Proposed management of childhood tuberculosis in low-incidence countries

European Journal of Pediatrics

Volumn 167, Issue 8, 2008, Pages 927-938

  Magdorf, Klaus ^a,b   Detjen, Anne K ^b  

^a HELIOS KLINIKUM EMIL VON BEHRING   (Germany)

^b CHARITÉ UNIVERSITÄTSMEDIZIN BERLIN   (Germany)

Author keywords

Childhood tuberculosis; Diagnosis; Prevention; Therapy

Indexed keywords

AMIKACIN; AMINOSALICYLIC ACID; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; CAPREOMYCIN; CIPROFLOXACIN; CONTRACEPTIVE AGENT; COUMARIN DERIVATIVE; CYCLOSERINE; CYCLOSPORIN; DEXAMETHASONE; DIGOXIN; ETHAMBUTOL; ETHIONAMIDE; ISONIAZID; LINEZOLID; MOXIFLOXACIN; ORAL ANTIDIABETIC AGENT; PHENYTOIN; PREDNISOLONE; PROPRANOLOL; PROTIONAMIDE; PYRAZINAMIDE; RIFABUTIN; RIFAMPICIN; STREPTOMYCIN; TERIZIDONE; THEOPHYLLINE; UNINDEXED DRUG; ZIDOVUDINE;

ACUTE HEPATITIS; AMINOTRANSFERASE BLOOD LEVEL; ANAMNESIS; ARTHRALGIA; ARTHRITIS; ARTICLE; CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS; CHILD HEALTH CARE; CHILDHOOD; CLINICAL FEATURE; COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; CONGENITAL TUBERCULOSIS; CYTOKINE RELEASE; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; DIZZINESS; DROWSINESS; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG DOSE REDUCTION; DRUG DOSE REGIMEN; DRUG POTENTIATION; ELECTROLYTE DISTURBANCE; EUROPE; EXTRAPULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; GYNECOMASTIA; HEADACHE; HEARING DISORDER; HEMATOPOIETIC SYSTEM; HEPATITIS; HUMAN; HYPERPIGMENTATION; HYPERTHERMIA; HYPOTHYROIDISM; INFECTION CONTROL; INSOMNIA; LATENT PERIOD; LIVER DISEASE; LIVER TOXICITY; LUNG DISEASE; LUNG TUBERCULOSIS; MICROBIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION; MIGRATION; MILIARY TUBERCULOSIS; MONOTHERAPY; MORBIDITY; MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA; NAUSEA; NEPHROTOXICITY; NEUROTOXICITY; OPTIC NEURITIS; OTOTOXICITY; PATHOGENESIS; PEDIATRICIAN; PHOTOSENSITIVITY; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOSIS; SEIZURE; SIDE EFFECT; SOCIOECONOMICS; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; TREMOR; TUBERCULIN TEST; TUBERCULOSIS; TUBERCULOUS MENINGITIS; UVEITIS; VESTIBULAR DISORDER; VOMITING;

ANTITUBERCULAR AGENTS; CHEMOPREVENTION; CHILD; CLINICAL PROTOCOLS; HUMANS; IMMUNOASSAY; INCIDENCE; MACROPHAGES, ALVEOLAR; MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SPUTUM; TUBERCULIN TEST; TUBERCULOSIS; TUBERCULOSIS, MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT; TUBERCULOSIS, PULMONARY;

EID: 46149102219     PISSN: 03406199     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00431-008-0730-1     Document Type: Article

References (86)

