Freeze, flight, fight, fright, faint: Adaptationist perspectives on the acute stress response spectrum

CNS Spectrums

Volumn 9, Issue 9, 2004, Pages 679-685

  Bracha, H Stefan ^a  

^a DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACUTE STRESS DISORDER; ADAPTATION; ADAPTATION SYNDROME; BLOOD INJECTION INJURY PHOBIA; CLINICAL RESEARCH; CONCEPT FORMATION; DEFENSIVE BEHAVIOR; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; EVOLUTIONARY ADAPTATION; EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY; FAINTNESS; FEAR; FEAR INDUCED FAINTNESS; FIGHTING; FLACCID IMMOBILITY; FLACCID PARALYSIS; FLIGHT; HEALTH SERVICE; HERITABILITY; MAMMAL; PALEOANTHROPOLOGY; PHENOTYPE; PHOBIA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RARE DISEASE; REVIEW; SKIN INJURY; STRESS; SURVIVAL; SYNCOPE; SYNDROME DELINEATION; THREAT; TRANSCRIPTOMIC RESEARCH; VIOLENCE;

EID: 4644244781     PISSN: 10928529     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S1092852900001954     Document Type: Review

References (71)

1. Gray JA. The Psychology of Fear and Stress. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press; 1988.
2. Gray JA. The Neuropsychology of Anxiety: An Enquiry into the Functions of the Septo-Hippocampol System. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2003.
3. Nesse RM. Proximate and evolutionary studies of anxiety, stress and depression: synergy at the interface. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1999;23:895-903.
4. Page AC. Blood-injury phobia. Clinical Psychology Review. 1994;14:443-461.
5. Cannon WB. Bodily Changes in Pain, Hunger, Fear and Range: An Account of Recent Research into the Function of Emotional Excitement. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Appleton-Ontury-Crofts; 1929.
6. Vaiva G, Brunet A, Lebigot F, et al. Fright (effroi) and other peritraumatic responses after a serious motor vehicle accident: prospective influence on acute PTSD development. Can J Psychiatry. 2003;48:395-401.
7. Vaiva G, Ducrocq F, Jezequel K, et al. Immediate treatment with propranolol decreases posttraumatic stress disorder two months after trauma. Biol Psychiatry. 2003;54:947-949.
8. Kraepelin E. Psychiatry: A Textbook for Students and Physicians. New York, NY: Science History Publications, 1990.
9. Marks I. Blood-injury phobia: a review. Am J Psychiatry. 1988;45:1207-1213.
10. Graham DT. Prediction of fainting in blood donors. Circulation. 1961;23:901-906.
11. Bracha HS, Williams AE, Ralston TC, Bracha AS, Matsukawa JM. Does "fight or flight?" need updating? Psychosomotics. 2004;45:448-449.
12. Perry BD, Pollard R. Homeostasis, stress, trauma, and adaptation. A neurodevelopmental view of childhood trauma. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 1998;7:33.
13. Kaloupek DG, Scott JR, Khatami V. Assessment of coping strategies associated with syncope in blood donors. J Psychosom Res. 1985;29:207-214.
14. Grubb BP, Olshansky B. Syncope: Mechanisms and Management. 1st ed. New York, NY: Futura Publishing Company; 1998.
15. Daroff RB, Carlson MD. Faintness, syncope, dizziness, and vertigo. In: Braunwald E, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, eds. Homson's Principles of Internal Medicine. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Division; 2001:111-118.
16. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th ed-rev. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2000.
17. Bienvenu OJ, Eaton WW. The epidemiology of blood-injection-injury phobia. Psychol Med 1998;28:1129-1136.
18. Page AC, Martin NG. Testing a genetic structure of blood-injury-injection fears. Am J Med Genet. 1998;81:377-384.
19. McGuire MT, Troisi A. Evolutionary biology and psychiatry. In: Sadock BJ, Sadock VA, eds. Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry. New York, NY: Lippincott Willians & Wilkins; 2000:484-491.
20. Kendler KS. Setting boundaries for psychiatric disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156:1845-1848.
