOSITES; BIOFUELS; PROCESS CHEMISTRY;

LIGNIN;

CHEMICAL PROPERTY; LIGNIN; POLYMER; WOOD;

KRAFT PULPING; LIGNINS; NATURAL RESOURCES; SOFTWOODS;

EID: 4644249420     PISSN: 09266690     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2004.04.016     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (72)

1. Adler E. Lignin chemistry-past, present, and future. Wood Sci. Technol. 14:1980;241-266
2. Alen, R., 2000. Structure and chemical composition of wood. In: Stenius, P. (Ed.), Papermaking Science and Technology, vol. 3. Finland, p. 40.
3. Argyropoulos, D.S., Akim, L., Ahvazi, B., 2000. Salient reactions in lignin during pulping and oxygen delignification. In: Proceedings of the TAPPI Pulping/Process and Product Quality Conference, Boston, MA, November, pp. 984-994.
4. Argyropoulos D.S. Quantitative phosphorous-31 NMR analysis of six soluble lignins. J. Wood Chem. Technol. 14:1994;65-82
5. Axegard P., Wiken J. Delignification studies - factors effecting the amount of residual lignin. Svensk Papperstidning. 86:1983;R178-R184
6. Berthold, F., Gellerstedt, G., 1993. Reactive structures formed during the initial phase of a kraft cook. In: Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium of Wood and Pulping Chemistry Conference, Beijing, China, pp. 160-163.
7. Bungay H. Product opportunities for biomass refining. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 14(6):1992;501-507
8. Chen C.L. Lignins: occurrence in woody tissues, isolation, reactions, and structure. Int. Fiber Sci. Technol. Series. 11:1991;183-261
9. Dence, C., Reeve, D., 1996. Pulp Bleaching-Principles and Practice. Tappi Press, Atlanta.
10. Ede R.M., Kilpelaeinen I. Homo- and hetero-nuclear 2D NMR techniques: unambiguous structural probes for non-cyclic benzyl aryl ethers in soluble lignin samples. Res. Chem. Intermediates. 21(35):1995;313-328
11. Enari T.M. Biomass as feedstock for the production of chemicals. Kemia-Kemi. 21(3):1994;174-177
12. Faix O., Argyropoulos D.S., Robert D., Neirinck V. Determination of hydroxyl groups in lignins evaluation of 1H-, 13C-, 31P NMR, FTIR and wet chemical methods. Holzforschung. 48:1994;387-394
13. Falkehalg, S.I., Marton, J., 1966. Chromophores in kraft lignin. In: Lignin Structures and Reactions. Advances in Chemistry Series. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp. 75-89.
14. Freudenberg, K., Neish, A.C., 1968. Constitution and biosynthesis of lignin. In: Kleinzeller, A., Springer, G.F., Whittman, H.G. (Eds.), Springer-Verlag, New York.
15. Froass, P.M., Ragauskas, A.J., McDonough, T.J., Jiang, J., 1996. Relationship between residual lignin structure and pulp bleachability. In: Proceedings of the International Pulp Bleaching Conference, Washington, DC, pp. 163-170.
16. Froass P., Ragauskas A., Jiang J. Chemical structure of residual lignin from kraft pulp. J. Wood Chem. Technol. 16(4):1996;347-365
17. Froass P.M., Ragauskas A.J., Jiang-er J. Nuclear magnetic resonance studies. 4. Analysis of residual lignin after kraft pulping. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 37:1998;3388-3394
18. Froass P.M., Ragauskas A.J., Jiang-er J. NMR studies. Part 3. Analysis of lignins from modern kraft pulping technologies. Holzforschung. 52:1998;385-390
19. Fullerton T.J. The condensation reactions of lignin model compound in alkaline pulping liquors. J. Wood Chem. Technol. 7(4):1987;441-462
20. Gellerstedt, G., Lindfors, E.-L., 1982. Changes in lignin structure during kraft pulping. In: Proceedings of the Canadian Wood Symposium, Niagara Falls, NY, pp. 73-77.
21. Gellerstedt G., Lindfors E. Structural changes in lignin during kraft pulping. Holzforschung. 38:1984;151-158
