Geology and evolution of the Southern Dead Sea fault with emphasis on subsurface structure

Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences

Volumn 36, Issue , 2008, Pages 357-387

  Ben Avraham, Zvi ^a   Garfunkel, Zvi ^b   Lazar, Michael ^c  

^a TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

^b HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEM   (Israel)

^c UNIVERSITY OF HAIFA   (Israel)

Author keywords

Pull apart basins; Transform faults

Indexed keywords

DEAD SEA (DS); EVOLUTION (CO); RED SEA; SUBSURFACE STRUCTURES; TRANSFORM FAULTING;

EARTH SCIENCES;

BASIN; BASIN EVOLUTION; COLLISION; EN ECHELON STRUCTURE; OBLIQUITY; PULL APART BASIN; SLIP; STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY; TRANSFORM FAULT; TRANSTENSION;

ASIA; DEAD SEA; EURASIA; INDIAN OCEAN; MIDDLE EAST; RED SEA [INDIAN OCEAN]; TAURIDES; TURKEY; ZAGROS;

EID: 45849118656     PISSN: 00846597     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.earth.36.031207.124201     Document Type: Article

References (118)

1. Aldersons F, Ben-Avraham Z, Hofstetter A, Kissling E, Al-Yazjeen T. 2003. Lower-crustal strength under the Dead Sea basin from local earthquake data and rheological modeling. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 214:129-42
2. Al-Maleh K, Delaune M, Mouty M, Parrot JF. 1992. Relations du front de la nappe ophiolitique du nord-ouest syrien avec son substratum de part et d'autre de la faille du levant: Baer-Bassit, Kurd Daght. Comp. Rendues Acad. Sci. Paris 314(II): 1195-202
3. Al-Tarazi E, Sandvol E, Gomez F. 2006. The February 11, 2004 Dead Sea earthquake ML = 5.2 in Jordan and its tectonic implication. Tectonophysics 422:149-58
4. Al-Zoubi A, Shulman H, Ben-Avraham Z. 2002. Seismic reflection profiles across the southern Dead Sea basin. Tectonophysics 346:61-69
5. Al-Zoubi A, ten Brink U. 2002. Lower crustal flow and the role of shear in basin subsidence: an example from the Dead Sea basin. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 199:67-79
6. Atallah MY. 1992. Tectonic evolution of the northern Wadi Arava. Tectonophysics 204:17-26
7. Bandel K. 1981. New stratigraphic and structural evidence for lateral dislocation in the Jordan Rift connected with description of the Jurassic rock column in Jordan. Neues Jahrb. Geol. Palaontol. Abb. 161:271-308
8. Bandel K, Khouri H. 1981. Lithostratigraphy of the Triassic of Jordan. Facies 4:1-23
9. Bartov Y. 1974. A structural and paleogeographic study of the central Sinai faults and domes. PhD thesis. Hebrew Univ., Jerusalem. 143 pp. (Hebrew, in Engl. Abstr.)
10. Bartov Y, Avni Y, Calvo R, Frieslander U. 1998. The Zofar fault - A major intrarift feature in the Arava Rift Valley. Isr. Geol. Surv. Curr. Res. 13:27-32
11. Basson U, Ben-Avraham Z, Garfunkel Z. 2002. Development of recent faulting in the southern Dead Sea rift according to GPR imaging. In From Extension to Collision: The Dead Sea Rift and Other Natural Laboratories, ed. S Cloetingh, Z Ben-Avraham, EGU Stephan Mueller Spec. Publ. Ser. 2, pp. 35-48
12. Ben-Avraham Z. 1985. Structural framework of the Gulf of Elat (Aqaba) northern Red Sea. J Geophys. Res. 90(B1):703-26