21. Agras S, Sylvester D, Oliveau D. The epidemiology of common fears and phobia. Compr Psychiatry. 1969;10:151-156.
22. Costello CG. Fears and phobias in women: a community study. J Abnorm Psychol. 1982;91:280-286.
23. Grubb BP, Karas BJ. The potential role of serotonin in the pathogenesis of neurocardiogenic syncope and related autonomic disturbances. J Intern Cord Electrophysiol. 1998;2:325-332.
24. Victor M, Ropper AH. Faintness and Syncope. Adams and Victors Principles of Neurology. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2001:390-403.
25. Engel GL. Psychologic stress, vasodepressor (vasovagal) syncope, and sudden death. Ann Intern Med. 1978;89:403-412.
26. Kleinknecht RA. Vasovagal syncope and blood/injury fear. Behav Res Ther. 1987;25:175-178.
27. Neale MC, Walters EE, Eaves LJ, Kessler RC, Heath AC, Kendler KS. Genetics of blood-injury fears and phobias: a population-based twin study. Am J Med Genet. 1994;54:326-334.
28. Berntson GG, Cacioppo JT, Binkley PF, Uchino BN, Quigley KS, Fieldstone A. Autonomic cardiac control. III. Psychological stress and cardiac response in autonomic space as revealed by pharmacological blockades. Psychophysiology. 1994;31:599-508.
29. Appenzeller O. The Autonomic Nervous System: An Introduction to Basic and Clinical Concepts. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier; 1990.
30. Merckelbach H, Muris P, de Jong PJ, de Jongh A. Disgust sensitivity, blood-injection-injury fear, and dental anxiety. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy. 1999;6:279-285.
31. Berntson GG, Cacioppo JT. Anxiety and cardiovascular reactivity: the basal forebrain cholinergic link. Behav Brain Res. 1998;94:225-248.
32. Berntson GG, Cacioppo JT, Quigley KS. Autonomic determinism: the modes of autonomic control, the doctrine of autonomic space, and the laws of autonomic constraint. Psychol Rev. 1991;98:459-487.
33. Berntson GG, Cacioppo JT, Quigley KS, Fabro VT. Autonomic space and psychophysiological response. Psychophysiology. 1994;31:44-61.
34. Miller GF. The Mating Mind: How Sexual Choice Shaped the Evolution of Human Nature. New York, NY: Anchor Books; 2001.
35. Miller GF. Mate choice: from sexual cues to cognitive adaptations. Ciba Found Symp. 1997;208:71-82.
36. Miller GF. Mental traits as fitness indicators. Expanding evolutionary psychology's adaptationism. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2000;907:62-74.
37. Gould JL, Gould CG. Sexual Selection. New York, NY: Scientific American Library; 1997.
38. Campbell A. Staying alive: evolution, culture, and women's intrasexual aggression. Behav Brain Sci. 1999;22:203-214.
39. Darwin C. The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. New York, NY: Crowell; 1874.
40. LeBlanc SA, Register KE. Constant Battles: The Myth of the Peaceful, Noble Savage. New York, NY: St. Martin's Press; 2003.
41. Keeley LH. War Before Civilization: The Myth of the Peaceful Savage. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1996.
42. Larsen CS. Bioarchoeology: Interpreting Behavior From the Human Skeleton [paper-back]. 1st ed. Cambridge, Mass: Cambridge University Press; 1999.
43. Morgan E. The Scars of Evolution. London, England: Oxford University Press; 1990.
44. Diamond J. The Third Chimpanzee: The Evolution and Future of the Human Animal. New York: Harper Perennial; 1992.
45. Klein RG, Edgar B. The Dawn of Human Culture. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2002.
46. Ortner DJ, Putschar WGJ. Identification of Pathological Conditions In Human Skeletal Remains. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press; 1985.
47. Snow CE. Early Hawaiians: An Initial Study of Skeletal Remains from Mokapu, Oahu. Lexington, Ky: The University Press of Kentucky; 1974.
48. Lacey R, Danziger D. The Year 1000: What Life Was Life at the Turn of the First Millennium. New York, NY: Little, Brown and Company; 1999.
49. Salazar CF. The Treatment of War Wounds in Graeco-Roman Antiquity (Studies in Ancient Medicine). Boston, Mass: Brill Academic Publishers; 2000.