22. Gellerstedt G., Lindfors E. Structural changes in lignin during kraft pulping. Part 4. Phenolic hydroxyl groups in wood and kraft pulps. Svensk Papperstidning. 15:1984;R115-R117
23. Gellerstedt G., Lindfors E. Structural changes in lignin during kraft cooking. Part 2. Characterization by acidolyis. Svensk Papperstidning. 9:1984;R61-R67
24. Gellerstedt G., Lindfors E. On the formation of enol ether structures in lignin during kraft cooking. Nordic Pulp Paper Res. J. 2:1987;71-75
25. Gellerstedt, G., Lindfors, E., 1991. On the structure and reactivity of residual lignin in kraft pulp fibers. In: Proceedings of the International Pulp Bleaching Conference, Stockholm, Sweden, pp. 73-88.
26. Gellerstedt, G., 2003. Condensation in kraft pulping: a reality? In: Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Wood Pulping Chemistry, vol. 1, Madison, WI, pp. 1-8.
27. Gierer J., Lindberg O. Studies on the condensation of lignins in alkaline media. Part III. The formation of stilbenes, arylcoumarans, and diarylmethanes on treatment of spruce wood meal with alkali and white liquor in the presence of xylenols. Acta Chem. Scand. B. 33:1979;580-582
28. Gierer J., Wannstrom S. Formation of ether bonds between lignin and carbohydrates during alkaline pulping processes. Holzforschung. 40:1986;347-352
29. Gierer J., Noren I., Wannstrom S. Formation of condensation products on treatment of non-phenolic lignin units of the β-aryl ether type with alkali. model studies on a novel mode of alkaline lignin condensation. Holzforschung. 41(2):1987;79-82
30. Gierer J. The reactions of lignin during pulping. Svensk Papperstidning. 18:1970;571-596
31. Gierer J. The reactions of lignin during pulping. Svensk Papperstidning. 18:1970;571-596
32. Gierer J. Chemical aspects of kraft pulping. Wood Sci. Technol. 14:1980;241-266
33. Gierer J. The chemistry of delignification. Holzforschung. 36:1982;43-51
34. Gierer J. The chemistry of delignification. Holzforschung. 36:1982;43-51
35. Gierer J. Chemistry of delignification. Part 1. General concept and reactions during pulping. Wood Sci. Technol. 19:1985;289-312
36. Gierer J. Chemistry of delignification. Part 1. General concept and reactions during pulping. Wood Sci. Technol. 19:1985;289-312
37. Granata A., Argyropoulos D.S. 2-Chloro-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2- dioxaphospholane, a reagent for the accurate determination of the uncondensed and condensed phenolic moieties in lignins. J. Agric. Food Chem. 43:1995;1538-1544
38. Gustavson, C., Sjostrom, K., Al-Dajani, W.W., 1998. The influence of cooking conditions on the bleachability and chemical structure of kraft pulps. In: Proceedings of the International Pulp Bleaching Conference, Helsinki, Finland, pp. 13-22.
39. Iversen T., Wannstrom S. Lignin carbohydrate bonds in a residual lignin isolated from pine kraft pulp. Holzforschung. 40:1986;19-22
40. Kadla J.F., Kubo S., Venditti R.A., Gilbert R.D., Compere A.L., Griffith W. Lignin-based carbon fibers for composite fiber applications. Carbon. 40(15):2002;2913-2920
41. Karhunen P., Rummakko P., Brunow G. The formation of dibenzodioxocin structures by oxidative coupling. A model reaction for lignin biosynthesis. Tetrahedron Lett. 36(25):1995a;4501-4504
42. Karhunen P., Rummakko P., Sipila J., Brunow G. Dibenzodioxocin, a novel type of linkage in softwood lignins. Tetrahedron Lett. 36(1):1995b;169-170
43. Karhunen, P., Mikkola, J., Brunow, G., 1996. The behavior of dibenzodioxocin structures in lignin during alkaline pulping processes. In: Proceedings of the 4th European Workshop Lignocellulosics Pulp, Stresa, Italy, pp. 418-421.
44. Kondo R., McCarthy J. Condensation of lignin with coniferyl alcohol in alkaline aqueous solutions. J. Wood Chem. Technol. 5(1):1987;37-52
45. Koyama M. Search for a catalyst for lignin hydrocracking. Mokuzai Gakkaishi. 42(2):1996;163-172