13. Ben-Avraham Z. 1987. Rift propagation along the southern Dead Sea rift (Gulf of Elat). Tectonophysics 143:193-200
14. Ben-Avraham Z. 1997. Geophysical framework of the Dead Sea: structure and tectonic. See Niemi et al. 1997, pp. 22-35
15. Ben-Avraham Z, Almagor G, Garfunkel Z. 1979. Sediments and structure of the Gulf of Elat (Aqaba)-Northern Red Sea. Sediment. Geol. 23:239-67
16. Ben-Avraham Z, Amit G, Golan A, Begin ZB. 1990. The bathymetry of Lake Kinneret. Isr. J. Earth Sci. 39:77-84
17. Ben-Avraham Z, Garfunkel Z. 1986. Character of transverse faults in the Elat-pull-apart basin. Tectonics 5:1161-69
18. Ben-Avraham Z, Ginzburg A, Yuval Z. 1981. Seismic reflection and refraction investigations of Lake Kinneret - Central Jordan Valley, Israel. Tectonophys 80:165-81
19. Ben-Avraham Z, Hanel R, Vilinger H. 1978. Heat flow through the Dead Sea rift. Mar. Geol. 28:253-69
20. Ben-Avraham Z, Lazar M. 2006. The structure and development of the Dead Sea basin: Recent studies. In New Frontiers in Dead Sea Paleoenvironmental Research, ed. Y Enzel, A Agnon, M Stein, Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap. 401, pp. 1-13
21. Ben-Avraham Z, Lyakhovsky V. 1992. Faulting processes along the Northern Dead Sea transform and the Levant margin. Geology 20:1139-42
22. Ben-Avraham Z, Schubert G. 2006. Deep "drop down" basin in the southern Dead Sea. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 251:254-63
23. Ben-Avraham Z, Shoham Y, Klein E, Michelson H, Serruya C. 1980. Magnetic survey of Lake Kinneret-Central Jordan Valley, Israel. Mar. Geophys. Res. 4:257-76
24. Ben-Avraham Z, ten Brink U, Bell R, Reznikov M. 1996. Gravity field over the Sea of Galilee: evidence for a composite basin along a transform fault. J. Geophys. Res. 101:533-44
25. Ben-Avraham Z, Tibor G. 1993. The northern edge of the Gulf of Elat. Tectonophysics 226:319-31
26. Ben-Avraham Z, Von Herzen RP. 1987. Heat flow and continental breakup. The Gulf of Elat (Aqaba). J. Geophys. Res. 92:1407-16
27. Ben-Avraham Z, Zoback M. 1992. Transform-normal extension and asymmetric basins: An alternative to pull-apart models. Geology 20:423-26
28. Bender F. 1968. Geologie von Jordanien. Berlin: Bornträger. 230 pp.
29. Ben-Menahem A. 1979. Earthquake catalogue for the Middle East (92 B.C. -1800 A.D.). Boll. Geofis. Teor. Appl. 21:245-310
30. Ben-Menahem A, Nur A, Vered M. 1976. Tectonics, seismicity and structure of the Afro-Eurasian junction - the breaking of an ucoherent plate. Phys. Earth Planet. Int. 12:1-50
31. Bentor YK, Golani U, Picard L, Vroman A, Zak I. 1965. The Geological Map of Israel, 1:250000 (2 sheets). Tel Aviv: Surv. Isr.
32. Bryant AS, Jones LM. 1992. Anomalously deep crustal earthquakes in the Ventura Basin, southern California. J. Geophys. Res. 97(B1):437-47
33. Chu D, Gordon RG. 1998. Current plate motions across the Red Sea. Geophys. J. Int. 135:313-28
34. Druckman Y. 1974. The stratigraphy of the Triassic sequence in southern Israel. Geol. Surv. Isr. Bull. 64:1-62
35. Dubertret L. 1955. Carte Géologique du Liban au 1/200000 avec notice explicative. Minist. Travaux Publics Republ. Libanese, Beyrouth
36. Dubertret L. 1966. Liban, Syrie et bordure des pays voisins. Première partie. Tableau stratigraphique avec carte géologique au millionième. Notes Mém. Moyen Orient 8:251-58