50. Porges SW. Cardiac vagal tone: a physiological index of stress. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1995;19:225-233.
51. Bracha HS, Yamashita JM, Ralston T, et al. Clinical research histomarkers for objectively estimating premorbid vagal tone chronology in Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses and in acute stress reaction. In: Nation J, Trofimova I, Rand JD, Sulis W, eds. Formal Descriptions of Developing Systems. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 2003.
52. Bracha HS. Can premorbid episodes of diminished vagal tone be detected via histological markers in patients with PTSD? Int J Psychophysiol. 2004;51:127-133.
53. Shalev AY, Sahar T, Freedman S, et al. A prospective study of heart rate response following trauma and the subsequent development of postttaumatic stress disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1998;55:553-559.
54. Shalev AY. Acute stress reactions in adults. Biol Psychiatry. 2002;51:532-543.
55. Bryant RA. Early predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2003;53:789-795.
56. Bryant RA, Harvey AG, Gurhrie RM, Moulds ML. A prospective study of psychophysiological arousal, acute stress disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder. J Abnorm Psychol. 2000;109:341-344.
57. Nixon RD, Bryant RA. Peritraumatic and persistent panic attack in acute stress disorder. Behav Res Ther. 2003;41:1237-1242.
58. Bryant RA, Moulds ML, Guthrie RM. Acute Stress Disorder Scale: a self-report measure of acute stress disorder. Psychol Assess. 2000;12;61-68.
59. Forges SW. The polyvagal theory: phylogenetic substrates of a social nervous system. Int J Psychophysiol. 2001;42:123-146.
60. Pitman RK, Sanders KM, Zusman RM, et al. Pilot study of secondary prevention of posttraumatic stress disorder with propranolol. Biol Psychiatry. 2002;51:189-192.
61. Jehel L, Paterniti S, Brunet A, Duchet C, Guelfi JD. Prediction of the occurrence and intensity of post-traumatic stress disorder in victims 32 months after bomb attack. Eur Psychiatry. 2003;18:172-176.
62. Underbill PA, Passarino G, Lin AA, et al. Maori origins, Y-chromosome haplotypes and implications for human history in the Pacific. Hum Mutat. 2001;17:271-280.
63. Seielstad MT, Minch E, Cavalli-Sforza LL. Genetic evidence for a higher female migration rate in humans. Nat Genet. 1998;20:278-280.
64. Pires LA, Ganji JR, Jarandila R, Steele R. Diagnostic patterns and temporal trends in the evaluation of adult patients hospitalized with syncope. Arch Intern Med 2001;161:1889-1895.
65. Nesse RM. Testing evolutionary hypotheses about mental disorders, in: Stearns SC, ed. Evolution in Health and Disease. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press; 1999;250-266.
66. McColl G, Jenkins NL, Walker DW, Lithgow GJ. Testing evolutionary theories of aging. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2000;908:319-320.
67. Marsella AJ, Friedman MJ, Gerrity E, Scurfield RM. Ethnocultural Aspects of Posttraumatic Stress and Related Stress Disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association Press; 1996.
68. Friedman MJ, Schnurr PP, Sengupta A, Holmes T, Ashcraft M. The Hawaii Vietnam veterans project: is minority status a risk factor for posttraumatic stress disorder? J Nerv Ment Dis. 2004;192:42-50.
69. Mohr C, Hubener F, Laska M. Deviant olfactory experiences, magical ideation, and olfactory sensitivity: a study with healthy German and Japanese subjects. Psychiatry Res. 2002;111:21-33.
70. Bracha HS, Williams AE, Haynes SN, Kubany ES, Ralston TC, Yamashita JM. The STRS (shortness of breath, tremulousness, racing heart, and sweating): a brief checklist for acute distress, with panic-like sympathetic indicators; development and factor structure. Ann Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2004;3:8.
71. Bracha HS, Williams AE, Ralston TC. Criterion A3 for PTSD: incorporating a proposed diagnostic criterion into clinical practice. Current Psychiatry. In press.