Listening to generic prozac: Winners, losers, and sideliners

Health Affairs

Volumn 23, Issue 5, 2004, Pages 210-216

  Druss, Benjamin G ^a   Marcus, Steven C ^b   Olfson, Mark ^c   Pincus, Harold Alan ^d,e  

^a EMORY UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

^c NEW YORK STATE PSYCHIATRIC INSTITUTE   (United States)

^d Department of Psychiatry ^*

^e UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FLUOXETINE;

ARTICLE; CONSUMER; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; DRUG COST; DRUG INDUSTRY; DRUG MANUFACTURE; DRUG MARKETING; HUMAN; PATENT; PHARMACY BENEFIT MANAGER; PRESCRIPTION;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS, SECOND-GENERATION; DRUG INDUSTRY; DRUGS, GENERIC; FEMALE; FLUOXETINE; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; UNITED STATES;

EID: 4644227507     PISSN: 02782715     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.23.5.210     Document Type: Article

References (27)

1. M. Freudenheim and M. Peterson, "The Drug-Price Express Runs into a Wall," New York Times, 23 December 2001.
2. IMSHealth, "U.S. Top Ten Products by Sales Volume," secure.imshealth.com/public/structure/dispcontent/1,2779,1343-1343-136544,00. html (9 June 2004).
3. H. Grabowski and C.D. Mullins, "Pharmacy Benefit Management, Cost-Effectiveness Analysis and Drug Formulary Decisions," Social Science and Medicine 45, no. 4 (1997): 535-544.
4. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, "Table 9: Personal Health Care Expenditures, by Type of Expenditure and Source of Funds: Calendar Years 1995-2002," www.cms.hhs.gov/statistics/nhe/historical/t9.asp (9 June 2004); and NDCHealth, Pharmatrends 2001 Year in Review (Atlanta: NDCHealth, 2002).
5. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, "Table 9: Personal Health Care Expenditures, by Type of Expenditure and Source of Funds: Calendar Years 1995-2002," www.cms.hhs.gov/statistics/nhe/historical/t9.asp (9 June 2004); and NDCHealth, Pharmatrends 2001 Year in Review (Atlanta: NDCHealth, 2002).
6. U.S. Government Accountability Office, Effects of Using Pharmacy Benefit Managers on Health Plans, Enrollees, and Pharmacies, Pub. no. GAO-03-196 (Washington: GAO, January 2003).
7. In March 2004, AdvancePCS was purchased by Caremark, another large PBM.
8. PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, "HCFA Study of the Pharmaceutical Benefit Management Industry, " June 2001, www.cms.hhs.gov/researchers/ reports/2001/cms.pdf (9 June 2004).
9. In the thirty-eight states where substitution is permitted, pharmacists may substitute generic for brand-name versions if not instructed otherwise by the physician or patient. In Florida, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Mississippi, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Washington, and West Virginia, substitution of a generic for a brand is mandatory, unless a physician indicates a "dispense as written" order or its equivalent. Only one state (Oklahoma) has neither permissive nor mandatory substitution laws; the variable was coded as missing for this state. See National Association of Boards of Pharmacy, 2001-2002 Survey of Pharmacy Law (Park Ridge, Ill.: NABP, 2002), 52-53.
10. H. Grabowski and J. Vernon, "Longer Patents for Increased Generic Competition in the U.S.: The Waxman-Hatch Act after One Decade," Pharmacoeconomics 10, Suppl. 2 (1996): 110-123.
11. Adjusted hazard ratios represent the likelihood of switching to the generic preparation, adjusting for potential confounders, and accounting for length of time until switching.
12. Grabowski and Vernon, "Longer Patents."
13. See, for instance, A. Leibowitz, W.G. Manning, and J.P. Newhouse, "The Demand for Prescription Drugs as a Function of Cost Sharing," Social Science and Medicine 21, no. 10 (1985): 1063-1070; and G.F. Joyce et al., "Employer Drug Benefit Plans and Spending on Prescription Drugs," Journal of the American Medical Association 288, no. 14 (2002): 1733-1739.
14. See, for instance, A. Leibowitz, W.G. Manning, and J.P. Newhouse, "The Demand for Prescription Drugs as a Function of Cost Sharing," Social Science and Medicine 21, no. 10 (1985): 1063-1070; and G.F. Joyce et al., "Employer Drug Benefit Plans and Spending on Prescription Drugs," Journal of the American Medical Association 288, no. 14 (2002): 1733-1739.
15. Congressional Budget Office, How Increased Competition from Generic Drugs Has Affected Prices and Returns in the Pharmaceutical Industry, July 1998, ftp.cbo.gov/6xx/doc655/pharm.pdf (9 June 2004).
16. K. Kroenke et al., "Similar Effectiveness of Paroxetine, Fluoxetine, and Sertraline in Primary Care: A Randomized Trial," Journal of the American Medical Association 286, no. 23 (2001): 2947-2955.
17. N. Carroll, "How Effectively Do Managed Care Organizations Influence Prescribing and Dispensing Decisions?" American Journal of Managed Care 8, no. 12 (2002): 1041-1054.
18. H. Huskamp, "Managing Psychotropic Drug Costs: Will Formularies Work?" Health Affairs 22, no. 5 (2003): 84-96.
19. B. Martinez, "Pharmacy-Benefit Firms Profit on Generic Drugs: Managers Take Markups and Still Offer 'Discounts'," Wall Street Journal, 31 March 2003; and CareMark, "AdvancePCS Announces Record Results for Quarter Ended Dec. 31, 2001," Press Release, 5 November 2001.
20. B. Martinez, "Pharmacy-Benefit Firms Profit on Generic Drugs: Managers Take Markups and Still Offer 'Discounts'," Wall Street Journal, 31 March 2003; and CareMark, "AdvancePCS Announces Record Results for Quarter Ended Dec. 31, 2001," Press Release, 5 November 2001.
21. M. Freudenheim, "Pharmacy Benefit Companies Won't Disclose Fees," New York Times, 10 January 2003.
22. Barr Laboratories, "Barr Reports First Quarter 2002 EPS of $1.80," Press Release, 23 October 2001, www.barrlabs.com/pages/ nprfpr.html (9 June 2004).
23. Freudenheim and Peterson, "The Drug-Price Express Runs into a Wall."
24. Eli Lilly and Company, Plaintiff vs. Barr Laboratories, Inc., Apotex, Inc., Interpharm, Inc., Bernard C. Sherman and Geneva Pharmaceutical Inc., Defendants, United States District Court for the Southern District of Indiana, Indianapolis Division, 100 F. Supp. 2d 917 (1999).
25. Eli Lilly, "Lilly Announces First Quarter Earnings Per Share of $.58," Press Release, 15 April 2002, www.businesswire.com/webbox/bw. 041502/221 052057.htm (9 June 2004).
26. P. Danzon and M.V. Pauly "Health Insurance and the Growth in Pharmaceutical Expenditures," Journal of Law and Economics 45, no. 2, Part 2 (2002): 587-613.
27. "Glaxo Responds to Apotex Making Generic Drug," Philadelphia Business Journal, 8 September 2003.