37. Ehrhardt A, Hübscher C, Ben-Avraham Z, Gaiewski D. 2005. Seismic study of pull-apart-induced sedimentation and deformation in the northern Gulf of Aqaba (Elat). Tectonophysics 396:59-79
38. Eur. Mediterr. Seismol. Cent. (EMSC). 2004. Earthquake Mb 5.1 in the Dead Sea region, Jerusalem, Febr. 11th. http://emsc-csem.org/Html/ DEADSEA_110204. html
39. Eyal M, Bartov Y, Shimron AE, Bentor YK. 1980. Sinai Geological Map, scale 1:500000. Tel Aviv: Surv. Isr., Jerusalem
40. Eyal M, Eyal Y, Bartov Y, Steinitz G. 1981. Tectonic development of the western margin of the Gulf of Elat (Aqaba) rift. Tectonophysics 80:39-66
41. Fleischer E. 1968. The subsurface geology of the Hula Valley and Korazim area. Geol. Surv. Isr., Jerusalem Rep. 8 pp. Unpublished
42. Förster A, Förster HJ, Masarweh R, Masri A, Tarawneh K, DESERT Group. 2007. The terrestrial heat flow of the Arabian shield in Jordan. Int. J. Earth Sci. doi: 10.1016/j.jseaes.2006.09.002
43. Freund R, Garfunkel Z, Zak I, Goldberg M, Weissbrod T, Derin B. 1970. The shear along the Dead Sea rift. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. A 267:107-30
44. Frieslander U. 1997. High-resolution seismic surveys in the Hula and Beteiha Valleys. Geophys. Inst. Isr., Rep. 647/162/96
45. Frieslander U. 2000. The structure of the Dead Sea transform emphasizing the Arava using new geophysical data. PhD thesis. Hebrew Univ., Jerusalem. 101 pp. (Hebrew, in Engl. Abstr.)
46. Frieslander U, Ben-Avraham Z. 1989. Magnetic field over the Dead Sea and vicinity. Mar. Petrol. Geol. 6:148-60
47. Gardosh M, Bruner I, Rybakov M, Burg A, Bein A. 2001. Seismic study in the northeast Hula Valley. Isr. Water Auth. Rep. GII452/90/10 and Geol. Surv. Isr. Rep. GSI/4/01 (In Hebrew)
48. Gardosh M, Kashai E, Salov S, Shulman H, Tannenbaum E. 1997. Hydrocarbon exploration in the southern Dead Sea basin. See Niemi et al. 1997, pp. 57-72
49. Gardosh M, Reches Z, Garfunkel Z. 1990. Holocene tectonic deformation along the western margins of the Dead Sea. Tectonophysics 180:123-37
50. Garfunkel Z. 1981. Internal structure of the Dead Sea leaky transform (Rift) in relation to plate kinematics. Tectonophysics 80:81-108
51. Garfunkel Z. 1989. Tectonic setting of Phanerozoic magmatism in Israel. Isr. J. Earth Sci. 38:51-74
52. Garfunkel Z. 1997. The history and formation of the Dead Sea basin. See Niemi et al. 1997, pp. 36-56
53. Garfunkel Z, Ben-Avraham Z. 1996. The structure of the Dead Sea basin. Tectonophysics 226:155-76
54. Garfunkel Z, Ben-Avraham Z. 2001. Basins along the Dead Sea Transform. In PeriTethyan Rift/Wrench Basins and Passive Margins, ed. PA Ziegler, W Cavazza, AHF Roberts, S Crasquin-Soleau. Memo. Mus. Natl. His. Nat. 186:607-27
55. Garfunkel Z, Beyth M. 2006. Constraints on the structural development of Afar imposed by the kinematics of the major surrounding plates. In The Afar Volcanic Province Within the East African Rift System, ed. G Yirgu, C Ebinger, PKH Maguire, Spec. Publ. 259, pp. 23-42. London: Geol. Soc. London
56. Garfunkel Z, Zak I, Freund R. 1981. Active faulting in the Dead Sea rift. Tectonophysics 80:1-26
