The relative importance of tropical variability forced from the North Pacific through ocean pathways

Climate Dynamics

Volumn 31, Issue 2-3, 2008, Pages 315-331

  Solomon, Amy ^a,b   Shin, Sang Ik ^a,b   Alexander, Michael A ^a   McCreary, Julian P ^c  

^a NOAA EARTH SYSTEM RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

^b EARTH SYSTEM RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AIR-SEA INTERACTION; ATMOSPHERE-OCEAN COUPLING; EL NINO-SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; GENERAL CIRCULATION MODEL; HEAT FLUX; SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE; WIND STRESS;

PACIFIC OCEAN; PACIFIC OCEAN (NORTH);

EID: 45849118361     PISSN: 09307575     EISSN: 14320894     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00382-007-0353-7     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. An S-I, Wang B (2000) Interdecadal change of the structure of the ENSO mode and its impact on the ENSO frequency. J Clim 13:2044-2055
2. Barnett TP, Pierce DP, Latif M, Dommenget D, Saravanan R (1999) Interdecadal interactions between the tropics and midlatitudes in the Pacific. Geophys Res Lett 26:615-618
3. Behringer DW, Ji M, Leetmaa A (1998) An improved coupled model for ENSO prediction and implications for ocean initialization. Part I: The ocean data assimilation system. Mon Wea Rev 126:1013-1021
4. Bryan K (1991) Poleward heat transport in the ocean. Tellus 43:104-115
5. Collins WD, Rasch PJ, Boville BA, Hack JJ, McCaa JR, Williamson DL, Briegleb B, Bitz C, Lin S-J, Zhang M (2005) The formulation and atmospheric simulation of the community atmosphere model: CAM3. J Clim 19:2144-2161
6. Deser C, Alexander MA, Timlin MS (1996) Upper-ocean thermal variations in the North Pacific during 1970-1991. J Clim 9:1840-1855
7. Deser C, Phillips AS, Hurrell JW (2004) Pacific interdecadal climate variability: Linkages between the tropics and the North Pacific during boreal winter since 1900. J Clim 16:3109-3124
8. Federov AV, Philander SG (2001) A stability analysis of tropical ocean-atmosphere interactions: Bridging measurements and theory of El Nino. J Clim 14:3086-3101
9. Gu D, Philander SGH (1997) Interdecadal climate fluctuations that depend on exchanges between the tropics and the extratropics. Science 275:805-807
10. Ji M, Leetmaa A, Kousky VE (1996) Coupled model predictions of ENSO during the 1980s and the 1990s at the National Centers for Environmental Prediction. J Clim 9:3105-3120
11. Jin F-F (1997) An equatorial ocean recharge paradigm for ENSO. Part I: conceptual model. J Atmos Sci 54:811-829
12. Johnson GC, McPhaden MJ (1999) Interior pycnocline flow from the subtropical to the equatorial Pacific Ocean. J Phys Oceanogr 29:3073-3089
13. Joseph R, Nigam S (2005) ENSO evolution and teleconnections in IPCC's twentieth-century climate simulations: Realistic representation? J Clim 19:4360-4377
14. Kleeman R, Power S (1999) Modulation of ENSO variability on decadal and longer timescales. In: Diaz HF, Markgraf V (eds) El Niño and the Southern Oscillation, Multiscale Variability and Its Impacts on Ecosystems and Society. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 413-442
15. Kleeman R, McCreary JP, Klinger BA (1999) A mechanism for the decadal variation of ENSO. Geophys Res Lett, 26:743-747
16. Knutson TR, Manabe S (1998) Model assessment of decadal variability and trends in the tropical Pacific Ocean. J Clim 11:2273-2296
17. Kraus EB, Turner JS (1967) A one-dimensional model of the seasonal thermocline. II. the general theory and its consequences. Tellus 19:98-106
18. Latif M, Kleeman R, Eckert C (1997) Greenhouse warming, decadal variability, or El Niño? An attempt to understand the anomalous 1990s. J Clim 10:2221-2239
19. Liu Z (1999) Planetary wave modes in the thermocline: Non-Doppler shift mode, advective mode and Green mode. Quart J Roy Meteor Soc 125:1315-1339
20. Liu Z, Philander SGH, Pacanowski RC (1994) A GCM study of tropical-subtropical upper-ocean water exchange. J Phys Oceanogr 24:2606-2623
21. Livezey RE, Chen W (1983) Statistical field significance and its determination by Monte Carlo techniques. Mon Wea Rev 111:46-59
22. Lu P, McCreary JP (1995) Influence of the ITCZ on the flow of the thermocline water from the subtropical to the equatorial Pacific Ocean. J Phys Oceanogr 25:3076-3088