1. Aaron L, Saadoun D, Calatroni I, Launay O, Mémain N, Vincent V, Marchal G, Dupont B, Bouchaud O, Valeyre D, Lortholary O (2004) Tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients: a comprehensive review. Clin Microbiol Infect 10:388-398
2. Algood HM, Lin PL, Flynn JL (2005) Tumor necrosis factor and chemokine interactions in the formation and maintenance of granulomas in tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis 41(Suppl 3):S189-S193
3. Alzeer AH, FitzGerald JM (1993) Corticosteroids and tuberculosis: risks and use as adjunct therapy. Tubercle Lung Dis 74:6-11
4. American Thoracic Society/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Infectious Disease Society of America (2003) Treatment of tuberculosis. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 167:63-662
5. American Thoracic Society, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2000) Targeted tuberculin testing, and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 161:221-247
6. Andersen P, Doherty TM, Pai M, Weldingh K (2007) The prognosis of latent tuberculosis: can disease be predicted? Trends Mol Med 13:175-182
7. Bartmann K, Massmann W (1961) Die Blutspiegel des INH bei Erwachsenen und Kindern. Beitr Klin Tuberk 124:310-319
8. Beglinger C, Dudler J, Mottet C, Nicod L, Seibold F, Villiger PM, Zellweger JP (2007) Screening for tuberculosis infection before initiation of anti-TNF-a therapy. Swiss Med Wkly 137:621-622
9. Bellamy R (2005) Genetic susceptibility to tuberculosis. Clin Chest Med 26:233-246
10. Brodie D, Schluger NW (2005) The diagnosis of tuberculosis. Clin Chest Med 26:247-271
11. Broekmans JF, Migliori GB, Rieder HL, Lees J, Ruutu P, Loddenkemper R, Raviglione MC (2002) European framework for tuberculosis control and elimination in countries with a low incidence. Eur Respir J 19:765-775
12. Canadian Tuberculosis Committee (2007) Interferon gamma release assays for latent tuberculosis infection. Canada Communicable Disease Report 2007, vol 33. Public Health Agency of Canada
13. Casanova J-L, Abel L (2004) The human model: a genetic dissection of immunity to infection in natural conditions. Nat Rev Immunol 4:55-66
14. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2005) Human tuberculosis caused by mycobacterium bovis - New York City, 2001-2004. MMWR 54:605-608
15. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1992) Management of persons exposed to multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. MMWR 41:61-71
16. Chintu C (2007) Tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus co-infection in children: management challenges. Paediatr Respir Rev 8:142-147
17. Colditz GA, Berkey CS, Mosteller F, Brewer TF, Wilson ME, Burdick E, Fineberg HV (1995) The efficacy of bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccination of newborns and infants in the prevention of tuberculosis: meta-analyses of the published literature. Pediatrics 96:29-35
18. Comstock GW, Caras GJ, Koplan JP (1999) How much isoniazid is needed for prevention of tuberculosis among immunocompetent adults? Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 3:847-850
19. Deutsches Zentralkomitee zur Bekämpfung der Tuberkulose (2001) Richtlinien zur medikamentösen Behandlung der Tuberkulose im Erwachsenen- und Kindesalter. Pneumologie 55:494-511
20. Detjen AK, Keil T, Roll S, Hauer B, Mauch H, Wahn U, Magdorf K (2007) Interferon-γ release assays improve the diagnosis of tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacterial disease in children in a country with a low incidence of tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis 45:322-328
21. Diel R, Nienhaus A, Lange C, Schaberg T (2006) Cost-optimization of screening for latent tuberculosis in close contacts. Eur Respir J 28:35-44
22. Diel R, Forssbohm M, Loytved G, Haas W, Hauer B, Maffei D, Magdorf K, Nienhaus A, Rieder HL, Schaberg T, Zellweger JP, Loddenkemper R (2007) Recommendations for background studies in tuberculosis. Pneumologie 61:440-455