57. Giannerini G, Campredon R, Feraud G, Abou Zakhem B. 1988. Deformation intraplaque et vocanisme associee: exemple de la bordure NW de la plaque Arabique au Cenozoique. Bull. Soc. Geol. Fr. 4(8):937-47
58. Ginat H, Avni Y. 1994. The Arava conglomerate: a Pliocene valley deposit crossing the Dead Sea rift. Isr. Geol. Surv. Curr. Res. 9:59-63
59. Ginzburg A, Ben-Avraham Z. 1986. The structure of the Sea of Galilee graben from magnetic measurements. Tectonophysics 126:153-64
60. Ginzburg A, Ben-Avraham Z. 1997. A seismic refraction study of the northern basin of the Dead Sea. Geophys. Res. Lett. 24:2063-66
61. Ginzburg A, Makris J, Fuchs K, Prodehl C. 1981. The structure of the crust and upper mantle in the Dead Sea rift. Tectonophysics 80:109-19
62. Ginzburg A, Reshef M, Ben-Avraham Z, Schattner U. 2007. The style of transverse faulting in the Dead Sea basin from seismic reflection data: The Amazyahu fault. Isr. J. Earth Sci. In press
63. Goldberg M, Beyth M. 1991. Tiran Island: an internal block at the junction of the Red Sea rift and Dead Sea transform. Tectonophysics 198:261-73
64. Hatcher RD, Zeiz I, Reagan RD, Abu-Ajameh M. 1981. Sinistral strike-slip motion on the Dead Sea rift: confirmation from new magnetic data. Geology 9:458-62
65. Heimann A. 1990. The development of the Dead Sea Rift and its margins in northern Israel during the Pliocene and the Pleistocene. Geol. Surv. Isr. Rep. GSI/28/90, pp. 1-83 (Hebrew, in Engl. Abstr.)
66. Heimann A, Steinitz G. 1989. 40Ar/39Ar total gas ages of basalts from Notera#3 well, Hula Valley, Dead Sea Rift: Stratigraphic and tectonic implications. Isr. J. Earth Sci. 38:173-84
67. Hofstetter A, Thio HK, Shamir G. 2003. Source mechanism of the 22/11/1995 Gulf of Aqaba earthquake and its aftershock sequence. J. Seismol. 7:99-114
68. Horowitz A. 1987. Palynological evidence for the age and rate of sedimentation along the Dead Sea rift and structural implications. Tectonophysics 141:107-15
69. Hurwitz S, Garfunkel Z, Ben-Gai Y, Reznikov M, Rotstein Y, Gvirtzman H. 2002. The tectonic framework of a complex pull-apart basin: seismic reflection observations in the northern Kinarot-Beit-Shean Basin, Dead Sea Transform. Tectonophysics 359:289-306
70. Ilani S, Harlavan Y, Tarawneh K, Rabba I, Weinberger R, et al. 2001. New K-Ar ages of basalts from Harrat Ash Shaam volcanic field in Jordan: Implications for span and duration of the upper-mantle upwelling beneath the western Arabian plate. Geology 29:171-74
71. Inbar M. 1976. Contemporary and Holocene denudation rates in the Lake Kinneret watershed. In Geography in Israel: A Collection of Papers Offered to the 23rd Int. Geogr. Congr., USSR, July-Aug., ed. D Amiran, Y Ben-Arieh, pp. 344-52.Jerusalem: Isr. Natl. Comm. Int. Geogr. Union
72. Izzeldin AY. 1987. Seismic, gravity and magnetic surveys in the central part of the Red Sea: their interpretation and implications for the structure and evolution of the Red Sea. Tectonophysics 143:269-306
73. Joffe S, Garfunkel Z. 1987. Plate kinematics of the circum Red Sea - a re-evaluation. Tectonophysics 141:5-22
74. Kashai EL, Croker PF. 1987. Structural geometry and evolution of the Dead Sea-Jordan rift system as deduced from new subsurface data. Tectonophysics 141:33-60
75. Larsen BD, Ben-Avraham Z, Shulman H. 2002. Fault and salt tectonics in the south-ern Dead Sea basin. Tectonophysics 346:71-90
