Turbulent mixing processes in atmospheric bores and solitary waves deduced from profiling systems and numerical simulation

Monthly Weather Review

Volumn 136, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 1373-1400

  Koch, Steven E ^a   Feltz, Wayne ^b   Fabry, Frédéric ^c   Pagowski, Mariusz ^a,d   Geerts, Bart ^e   Bedka, Kristopher M ^b   Miller, David O ^f   Wilson, James W ^g  

^a EARTH SYSTEM RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

^c MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^d Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF WYOMING   (United States)

^f PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^g NATIONAL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COMPUTER SIMULATION; LIQUID WAVES; MIXING; WAVES;

GROUND-BASED; INTERNATIONAL (CO); NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS; PROFILING SYSTEMS; SOLITARY WAVES; TURBULENT MIXING;

ATMOSPHERICS;

ADIABATIC PROCESS; ADVECTION; GROUND-BASED MEASUREMENT; KINETIC ENERGY; NOCTURNAL BOUNDARY LAYER; NUMERICAL MODEL; PROFILER; REFRACTION; SOLITARY WAVE; TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER; TURBULENT MIXING; WEATHER FORECASTING;

EID: 45749095101     PISSN: 00270644     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/2007MWR2252.1     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Arya, S. P., 2000: Atmospheric boundary layers and turbulence. Mesoscale Atmospheric Dispersion, Z. Boybeyi, Ed., WIT Press, 121-170.
2. Battan, L. J., 1973: Radar Observation of the Atmosphere. University of Chicago Press, 324 pp.
3. Benjamin, T. B., and M. J. Lighthill, 1954: On cnoidal waves and bores. Proc. Roy. Soc. London, 224, 448-460.
4. Burk, S. D., and W. T. Thompson, 1989: A vertically nested regional numerical weather prediction model with second-order closure physics. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 2305-2324.
5. Christie, D. R., K. J. Muirhead, and A. L. Hales, 1979: Intrusive density flows in the lower troposphere: A source of atmospheric solitons. J. Geophys. Res., 84, 4959-4970.
6. Cohn, S. A., W. O. J. Brown, C. L. Martin, M. E. Susedik, G. Maclean, and D. B. Parsons, 2001: Clear air boundary layer spaced antenna wind measurement with the Multiple Antenna Profiler (MAPR). Ann. Geophys., 19, 845-854.
7. Crook, N. A., 1984: A numerical and analytical study of atmospheric undular bores. Ph.D. thesis, Imperial College, University of London, 128 pp.
8. Crook, N. A., 1988: Trapping of low-level internal gravity waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 1533-1541.
9. Doviak, R. J., and R. Ge, 1984: An atmospheric solitary, gust observed with a Doppler radar, a tall tower and a surface network. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 2559-2573.
10. Droegemeier, K. K., and R. B. Wilhelmson, 1985: Three-dimensional numerical modeling of convection produced by interacting thunderstorm outflows. Part I: Control simulation and low-level moisture variations. J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 2381-2403.
11. Fabry, F., C. Frush, I. Zawadzki, and A. Kilambi, 1997: On the extraction of near-surface index of refraction using radar phase measurements from ground targets. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 14, 978-987.
12. Fedorovich, E., R. Rotunno, and B. Stevens, Eds., 2004: Atmospheric Turbulence and Mesoscale Meteorology: Scientific Research Inspired by Doug Lilly. Cambridge University Press, 280 pp.
13. Feltz, W. F., W. L. Smith, R. O. Knuteson, H. E. Revercomb, H. M. Woolf, and H. B. Howell, 1998: Meteorological applications of temperature and water vapor retrievals from the ground-based Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (AERI). J. Appl. Meteor., 37, 857-875.
14. Feltz, W. F., D. J. Posselt, J. R. Mecikalski, G. S. Wade, and T. J. Schmit, 2003a: Rapid boundary layer water vapor transitions. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 84, 29-30.
15. Feltz, W. F., W. L. Smith, H. B. Howell, R. O. Knuteson, H. Woolf, and H. E. Revercomb, 2003b: Near-continuous profiling of temperature, moisture, and atmospheric stability using the Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (AERI). J. Appl. Meteor., 42, 584-597.
16. Fulton, R., D. S. Zrnić, and R. J. Doviak, 1990: Initiation of a solitary wave family in the demise of a nocturnal thunderstorm density current. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 319-337.
17. Geerts, B., R. Damiani, and S. Haimov, 2006: Finescale vertical structure of a cold front as revealed by an airborne Doppler radar. Mon. Wea. Rev., 134, 251-271.
18. Grell, G. A., and D. Dévényi, 2002: A generalized approach to parameterizing convection combining ensemble and data assimilation techniques. Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 1693, doi:10.1029/ 2002GL015311.
19. Haase, S. P., 1991: Numerical simulation of the bore-like cold front of 8 October 1987 in southern Germany. Tellus, 43A, 97-105.
20. Haase, S. P., and R. K. Smith, 1989a: The numerical simulation of atmospheric gravity currents. Part I: Neutrally-stable environments. Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn., 46, 1-33.
21. Haase, S. P., and R. K. Smith, 1989b: The numerical simulation of atmospheric gravity currents. Part II: Environments with stable layers. Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn., 46, 35-51.
22. Ince, T., S. J. Frasier, A. Muschinski, and A. L. Pazmany, 2003: An S-band frequency-modulated continuous-wave boundary layer profiler: Description and initial results. Radio Sci., 38, 1072, doi:10.1029/2002RS002753.
