Women, political leadership and substantive representation: The case of New Zealand

Parliamentary Affairs

Volumn 61, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 490-504

  Curtin, Jennifer ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 46349090589     PISSN: 00312290     EISSN: 14602482     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/pa/gsn014     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. See the contributions in M. Sawer, M. Tremblay and L. Trimble (eds.), Representing Women in Parliament. A Comparative Study, Routledge, 2006.
2. One exception is R. Howard Davis, Women and Power in Parliamentary Demcoracies, University of Nebraska Press, 1997.
3. S. Thomas, 'The Impact of Women in Political Leadership Positions' in S. Carroll (ed.), Women and American Politics. New Questions, New Directions, Oxford University Press, 2003.
4. For example M.A. Genovese (ed.), Women as National Leaders, Sage, 1993.
5. United Nations Development Program, Human Development Report, 2006, http ://hdr.undp.org/ hdr2006/statistics/indicators/259.html, accessed 10 September 2007.
6. J. Curtin, 'Conclusion: Gendering political representation in the old and new worlds of Westminster', in M. Sawer, M. Tremblay and L. Trimble (eds.), Representing Women in Parliament. A Comparative Study, Routledge, 2006.
7. F. Mackay, 'Descriptive and substantive representation in new parliamentary spaces: the case of Scotland';
8. P. Chaney, 'Women and constitutional reform: gender parity in the National Assembly for Wales', in M. Sawer, M. Tremblay and L. Trimble (eds.), Representing Women in Parliament. A Comparative Study, Routledge, 2006.
9. D.L. Baer, 'Women, Women's Organisations and Political Parties, in S. Carroll (ed.), Women and American Politics. New Questions, New Directions, Oxford University Press, 2003, p. 135-36.
10. S. Childs and M.L. Krooks, 'Should Feminists Give Up on Critical Mass? A Contingent Yes', Politics and Gender, 2(4), 2006, 522-530.
11. R. Matland, 'Electoral quotas. Frequency and effectiveness' in D. Dahlerup, Women, Quotas and Politics, Routledge, 2006.
12. L.S. Weldon, Protest, Policy, and the Problem of Violence Against Women: a Cross-national Comparison, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2002.
13. For exceptions see for example D.S. Cobble, The Other Women's Movement, Princeton University Press, 2004;
14. J. Curtin, Women and Trade Unions: A comparative perspective, Ashgate, 1999.
15. M.L. Krook, J. Lovenduski and J. Squires, 'Western Europe, North America, Australia and New Zealand: gender quotas in the context of citizenship models' in D. Dahlerup, Women, Quotas and Politics, Routledge, 2006.
16. th Labour government (1987-90).
17. J. Lovenduski, Feminising Politics, Polity, 2005.
18. See J. Curtin, 'Gendering parliamentary representation in New Zealand: a mixed system producing mixed results' in M. Tremblay (ed.), Women, Electoral Systems and Legislative Representation, Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.
19. J. Curtin and M. Sawer. 'Gender Equity in the Shrinking State: Women and the Great Experiment' in F.G. Castles, R. Gerritsen and J. Vowles (eds.), The Great Experiment: Labour Parties and Public Policy Transformation in Australia and New Zealand, Auckland: Auckland University Press;
20. M. Sawer and S. Grey, 'Under the Southern Cross: Women's Political Representation in Australia and New Zealand' in Y. Galligan and M. Tremblay (eds.), Sharing Power: Women in Parliament in Consolidated and Emerging Democracies, Ashgate, 2005.
21. See for example I. Norderval, 'Party and legislative participation among Scandinavian women' in Sylvia Bashevkin (ed.), Women and Politics In Western Europe Frank Cass, 1985;
22. M. Sawer and M. Simms, A Women's Place, Allen and Unwin, 1993;
23. S. Bashevkin, Toeing the Lines: Women and Party Politics in English Canada, University of Toronto Press, 1985.
24. M. Shields, 'Women in the Labour Party during the Kirk and Rowling Years' in M. Clark (ed.), Three Labour Leaders, Victoria University of Wellington Press, 2001.