23. Doherty TM, Demissie A, Menzies D, Andersen P, Rook G, Zumla A, VACSEL Study Group (2005) Effect of sample handling on analysis of cytokine responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in clinical samples using ELISA, ELISPOT and quantitative PCR. J Immunol Meth 298:129-141
24. Donald PR, Schaaf HS (2007) Old and new drugs for the treatment of tuberculosis in children. Paediatr Respir Rev 8:134-141
25. Dooley KE, Sterling TR (2005) Treatment of latent tuberculosis infection: challenges and prospects. Clin Chest Med 26:313-326
26. Drobniewski F, Cobelens F, Zellweger JP; on behalf of the KNCV/Euro TB Workshop (2007) Use of gamma-interferon assays in low- and medium-prevalence countries in Europe: a consensus statement of a Wolfheze Workshop organised by KNCV/Euro TB, Vilnius Sept 2006. http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ew/2007/070726. asp. Accessed 10 April 2008
27. Ena J, Valls V (2005) Short-course therapy with rifampin plus isoniazid, compared with standard therapy with isoniazid, for latent tuberculosis infection: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 40:670-676
28. Falzon D, Ait-Belghiti F (2007) What is tuberculosis surveillance in the European Union telling us? Clin Infect Dis 44:1268-1270
29. Feja K, Saiman L (2005) Tuberculosis in children. Clin Chest Med 26:295-312
30. Goletti D, Parracino MP, Butera O, Bizzoni F, Casetti R, Dainotto D, Anzidei G, Nisii C, Ippolito G, Poccia F, Girardi E (2007) Isoniazid prophylaxis differently modulates T-cell responses to RD1-epitopes in contacts recently exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a pilot study. Respir Res 8:5
31. Haimi-Cohen Y (2001) Skin indurations in response to tuberculin testing in patients with nontuberculous mycobacterial lymphadenitis. Clin Infect Dis 33:1786-1788
32. Haute Autorité de Santé (2006) Test de dété ction de la production d'interferon-g pour le diagnosis des infection tuberculeuses. http://www.has-sante.fr. Accessed 10 April 2008
33. Haverkamp MH, Arend SM, Lindeboom JA, Hartwig NG, van Dissel JT (2004) Nontuberculous mycobacterial infection in children: a 2-year prospective surveillance study in the Netherlands. Clin Infect Dis 39:450-456
34. Huebner RE, Schein MF, Bass JB Jr (1993) The tuberculin skin test. Clin Infect Dis 17:968-975
35. Idriss ZH, Sinno AA, Kronfol NM (1976) Tuberculous meningitis in childhood. Forty-three cases. Am J Dis Child 130:364-367
36. Infuso A, Falzon D; on behalf of the EuroTB network (2006) European survey of BCG vaccination policies and surveillance in children. Euro Surveill 11:6-11
37. Iseman MD (1993) Treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. N Engl J Med 329:784-791
38. Jacobsen M, Detjen A, Mueller H, Gutschmidt A, Leitner S, Wahn U, Magdorf K, Kaufmann SH (2007) Clonal expansion of CD8 + effector T cells in childhood tuberculosis. J Immunol 179:1331-1339
39. Joint Tuberculosis Committee of the British Thoracis Society (1998) Chemotherapy and management of tuberculosis in the United Kingdom. Thorax 53:536-548
40. Kauschke K, Magdorf K, Wahn U (1998) Mykobakteriell bedingte Lymphadenitis bei Kindern in Berlin 1981-1996. Monatsschr Kinderheilk Suppl 2:S159
41. Kumar R, Gupta N, Sabharwal AS (2005) Congenital tuberculosis. Indian J Pediatr 72:631-633
42. Lawn SD, Bangani N, Vogt M, Bekker LG, Badri M, Ntobongwana M, Dockrell HM, Wilkinson RJ, Wood R (2007) Utility of interferon-gamma ELISPOT assay responses in highly tuberculosis-exposed patients with advanced HIV infection in South Africa. BMC Infect Dis 7:99
43. Liebeschuetz S, Bamber S, Ewer K, Deeks J, Pathan AA, Lalvani A (2004) Diagnosis of tuberculosis in South African children with a T-cell-bases assay: a prospective cohort study. Lancet 365:97-98
44. Lobato MN, Hopewell PC (2000) Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection after travel to or contact with visitors from countries with a high prevalence of tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 158:1871-1875