76. Lazar M, Ben-Avraham Z, Schattner U. 2006. Formation of sequential basins along a strike-slip fault - Geophysical observations from the Dead Sea basin. Tectonophysics 421:53-69
77. LePichon X, Gaulier JM. 1988. The rotation of Arabia and the Levant fault system. Tectonophysics 153:271-94
78. Lyakhovsky V, Ben-Avraham Z, Achmon M. 1994. The origin of the Dead Sea rift. Tectonophysics 240:29-43
79. Marco S, Agnon A, Ellenblum R, Eidelman A, Basson U, Boas A. 1997. 817-year-old walls offset sinistrally 2.1 m by the Dead Sea Transform, Israel. J. Geodyn. 24:11-20
80. Marco S, Hartal M, Hazan N, Lev L, Stein M. 2003. Archaeology, history, and geology of the 749 AD earthquake, Dead Sea Transform. Geology 31:665-68
81. Marcus E, Slager J. 1985. The sedimentary-magmatic sequence of the Zemach 1 well (Jordan-Dead Sea rift, Israel) and its emplacement in time and space. Isr. J. Earth Sci. 34:1-10
82. Mouti M, Delaloye M, Fontignie D, Piskin O, Wagner JJ. 1992. The volcanic activity in Syria and Lebanon between Jurassic and actual. Schweiz. Mineral. Petrogr. Mitt. 72:91-105
83. Neev D, Emery KO. 1967. The Dead Sea: Depositional processes and environments of evaporites. Geol. Surv. Isr. Bull. 41:147
84. Neev D, Hall JK. 1979. Geophysical investigations in the Dead Sea. Sediment. Geol. 23:209-38
85. Niemi TM, Ben-Avraham Z, Gat JR, eds. 1997. The Dead Sea; The Lake and Its Settings. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford Monogr. Geol. Geophys., Vol. 36
86. Pe'eri S, Zebker HA, Ben-Avraham Z, Frumkin A, Hall JK. 2004. Spatially-resolved uplift rate of the Mount Sedom (Dead Sea) salt diaper from InSAR observations. Isr. J. Earth Sci. 53:99-106
87. Picard L. 1943. Structure and evolution of Palestine with comparative notes on neighboring countries. Hebrew Univ. Jerusalem. Geol. Dep. Bull. 4:1-187
88. Quennell AM. 1959. Tectonics of the Dead Sea rift. Proc. Int. Geol. Congr. 20th, Mexico, Assoc. Serv. Geol. Afr, pp. 385-405
89. Ram E. 1989. The magnetic field over the Dead Sea - Lisan area. M.Sc. thesis. Tel Aviv Univ., Israel. 55 pp. (Hebrew, in Engl. Abstr.)
90. Reches Z, Erez J, Garfunkel Z. 1987. Sedimentary and tectonic features in the northwestern Gulf of Elat, Israel. Tectonophysics 141:169-80
91. Reches Z, Hoexter DF. 1981. Holocene seismic and tectonic activity in the Dead Sea area. Tectonophysics 80:235-54
92. Reznikov M, Ben-Avraham Z, Garfunkel Z, Gvirtzman H, Rotstein Y. 2004. Structural and Stratigraphic framework of Lake Kinneret. Isr. J. Earth Sci. 53:131-49
93. Roeser HA. 1975. A detailed magnetic survey of the southern Red Sea. Geol. Jahrb. D13:131-53
94. Ron H. 1987. Deformation along Yammuneh, the restraining bend of the Dead Sea transform: Paleomagnetic data and kinematic implications. Tectonics 6:653-66
95. Ron H, Freund R, Garfunkel Z, Nur A. 1984. Block rotation by strike-slip faulting: structural and paleomagnetic evidence. J. Geophys. Res. 89:6256-70
96. Rotstein Y, Bartov Y. 1989. Seismic reflection across a convergent continental transform: an example from the Dead Sea rift in northern Israel. J. Geophys. Res. 94:2902-12