25. M. Wilson, 'Women and the Labour Party' in M. Clark (ed), The Labour Party after 75 years, Victoria University Press, 1992; Shields, 2001.
26. J. McCallum, Women in the House: Members of Parliament in New Zealand, Cape Catley Press, 1993, p. 175
27. M. Wilson, Labour in Government 1984-87, Allen and Unwin 1989, p. 31
28. J. Freeman, A Room at a Time: how Women Entered Party Politics, Rowman and Littlefield, 2000;
29. R. Matland, 'Enhancing women's political participation: legislative recruitment and electoral systems' in A. Karam (ed.), Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers, IDEA, 1998;
30. L. Young, Feminists and Party Politics, UBC Press, 2000.
31. Wilson, 1992, p. 46
32. M. Verloo, 'Displacement and Empowerment: Reflections on the Concept and Practice of the Council of Europe Approach to Gender Mainstreaming and Gender Equality', Social Politics, 12, (3) 2005, 344-365.
33. Labour Women's Council Newsletter, NZ Labour Party, June 1986; October, 1986; May 1987; December 1987.
34. J. Curtin, The Ministry of Women's Affairs: Where Feminism and Public Policy Meet. M.A. thesis, University of Waikato, New Zealand 1992;
35. J. Curtin and M. Sawer, 1996.
36. B. Gustafson, 'Labour Party' in H. Gold (ed.), New Zealand Politics in Perspective, Longman Paul, 1992, p. 280
37. M. Cullen cited at http://www.kiwiblog.co.nz/2005/11/the_un_pc_dr_cullen. html, accessed on 10 September 2007.
38. J. McCallum, 1993.
39. M. Wilson cited in B. Edwards, Helen. Portrait of a Prime Minister, Exisle Publishing, Auckland, 2001, p. 159.
40. Cited in McCallum, 1993, p. 150
41. V. Myers, Head and Shoulders, Penguin Books, 1986.
42. M. Githens, 'Accounting for Women's Political Involvement: The Perennial Problem of Recruitment' in S. Carroll (ed.), Women and American Politics. New Questions, New Directions, Oxford University Press, 2003, p. 43
43. For a summary see K.P. Ruscio, The Leadership Dilemma in Modern Democracy, Edward Elgar, 2004.
44. J. Abigail, 'Letter to a New Friend' in M. Cahill and C. Dann (eds.), Changing Our Lives: Women Working in the Women's Liberation Movement, 1970-1990, Bridget Williams Books, 1991, p. 144
45. J. McCallum, 1993.
46. J. McCallum, 1993;
47. see also J. Curtin and K. Teghtsoonian, 'The Ministry of Women's Affairs in Aotearoa/New Zealand: Twenty Years: Variable Fortunes, Viable Futures?' Paper presented at the Rethinking Women and Politics Conference, Victoria University of Wellington, 25-26 May, 2007.
48. S. Burt and S. L. Hardman, 'The Case of Disappearing Targets: The Liberals and Gender Equality.' in L.A. Pal (eds.), How Ottawa Spends 2001-2002: Power in Transition, Oxford University Press, 2001;
49. J. Curtin and M. Sawer, 1996.
50. A. Meade cited in McCallum, 1993, p. 174
51. J. Curtin, 1992.
52. J. McCallum. 1993;
53. B. Edwards, 2001;
54. M. Wilson, 'Employment Equity Act 1990: A case study in Women's Political influence, 1984-1990' in J. Deeks and N. Perry, Controlling Interests: Business, the State and Society in New Zealand, Auckland University Press, 1992a.
55. Wilson, 1992a;
56. see also J. Curtin and Sawer, 1996.
57. S. Grey, 'Numbers and Beyond: The Relevance of Critial Mass in Gender Research', Politics and Gender, 2(4) 2006, 491-501.
58. C. Briar 'New Zealand Conference on Pay and Employment Equity for Women', Social Policy Journal of New Zealand, 23, 2004, 215-8.
59. P. Skilling 'Trajectories of Art and Culture Policy in New Zealand', Australian Journal of Public Administration, 64(4), 20-31.
60. [MWA] Ministry of Women's Affairs, Report of the Ministry of Women's Affairs for the Year Ended 30 June 2006, MWA, 2006.
61. H. Devere and S. Graham, 'The Don and Helen New Zealand Election 2005: A Media A-gender?' Pacific Journalism Review, 12(1), 2006, 65-86.
62. Although the Labour Women's Council has never labelled itself a 'feminist' organisation.
63. D. Dahlerup, 'The Story of the Theory of Critical Mass' Politics and Gender 2(4), 2006, 511-522.
64. M. Saward, 'The Representative Claim', Contemporary Political Theory, 5(3), 2006, 297-318.