45. Loddenkemper R (2005) Aktuelle Information des DZK zur Tuberkulinversorgung Deutschlands. Pneumologie 59:236-237
46. Maartens G, Wilkinson RJ (2007) Tuberculosis. Lancet 370:2030-2043
47. Magdorf K (2006) Tuberkulose im Kindesalter-Pathogenese, Prävention, Klinik und Therapie. Monatsschr Kinderheilk 154:124-132
48. Magdorf K (2003) Tuberkulose und nicht-tuberkulöse mykobakterielle Krankheiten. In: Handbuch, Infektionen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen, 4th edn. Futuramed, Munich, pp 699-719
49. Magdorf K, Ertel M, Wahn U (1997) Tuberkulose im Kindesalter 2. Tuberkuloseformen, Symptomatik und Therapie. Pädiatr Prax 52:299-309
50. Mandalakas AM, Starke JR (2005) Current concepts of childhood tuberculosis. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis 6:93-104
51. Marais BJ, Gie RP, Schaaf HS, Starke JR, Hesseling AC, Donald PR, Beyers N (2004) A proposed radiological classification of childhood intra-thoracic tuberculosis. Pediatr Radiol 34:886-894
52. Marais BJ, Gie RP, Hesseling AC, Schaaf HS, Lombard C, Enarson DA, Beyers N (2006) A refined symptom-based approach to diagnose pulmonary tuberculosis in children. Pediatrics 118:1350-1359
53. Marais BJ, Gie RP, Schaaf HS, Hesseling AC, Enarson DA, Beyers N (2006) The spectrum of disease in children treated for tuberculosis in a highly endemic area. Int J Tuberc lung Dis 10:732-738
54. Martin C (2005) The dream of a vaccine against tuberculosis; New vaccines improving or replacing BCG? Eur Respir J 26:162-167
55. Matulis G, Jüni P, Villiger PM, Gadola SD (2007) Detection of latent tuberculosis in immunosuppressed patients with autoimmune diseases performance of a mycobacteroim tuberculosis antigen specific IFN-gamma assay. Ann Rheum Dis 67:84-90
56. Menzies D, Pai M, Comstock G (2007) Meta-analysis: new tests for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection: areas of uncertainty and recommendations for research. Ann Intern Med 146:350-354
57. Nakaoka H, Lawson L, Squire SB, Coulter B, Ravn P, Brock I, Hart CA, Cuevas LE (2006) Risk for tuberculosis among children. Emerg Infect Dis 12:1383-1388
58. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. (2006) Tuberculosis: clinical diagnosis and management of tuberculosis, and measures for its prevention and control. http://www.nice.org.uk. Accessed 10 April 2008
59. Neutra MR, Mantis NJ, Kraehenbuhl JP (2001) Collaboration of epithelial cells with organized mucosal lymphoid tissues. Nat Immunol 2:1004-1009
60. O'Brien RJ, Spigelman M (2005) New drugs for tuberculosis: current status and future prospects. Clin Chest Med 26:327-340
61. Ormerod P (2001) Tuberculosis in pregnancy and the puerperium. Thorax 56:494-499
62. Ozuah PO, Ozuah TP, Stein REK, Burton W, Mulvihill M (2001) Evaluation of a risk assessment questionnaire used to target tuberculin skin testing in children. JAMA 285:451-453
63. Pai M, Kalantri S, Dheda K (2006) New tools and emerging technologies for the diagnosis of tuberculosis: part I. Latent tuberculosis. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 6:413-422
64. Pai M, Joshi R, Bandyopadhyay M, Narang P, Dogra S, Taksande B, Kalantri S (2007) Sensitivity of a whole-blood interferon-gamma assay among patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and variations in T-cell responses during anti-tuberculosis treatment. Infection 35:98-103
65. Piana F, Ruffo Codecasa L, Baldan R, Miotto P, Ferrarese M, Cirillio DM (2007) Use of T-SPOT.TB in latent tuberculosis infection diagnosis in general and immunosuppressed populations. New Microbiol 30:286-290
66. Ridzon R, Meador J, Maxwell R, Higgins K, Weismuller P, Onorato IM (1997) Asymptomatic hepatitis in persons who received alternative preventive therapy with pyrazinamide and ofloxacin. Clin Infect Dis 24:1264-1265
67. Robert Koch-Institut (2005) Infektionsepidemiologisches Jahrbuch für 2004. Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, pp 162-165