23. Janjić, Z. I., 1994: The step-mountain Eta coordinate model: Further developments of the convection, viscous sublayer, and turbulence closure schemes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 927-945.
24. Jin, Y., S. E. Koch, Y.-L. Lin, F. M. Ralph, and C. Chen, 1996: Numerical simulations of an observed gravity current and gravity waves in an environment characterized by complex stratification and shear. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 3570-3588.
25. Karyampudi, V. M., S. E. Koch, C. Chen, J. W. Rottman, and M. L. Kaplan, 1995: The influence of the Rocky Mountains on the 13-14 April 1986 severe weather outbreak. Part II: Evolution of a prefrontal bore and its role in triggering a squall line. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 1423-1446.
26. Klemp, J. B., R. Rotunno, and W. C. Skamarock, 1997: On the propagation of internal bores. J. Fluid Mech., 331, 81-106.
27. Knuteson, R. O., and Coauthors, 2004a: Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer. Part I: Instrument design. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 21, 1763-1776.
28. Knuteson, R. O., and Coauthors, 2004b: Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer. Part II: Instrument performance. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 21, 1777-1789.
29. Koch, S. E., and W. L. Clark, 1999: A nonclassical cold front observed during COPS-91: Frontal structure and the process of severe storm initiation. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 2862-2890.
30. Koch, S. E., P. B. Dorian, R. Ferrare, S. H. Melfi, W. C. Skillman, and D. Whiteman, 1991: Structure of an internal bore and dissipating gravity current as revealed by Raman lidar. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 857-887.
31. LeMone, M. A., G. M. Barnes, J. C. Fankhauser, and L. F. Tarleton, 1988: Perturbation pressure fields measured by aircraft around the cloud-base updraft of deep convective clouds. Mon. Wea. Rev., 116, 313-327.
32. Lutz, J., P. Johnson, B. Lewis, E. Loew, M. Randall, and J. VanAndel, 1995: NCAR's S-Pol: Portable polarimetric S-band radar. Preprints, Ninth Symp. on Meteorological Observations and Instrumentation, Charlotte, NC, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 408-410.
33. Manobianco, J., and P. A. Nutter, 1999: Evaluation of the 29-km Eta model. Part II: Subjective verification over Florida. Wea. Forecasting, 14, 18-37.
34. Mlawer, E. J., S. J. Taubman, P. D. Brown, M. J. Iacono, and S. A. Clough, 1997: Radiative transfer for inhomogeneous atmospheres: RRTM, a validated correlated-k model for the long-wave. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 16 663-16 682.
35. Moran, M. D., 2000: Basic aspects of mesoscale atmospheric dispersion. Mesoscale Atmospheric Dispersion, Z. Boybeyi, Ed., WIT Press, 27-119.
36. Mueller, C. K., and R. E. Carbone, 1987: Dynamics of a thunderstorm outflow. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 1879-1898.
37. Reisner, J., R. M. Rasmussen, and R. T. Bruintjes, 1998: Explicit forecasting of supercooled liquid water in winter storms using the MM5 mesoscale model. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 124, 1071-1107.
38. Rottman, J. W., and J. E. Simpson, 1989: The formation of internal bores in the atmosphere: A laboratory model. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 115, 941-963.
39. Schwemmer, G. K., T. D. Wilkerson, and D. V. Guerra, 1998: Compact scanning lidar systems using holographic optics. Optical Remote Sensing for Industry and Environmental Monitoring, U. N. Singh, H. Hu, and G. Wang, Eds., International Society for Optical Engineering (SPIE Proceedings, Vol. 3504), 51-59.
40. Simpson, J. E., 1987: Gravity Currents: In the Environment and the Laboratory. Halsted Press, 244 pp.
41. Skyllingstad, E. D., 1991: Critical layer effects on atmospheric solitary and cnoidal waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 1613-1624.
42. Smirnova, T. G., J. M. Brown, S. G. Benjamin, and D. Kim, 2000: Parameterization of cold-season processes in the MAPS land-surface scheme. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 4077-4086.
43. Smith, R. K., 1988: Travelling waves and bores in the lower atmosphere: The 'Morning Glory' and related phenomena. Earth-Sci. Rev., 25, 267-290.
44. Thomsen, G. L., and R. K. Smith, 2006: Simulations of low-level convergence lines over north-eastern Australia. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 132, 691-707.
45. 2O Project (IHOP_2002) and some preliminary highlights. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 85, 253-277.
46. Weckwerth, T. M., C. R. Pettet, F. Fabry, S. Park, M. A. LeMone, and J. W. Wilson, 2005: Radar refractivity retrieval: Validation and application to short-term forecasting. J. Appl. Meteor., 44, 285-300.
47. 2O Project. Part I: Instrumentation and analysis techniques. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 23, 157-169.
48. 2O Project. Part II: Case studies. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 23, 170-183.
49. Wilson, J. W., and W. E. Schreiber, 1986: Initiation of convective storms at radar-observed boundary-layer convergence lines. Mon. Wea. Rev., 114, 2516-2536.
50. Xia, F., 2001: Evaluation of the MacReady turbulence sensor. M.S. thesis, Dept. of Atmospheric Science, University of Wyoming, 192 pp.
51. Xu, Q., 1992: Density currents in shear flows - A two-fluid model. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 511-524.
52. Zhang, D., and R. A. Anthes, 1982: A high-resolution model of the planetary boundary layer - Sensitivity tests and comparisons with SESAME-79 data. J. Appl. Meteor., 21, 1594-1609.