Why precipitation is mostly concentrated over islands in the maritime continent

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences

Volumn 65, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 1428-1441

  Qian, Jian Hua ^a  

^a Lamont Campus   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERICS; SYSTEMATIC ERRORS;

AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY (AMS); ATMOSPHERIC DISTURBANCES; COMPLEX TOPOGRAPHY; CONVERGENCE (MATHEMATICS); DIURNAL CYCLING; GLOBAL CIRCULATION MODELS (GCM); GLOBAL MODELING; HIGH RESOLUTIONS; LAND SEA BREEZES; MARITIME CONTINENT; PRECIPITATION (METALLOGRAPHY); REGIONAL CLIMATE MODEL (REGCM2); REGIONAL MODELING; SEA BREEZES; SYSTEMATIC (CO); VELOCITY POTENTIALS;

LANDFORMS;

CLIMATE MODELING; DIURNAL VARIATION; HEATING; PRECIPITATION (CLIMATOLOGY); REGIONAL CLIMATE; SEA BREEZE; TROPOSPHERE;

EID: 45849092615     PISSN: 00224928     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/2007JAS2422.1     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. Atkins, N. T., and R. M. Wakimoto, 1997: Influence of the synoptic-scale flow on sea breezes observed during CaPE. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 2112-2130.
2. Carbone, R. E., J. W. Wilson, T. D. Keenan, and J. M. Hacker, 2000: Tropical island convection in the absence of significant topography. Part I: Life cycle of diurnally forced convection. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 3459-3480.
3. Chang, C.-P., Z. Wang, J. McBride, and C. Liu, 2005: Annual cycle of Southeast Asia-Maritime Continent rainfall and the asymmetric monsoon transition. J. Climate, 18, 287-301.
4. Dickinson, R. E., A. Henderson-Sellers, and P. J. Kennedy, 1993: Biosphere Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (BATS) version 1e as coupled to the NCAR Community Climate Model. NCAR Tech. Note NCAR/TN-387+STR, 72 pp.
5. Dinku, T., P. Ceccato, E. Grover-Kopec, M. Lemma, S. J. Connor, and C. F. Ropelewski, 2007: Validation of satellite rainfall products over East Africa's complex topography. Int. J. Remote Sens., 28, 1503-1526.
6. Emanuel, K. A., and M. Zivkovic-Rothman, 1999: Development and evaluation of a convective scheme for use in climate models. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 1766-1782.
7. Fovell, R. G., 2005: Convective initiation ahead of sea-breeze front. Mon. Wea. Rev., 133, 264-278.
8. Gadgil, S., and S. Sajani, 1998: Monsoon precipitation in the AMIP runs. Climate Dyn., 14, 659-689.
9. Giorgi, F., M. R. Marinucci, and G. T. Bates, 1993: Development of the second-generation Regional Climate Model (RegCM2). Part I: Boundary-layer and radiative transfer processes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 2794-2813.
10. Giorgi, F., J. S. Pal, X. Bi, L. Sloan, N. Elguindi, and F. Solmon, 2006: Introduction to the TAC special issue: The RcgCNET network. Theor. Appl. Climatol., 86, 1-4.
11. Hartmann, D. L., H. H. Hendon, and R. A. Houze Jr., 1984: Some implications of the mesoscale circulations in tropical cloud clusters for large-scale dynamics and climate. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 113-121.
12. Hastenrath, S., and P. J. Lamb, 2004: Climate dynamics of atmosphere and ocean in the equatorial zone: A synthesis. Int. J. Climatol., 24, 1601-1612.
13. Hoerling, M. P., M. L. Blackmon, and M. Ting, 1992: Simulating the atmospheric response to the 1985-87 El Niño cycle. J. Climate, 5, 669-682.
14. Holland, G. J., and T. D. Keenan, 1980: Diurnal variations of convection over the "Maritime Continent." Mon. Wea. Rev., 108, 223-225.
15. Houze, R. A., Jr., S. G. Geotis, F. D. Marks Jr., and A. K. West, 1981: Winter monsoon convection in the vicinity of north Borneo. Part I: Structure and time variation of clouds and precipitation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 1595-1614.
16. Hughes, M., A. Hall, and R. G. Fovell, 2007: Dynamical controls on the diurnal cycle of temperature in complex topography. Climate Dyn., 29, 277-292.
17. Ichikawa, H., and T. Yasunari, 2006: Time-space characteristics of diurnal rainfall over Borneo and surrounding oceans as observed by TRMM-PR. J. Climate, 19, 4238-1260.
18. Janowiak, J. E., V. E. Kousky, and R. J. Joyce, 2005: Diurnal cycle of precipitation determined from the CMORPH high spatial and temporal resolution global precipitation analyses. J. Geophys. Res., 110, D23105, doi:10.1029/2005JD006156.
19. Johns, T. C., and Coauthors, 2006: The new Hadley Centre climate model (HadGEM1): Evaluation of coupled simulations. J. Climate, 19, 1327-1353.
20. Johnson, R. H., and D. L. Priegnitz, 1981: Winter monsoon convection in the vicinity of north Borneo. Part II: Effects on large-scale fields. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 1615-1628.
21. Joyce, R. J., J. E. Janowiak, P. A. Arkin, and P. Xie, 2004: CMORPH: A method that produces global precipitation estimates from passive microwave and infrared data at high spatial and temporal resolution. J. Hydrometeor., 5, 487-503.
22. Kalnay, E., and Coauthors, 1996: The NCEP/NCAR 40-Year Re-analysis Project. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 77, 437-471.
23. Keenan, T., and Coauthors, 2000: The Maritime Continent Thunderstorm Experiment (MCTEX): Overview and some results. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 81, 2433-2455.