46. Lai Y.Z., Mun S., Chen H. Variation of phenolic hydroxyl contents in unbleached kraft pulps. Holzforschung. 49:1995;319-322
47. Lee Y.Y., Lee B.H. Solvent-phase thermal cracking of lignin for production of potential liquid fuels. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 4(4):1998;334-339
48. Lewis N.G. A 20th century roller coaster ride: a short account of lignification. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 2(2):1999;153-162
49. Lora J.H., Glasser W.G. Recent industrial applications of lignin: a sustainable alternative to nonrenewable materials. J. Polym. Environ. 10(1-2):2002;39-48
50. Mansson P. Quantitative determination of phenolic and total hydroxyl groups in lignins. Holzforschung. 37:1983;143-146
51. Moe S.T., Ragauskas A.J. Oxygen delignification of high-yield kraft pulp. Holzforschung. 53:1999;416-422
52. Nitz H., Semke H., Mulhaupt R. Influence of lignin type on the mechanical properties of lignin based compounds. Macromol. Mater. Eng. 286(12):2001;737-743
53. North American Pulp and Paper Fact Book, 1997, p. 332.
54. Oasmaa A., Johansson A. Catalytic hydrotreating of lignin with water-soluble molybdenum catalyst. Energy Fuels. 7(3):1993;426-429
55. Panshin, A.J., De Zeeuw, C., 1980. Textbook of Wood Technology, fourth ed. McGraw-Hill, New York.
56. Pasco M.F., Suckling I.D. Lignin removal during kraft pulping an investigation by thioacidolysis. Holzforschung. 48:1994;504-508
57. Pasco M.F., Suckling I.D., Allison R.W. Changes in lignin during laboratory MCC pulping. Appita J. 50(2):1997;149-155
58. Piskorz J., Majerski P., Radlein D., Scott D.S. Conversion of lignins to hydrocarbon fuels. Energy Fuels. 3(6):1989;723-726
59. Pulp and Paper Manufacture, 1987. Aklaline Pulping, vol. 5. Tappi Press, Atlanta.
60. Ragauskas, A.J., Lin, W., McDonough, T., Jiang, J., 1997. Fundamental parameters contributing to residual lignin in kraft pulp. In: Proceedings of the TAPPI Pulping Conference, San Francisco, CA, pp. 903-906.
61. Ragauskas A.J., Lin W., McDonough T.J., Jiang J.-E. NMR studies. Part 5. Nature of residual lignin in kraft pulps. Tappi J. 82(9):1999;113-116
62. Ralph J., Peng J., Lu F. Isochroman structures in lignin: a new β-1 pathway. Tetrahedron Lett. 39(28):1998;4963-4964
63. Ralph, J., 1999. Lignin structure: recent developments. In: Proceedings of the 6th Brazilian Symposium Chemistry of Lignins and Other Wood Components, Guaratingueta, Brazil, October, pp. 97-112.
64. Robert D.R., Bardet M., Gellerstedt G., Lindfors E-L. Structural changes in lignin during kraft cooking. Part 3. On the structure of dissolved lignins. J. Wood Chem. Technol. 4:1984;239-263
65. Sarkanen, K.V., Ludwig, C.H. 1971. Lignin, Occurrence, Formation, Structure and Reactions. Wiley/Interscience, New York, pp. 95-240.
66. Sjostrom, E., 1981. Wood Chemistry: Fundamentals and Applications. Academic Press, Orlando, pp. 68-82.
67. Smit R., Ede R.M., Suckling I.D. Quantification of condensed and uncondensed structures in lignin. Appitta Annu. Gen. Conf. Proc. 2:1999;773-780
68. Smook, G.A., 1992. Handbook for Pulp and Paper Technologists, vol. 11, second ed. Angus Wilde Publications, pp. 163-183.
69. Wyman C.E., Goodman B.J. Biotechnology for production of fuels, chemicals, and materials from biomass. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 39-40:1993;41-59
70. Yang J.-M., Yean W.Q., Goring D.A.I. Phenolic hydroxyl content of the lignin residual in spruce wood cooked by sulfite and kraft. Cellulose Chem. Technol. 15(3):1981;337-342
71. 31P NMR spectroscopy J. Pulp Paper Sci. 26(3):2000;102-105
72. Zhang, L., Gellerstedt, G., 2001. NMR observation of a new lignin structure, a spiro-dienone, Chem. Commun. 24, 2744-2745.