23. Lu P, McCreary JP, Klinger BA (1998) Meridional circulation cells and the source waters of the Pacific equatorial undercurrent. J Phys Oceanogr 28:62-84
24. Lysne J, Chang P, Giese B (1997) Impact of the extratropical Pacific on equatorial variability. Geophys Res Lett 24:2589-2592
25. McCreary JP, Lu P (1994) Interaction between the subtropical and equatorial ocean circulations: The subtropical cell. J Phys Oceanogr 24:466-497
26. McPhaden MJ, Zhang D (2002) Slowdown of the meridional overturning circulation in the upper North Pacific. Nature 415:603-608
27. McPhaden MJ, Zhang D (2004) Pacific Ocean circulation rebounds. Geophys Res Lett 31:L18301. doi: 10.1029/2004GL020727
28. Nitta T, Yamada S (1989) Recent warming of recent sea surface temperature and its relation to northern hemisphere circulation. J Meteor Soc Japan 67:375-382
29. Nonaka M, Xie S-P (2003) Covariations of sea surface temperature and wind over the Kuroshio and its extension: Evidence for ocean-to-atmosphere feedback. J Clim 9:1404-1413
30. Nonaka M, Xie S-P, McCreary JP (2002) Decadal variations in the subtropical cells and equatorial Pacific SST. Geophys Res Lett 29:1116. doi: 10.1029/2001GL013717
31. Nonaka M, McCreary JP, Xie S-P (2006) Influence of midlatitude winds on the stratification of the equatorial thermocline. J Phys Oceanogr 36:222-237. doi: 10.1175/JPO2845.1
32. Rayner NA, Parker DE, Horton EB, Folland CK, Alexander LV, Rowell DP, Kent EC, Kaplan A (2003) Globel analyses of sea surface temperature, sea ice, and night marine air temperature since the late nineteenth century. J Geophys Res 108(D14):4407. doi: 10.1029/2002JD002670
33. Rothstein LM, Zhang R-H, Busalacchi AJ, Chen D (1998) A numerical simulation of the mean water pathways in the subtropical and tropical Pacific Ocean. J Phys Oceanogr 28:322-344
34. Schneider NS, Miller AJ (2001) Predicting western North Pacific Ocean climate. J Clim 14:3997-4002
35. Schneider N, Venzke S, Miller AJ, Pierce DW, Barnett TP, Deser C, Latif M (1999) Pacific thermocline bridge revisited. Geophys Res Lett 26:1329-1332
36. Shin S, Liu Z (2000) Response of equatorial thermocline to extratropical buoyancy forcing. J Phys Oceanogr 30:2883-2905
37. Solomon A, McCreary JP, Kleeman R, Klinger BA (2003) Interannual and decadal variability in an intermediate coupled model of the Pacific region. J Clim 16:383-405
38. Thompson L, Ladd CA (2004) The response of the North Pacific Ocean to Decadal variability in atmospheric forcing: Wind versus buoyancy forcing. J Phys Oceanogr 34:1373-1386
39. Timmermann A, Jin F-F (2002) A nonlinear mechanism for decadal El Niño amplitude changes. Geophys Res Lett 29:1003. doi: 10.1029/ 2001GL013369
40. Trenberth KE (1990) Recent observed interdecadal climate changes in the northern hemisphere. Bull Am Meteor Soc 71:988-993
41. Vimont DJ, Battisti DS, Hirst AC (2001) Footprinting: A seasonal connection between the tropics and mid-latitudes. Geophys Res Lett 28:3923-3926
42. Wang B (1995) Interdecadal changes in El Niño onset in the last four decades. J Clim 8:267-285
43. Wang D (2003) Entrainment laws and a bulk mixed layer model of rotating convection derived from large-eddy simulations. Geophys Res Lett 30:1929. doi: 10.1029/2003GL017869
44. Wu L, Liu Z, Gallimore R, Jacob R, Lee D, Zhong Y (2003) A coupled model study of Pacific decadal variability: The tropical mode and the north Pacific mode. J Clim 16:1101-1120
45. Xie S-P, Kunitani T, Kubokawa A, Nonaka M, Hosoda S (2000) Interdecadal thermocline variability in the North Pacific for 1958-1997: A GCM simulation. J Phys Oceanogr 30:2798-2813
46. Yukimoto S, Endoh M, Kitamura Y, Kitoh A, Motoi T, Noda A (2000) ENSO-like interdecadal variability in the Pacific Ocean as simulated in a coupled general circulation model. J Geophys Res 105:13,945-13,963
47. Zhang R-H, Rothstein LM, Busalacchi AJ (1998) Origin of upper-ocean warming and El Nino on decadal times scales in the tropical Pacific Ocean. Nature 391:879-883
48. Zhang D, McPhaden MJ, Johns WE (2003) Observational evidence for flow between the subtropical and tropical Atlantic: The Atlantic subtropical cell. J Phys Oceanogr 33:1783-1797