97. Rotstein Y, Bartov Y, Frieslander U. 1992. Evidence for local shifting of the main fault and changes in the structural setting, Kinarot basin, Dead Sea transform. Geology 20:251-54
98. Rotstein Y, Bartov Y, Hofstetter A. 1991. Active compressional tectonics in the Jericho area, the Dead Sea Rift. Tectonophysics 198:239-59
99. Rybakov M, Fleischer L, ten Brink US. 2003. The Hula Valley subsurface structure inferred from gravity data. Isr. J. Earth Sci. 52:113-22
100. Salamon A, Hofsteter A, Garfunkel Z, Ron H. 1996. Seismicity of the Eastern Mediterranean region: Perspective from the Sinai subplate. Tectonophysics 263:295-305
101. Schulmann N. 1962. The geology of the Central Jordan Valley. PhD thesis. Hebrew Univ., Jerusalem (In Hebrew)
102. Segev A. 1984. Lithostratigraphy and paleogeography of the marine Cambrian sequence in southern Israel and southwestern Jordan. Isr. J. Earth Sci. 33:26-33
103. Serruya C. 1973. Sediments. In Lake Kinneret Data Record, ed. T Berman. Isr. Natl. Counc. Res. Dev. Rep. 13-73:39-45
104. Shaliv G. 1991. Stages in the tectonic and volcanic history of the Neogene basin in the Lower Galilee and the Valleys. Geol. Surv. Isr. Rep. GSI/11/91. 95 pp.
105. Shulman H, Reshef M, Ben-Avraham Z. 2004. The structure of the Golan Heights and its tectonic linkage to the Dead Sea transform and the Palmyrides folding. Isr. J. Earth Sci. 53:225-38
106. Sneh A, Weinberger R. 2003a. Geological Map of Israel. Sheet 2-11 Metulla, scale 1:50000. Geol. Surv. Isr.
107. Sneh A, Weinberger R. 2003b. Geology of the Metulla quadrangle, northern Israel: Implications for the offset along the Dead Sea Rift. Isr. J. Earth Sci. 52:123-38
108. Sneh A, Weinberger R. 2006. Geological Map of Israel. Sheet 2-IV Rosh Pinna, scale 1:50000. Geol. Surv. Isr:
109. Steinitz G, Bartov Y. 1991. The Miocene-Pliocene history of the Dead Sea segment of the rift in light of K-Ar ages of basalts. Isr. J. Earth Sci. 40:199-208
110. ten Brink US, Ben-Avraham Z. 1989. The anatomy of a pull-apart basin: seismic reflection observations of the Dead Sea. Tectonics 8:333-50
111. ten Brink US, Ben-Avraham Z, Bell RE, Hassouneh M, Coleman DF, et al. 1993. Structure of the Dead Sea pull-apart basin from gravity analysis. J. Geophys. Res. 21:877-94
112. 26Al surface exposure dating of an offset alluvial fan. J. Geophys. Res. 111 :B04407
113. van Eck T, Hofstetter A. 1990. Fault geometry and spatial clustering of microearthquakes along the Dead Sea-Jordan rift fault zone. Tectonophysics 180:15-27
114. Walley CD. 1988. A braided strike-slip model for the northern continuation of the Dead Sea fault and its implications for Levantine tectonics. Tectonophysics 145:63-72
115. Walley CD. 1998. Some outstanding issues in the geology of Lebanon and their importance in the tectonic evolution of the Levantine region. Tectonophysics 298:3 7-62
116. Wdowinski S, Bock Y, Baer G, Prawirodirdjo L, Bechor N, et al. 2004. GPS measurements of current crustal movements along the Dead Sea Fault. J. Geophys. Res. 109:B05403
117. Wdowinski S, Zilberman E. 1996. Kinematic modeling of large-scale structural asymmetry across the Dead Sea Rift. Tectonophysics 266:187-201
118. Zak I. 1967. The geology of Mt. Sedom. PhD thesis. The Hebrew Univ., Jerusalem. 208 pp. (Hebrew, in Engl. Abstr.)