24. Kiehl, J. T., J. J. Hack, G. B. Bonan, B. A. Boville, D. L. Williamson, and P. J. Rasch, 1998: The National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model (CCM3). J. Climate, 11, 1307-1326.
25. Kitada, T., and K. Igarashi, 1986: Numerical analysis of air pollution in a combined field of land/sea breeze and mountain/valley wind. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 25, 767-784.
26. Kummerow, C., and Coauthors, 2000: The status of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) after two years in orbit. J. Appl. Meteor., 39, 1965-1982.
27. Lorenz, P., and D. Jacob, 2005: Influence of regional scale information on the global circulation: A two-way nesting climate simulation. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L18706, doi:10.1029/2005GL023351.
28. Mapes, B. E., T. T. Warner, and M. Xu, 2003: Diurnal patterns of rainfall in northwestern South America. Part III: Diurnal gravity waves and nocturnal convection offshore. Mon. Wea. Rev., 131, 830-844.
29. Mori, S., and Coauthors, 2004: Diurnal land-sea rainfall peak migration over Sumatra island, Indonesian Maritime Continent, observed by TRMM satellite and intensive rawinsonde soundings. Mon. Wea. Rev., 132, 2021-2039.
30. Neale, R., and J. Slingo, 2003: The Maritime Continent and its role in the global climate: A GCM study. J. Climate, 16, 834-848.
31. Nesbitt, S. W., and E. J. Zipser, 2003: The diurnal cycle of rainfall and convective intensity according to three years of TRMM measurements. J. Climate, 16, 1456-1475.
32. Nitis, T., D. Kitsou, Z. B. Klaic, M. T. Prtenjak, and N. Moussiopoulos, 2005: The effects of basic flow and topography on the development of the sea breeze over a complex coastal environment. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 131, 305-327.
33. Pal, J. S., E. E. Small, and E. A. B. Eltahir, 2000: Simulation of regional scale water and energy budgets: Representation of subgrid cloud and precipitation processes within RegCM. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 29 579-29 594.
34. Pielke, R. A., 1974: A three-dimensional numerical model of the sea breezes over south Florida. Mon. Wea. Rev., 102, 115-139.
35. Prandti, L., 1952: Essentials of Fluid Mechanics. Blakie and Son, 451 pp.
36. Qian, J.-H., F. H. M. Semazzi, and J. S. Seroggs, 1998: A global nonhydrostatic semi-Lagraitgian atmospheric model with orography. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 747-771.
37. Qian, J.-H., F. Giorgi, and M. S. Fox-Rabinovitz, 1999: Regional stretched grid generation and its application to the NCAR RegCM. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 6501-6513.
38. Ramage, C. S., 1968: Role of a tropical "maritime continent" in the atmospheric circulation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 96, 365-370.
39. Rampanelli, G., D. Zardi, and R. Rotunno, 2004: Mechanisms of up-valley winds. J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 3097-3111.
40. Riehl, H., 1954: Tropical Meteorology. McGraw-Hill, 392 pp.
41. Riehl, H., and J. S. Malkus, 1958: On the heat balance in the equatorial trough zone. Geophysica, 6, 503 538.
42. Roeckner, E., and Coauthors, 1996: The atmospheric general circulation model ECHAM4: Model description and present-day climate. Max-Planck-Institut ftir Meteorologic Rep. 218, Hamburg, Germany, 90 pp.
43. Saito, K., T. Keenan, G. Holland, and K. Puri, 2001: Numerical simulation of the diurnal evolution of tropical island convection over the Maritime Continent. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 378-400.
44. Sato, T., 2004: The current status of the Earth Simulator. J. Earth Simulator, 1, 6-7.
45. Semazzi, F. H. M., J.-H. Qian, and J. S. Scroggs, 1995: A global nonhydrostatic semi-Lagrangian atmospheric model without orography. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 2534-2550.
46. Simpson, J., N. E. Westcott, R. J. Clerman, and R. A. Pielke, 1980: On cumulus mergers. Arch. Meteor. Geophys. Bioklim., 29A, 1-40.
47. Simpson, J., T. D. Keenan, B. Ferrier, R. H. Simpson, and G. J. Holland, 1993: Cumulus merger in the Maritime Continent region. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 51, 73-99.
48. Simpson, J. E., 1996: Diurnal changes in sea-breeze direction. J. Appl. Meteor., 35, 1166-1169.
49. Tao, W.-K., and Coauthors, 2006: Retrieval of latent heating from TRMM measurements. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 87, 1555-1572.
50. Trenberth, K. E., 1999: Atmospheric moisture recycling: Role of advection and local evaporation. J. Climate, 12, 1368-1381.
51. Wai, M. M.-K., P. T. Welsh, and W.-M. Ma, 1996: Interaction of secondary circulations with the summer monsoon and diurnal rainfall over Hong Kong. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 81, 123-146.
52. Webster, P. J., C. A. Clayson, and J. A. Curry, 1996: Clouds, radiation, and the diurnal cycle of the sea surface temperature in the tropical western Pacific. J. Climate, 9, 1712-1730.
53. Wyrtki, K., 1973: An equatorial jet in the Indian Ocean. Science, 181, 262-264.
54. Xie, P., and P. A. Arkin, 1996: Analysis of global monthly precipitation using gauge observations, satellite estimates, and numerical model predictions. J. Climate, 9, 840-858.
55. Yang, G.-Y., and J. Slingo, 2001: The diurnal cycle in the Tropics. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 784-801.