68. Romanus V, Hallander H, Wahlen P, Olinder-Nielsen A, Magnusson P, Juhlin I (1995) Atypical mycobacteria in extrapulmonary disease among children. Incidence in Sweden from 1969 to 1990, related to changing BCG-vaccination. Tuber Lung Dis 76:300-310
69. Sacchettini JC, Rubin EJ, Freundlich JS (2008) Drugs versus bugs: in pursuit of the persistent predator Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Nat Rev Microbiol 6:41-52
70. Schoeman JF, Van Zyl LE, Laubscher JA, Donald PR (1997) Effect of corticosteroids on intracranial pressure, computed tomographic findings, and clinical outcome in young children with tuberculous meningitis. Pediatrics 99:226-231
71. Sharma SK, Mohan A, Sharma A, Mitra DK (2005) Miliary tuberculosis: new insights into an old disease. Lancet Infect Dis 5:415-430
72. Skevaki CL, Kafetzis DA (2005) Tuberculosis in neonates and infants: epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management issues. Paediatr Drugs 7:219-234
73. Spyridis NP, Spyridis PG, Gelesme A, Sypsa V, Valianatou M, Metsou F, Gourgiotis D, Tsolia MN (2007) The effectiveness of a 9-month regimen of isoniazid alone versus 3- and 4-month regimens of isoniazid plus rifampin for treatment of latent tuberculosis infection in children: results of an 11-year randomized study. Clin Infect Dis 45:715-722
74. Starke JR (2006) Interferon-gamma release assays for diagnosis of tuberculosis infection in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 25:941-942
75. Steingart KR, Henry M, Laal S, Hopewell PC, Ramsay A, Menzies D, Cunningham J, Weldingh K, Pai M (2007) Commercial serological antibody detection tests for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis: a systematic review. PLoS Med 4:e202
76. Swaminathan S, Raghavan A, Duraipandian M, Kripasankar AS, Ramachandran P (2005) Short-course chemotherapy for paediatric respiratory tuberculosis: 5-year report. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 9:693-696
77. Thee S, Detjen A, Quarcoo D, Wahn U, Magdorf K (2007) Ethambutol in paediatric tuberculosis: aspects of ethambutol serum concentration, efficacy and toxicity in children. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 11:965-971
78. Thuong NT, Hawn TR, Thwaites GE, Chau TT, Lan NT, Quy HT, Hieu NT, Aderem A, Hien TT, Farrar JJ, Dunstan SJ (2007) A polimorphism in human TLR2 is associated with increased susceptibility to tuberculous meningitis. Genes Immun 8:422-428
79. Thwaites GE, Macmullen-Price J, Tran TH, Pham PM, Nguyen TD, Simmons CP, White NJ, Tran TH, Summers D, Farrar JJ (2007) Serial MRI to determine the effect of dexamethasone on the cerebral pathology of tuberculous meningitis: an observational study. Lancet Neurol 6:230-236
80. Tsiouris SJ, Austin J, Toro P, Coetzee D, Weyer K, Stein Z, El-Sadr WM (2006) Results of a tuberculosis-specific IFN-gamma assay in children at high risk for tuberculosis infection. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 10:939-941
81. Ulrichs T, Kaufmann SHE (2003) Immunology and persistence. Issues Infect Dis 2:112-127
82. Verver S, van Loenhout-Rooyackers JH, Bwire R, Annee-van Bavel JA, de Lange HJ, van Gerven PJ, Borgdorff MW (2005) Tuberculosis infection in children who are contacts of immigrant tuberculosis patients. Eur Respir J 26:126-132
83. World Health Organisation (2006) Guidance for national tuberculosis programmes on the management of tuberculosis in children. WHO/HTM/ TB/2006.371. WHO, Geneva
84. World Health Organisation (2006) Ethambutol efficacy and toxicity. Literature review and recommendations for daily and intermittent dosage in children. WHO/HTM/TB/2006.365; WHO/FCH/CAH/2006.3. WHO, Geneva
85. Wiese-Posselt M, Siedler A, Rademacher A, Haas W (2004) ESPID-study-group 2 incidence of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) in children aged <15 years, Germany 2002-2004. ESPID annual meeting, Tampere, Finland, May 2004
86. Zar HJ, Hanslo D, Apolles P (2005) Induced sputum versus gastric lavage for microbiological confirmation of pulmonary tuberculosis in infants and young children: a prospective study. Lancet 365:130-134