Sexual dimorphism of humoral immunity with human vaccines

Vaccine

Volumn 26, Issue 29-30, 2008, Pages 3551-3555

  Cook, Ian Francis ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE   (Australia)

Author keywords

Antibody response; Sex difference; Vaccines

Indexed keywords

BRUCELLA VACCINE; DIPHTHERIA VACCINE; HEPATITIS A VACCINE; HEPATITIS B VACCINE; INFLUENZA VACCINE; MEASLES VACCINE; MENINGOCOCCUS VACCINE; PNEUMOCOCCUS POLYSACCHARIDE; PNEUMOCOCCUS VACCINE; RABIES VACCINE; RUBELLA VACCINE; SEX HORMONE; TETANUS TOXOID; TOXIN; VACCINE; VENEZUELAN EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS ALPHAVIRUS VACCINE; VIRUS VACCINE; YELLOW FEVER VACCINE;

BACTEREMIA; BRUCELLOSIS; DIPHTHERIA; DRUG EFFICACY; ENCEPHALOMYELITIS; HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS B; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; HUMORAL IMMUNITY; IMMUNE RESPONSE; INFECTION PREVENTION; INFECTION RISK; MEASLES; MENINGOCOCCOSIS; MORTALITY; POSTMENOPAUSE; PREPUBERTY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RABIES; REVIEW; RUBELLA; SEROLOGY; SEX DIFFERENCE; STREPTOCOCCUS INFECTION; TETANUS; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; VENEZUELAN EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS ALPHAVIRUS; VIREMIA; YELLOW FEVER;

ANTIBODY FORMATION; BACTERIAL VACCINES; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; SEX CHARACTERISTICS; VIRAL VACCINES;

EID: 45449085637     PISSN: 0264410X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.04.054     Document Type: Review

References (126)

1. World Health Organization. The World Health Report 2003: shaping the future. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2003.
2. Janeway C.A. Approaching the asymptote? Evolution and revolution in immunology. Cold Spring Harbor Symp Quant Biol 56 (1989) 1-13
3. Kaech S.M., Wherry E.J., and Ahmed R. Effector and memory T-cell differentiation: implications for vaccine development. Nat Rev Immunol 2 (2002) 251-262
4. Whitacre CC, Reingold SC, O'Looney PA, Blankenhorn E, Brinley F, Collier E, et al. A gender gap in autoimmunity: sex differences in autoimmune disease: focus on Multiple Sclerosis. www.sciencemag.or/feature/data/983519.shl.
5. Rider V., and Abdou N.I. In: Legato M.J. (Ed). Sexual dimorphism and the immune system in principles of gender-specific medicine (2004), Elsevier Academic Press, London 1071-1081
6. Lockshin M.D. Genome and hormones: gender difference in physiology-invited review: sex ratio and rheumatic disease. J Appl Physiol 91 (2001) 2366-2373
7. WHO-UNAIDS Expert Group. Gender, age and ethnicity in HIV vaccine-related research and clinical trials: report from a WHO-UNAIDS consultation, 26-28 August 2004, Lausanne, Switzerland. AIDS 2005; 19. p. W7-W28.
8. Plotkin S.A. Immunologic correlates of protection induced by vaccination. Pediatric Infect Dis J 20 (2001) 63-75
9. Plotkin S.A. Vaccination against major infectious diseases. C R Acad Sci III-Vie 323 (1999) 943-951
10. Goronzy J.J., Fulbright J.W., Crowson C.S., Poland G.A., O'Fallon W.M., and Weyand C.M. Value of immunological markers in predicting responsiveness to influenza vaccination in elderly individuals. J Virol 75 (2001) 12182-12187
11. Couch R.B., Winokur P., Brady R., Belshe R., Chen W.H., Cate T.R., et al. Safety and immunogenicity of a high dosage trivalent influenza vaccine among elderly subjects. Vaccine 25 (2007) 7656-7663
12. Hui S.L., Chu L.W., Peiris J.S.M., Chan K.H., Chu D., and Tsui W. Immune response to influenza vaccination in community-dwelling Chinese elderly persons. Vaccine 24 (2006) 5371-5380
13. Cook I.F., Barr J., Hartel G., Pond D., and Hampson A.W. Reactogenicity and immunogenicity of an inactivated influenza vaccine administered by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection in elderly adults. Vaccine 24 (2006) 2395-2402
14. Vila-Corcoles A., Rodriguez T., de Diego C., Ochoa O., Valdivieso A., Salsench E., et al. Effect of influenza vaccine status on winter mortality in Spanish community-dwelling elderly people during 2004-2005 influenza periods. Vaccine 25 (2007) 6699-6707
15. Wang C.-S., Wang S.-T., and Chou P. Efficacy and cost-effectiveness of influenza vaccination of the elderly in a densely populated and unvaccinated community. Vaccine 20 (2002) 2494-2499
16. Fleming D.M., Watson J.M., Nicholas S., Smith G.E., and Swan A.V. Study of the effectiveness of influenza vaccination in the elderly in the epidemic of 1989-90 using a general practice database. Epidemiol Infect 115 (1995) 581-589
17. 2) epidemic. J Am Geriatr Soc 47 (1999) 165-171
18. Edwards K.M., Burns V.E., Allen L.M., McPhee J.S., Bosch J.A., Carroll D., et al. Eccentric exercise as an adjuvant to influenza vaccination in humans. Brain Behav Immun 21 (2007) 209-217
19. Edwards K.M., Burns V.E., Reynolds T., Carroll D., Drayson M., and Ring C. Acute stress exposure prior to influenza vaccination enhances antibody response in women. Brain Behav Immun 20 (2006) 159-168
20. Phillips A.C., Burns V.E., Carroll D., Ring C., and Drayson M. The association between life events, social support and antibody status following thymus-dependent and thymus-independent vaccinations in healthy young adults. Brain Behav Immun 19 (2005) 325-333
21. Hohler T., Groeger-Bicanic G., Hoet B., and Stoffel M. Antibody persistence and immune memory elicited by combined hepatitis A and B vaccination in older adults. Vaccine 25 (2007) 1503-1508
22. Van Der Wielen M., Van Damme P., Chlibek R., Smetana J., and Von Sonnenburg F. Hepatitis A/B vaccination of adults over 40 years old: comparison of three vaccine regimens and effect of influencing factors. Vaccine 24 (2006) 5509-5515
23. Reutter J., Bart P.A., Francioli P., Safary A., and Frei P.C. Production of antibody to hepatitis A virus and hepatitis B surface antigen measured after combined hepatitisA/hepatitis B vaccination in 242 adult volunteers. J Viral Hepatitis 5 (1998) 205-211
24. Wolters B., Junge U., Dziuba S., and Roggendorf M. Immunogencity of combined hepatitis A and B vaccine in elderly persons. Vaccine 21 (2003) 3623-3628
25. Tanaka E., Sata M., Nakano H., Suzuki H., and Tanikawa K. Antibody response to inactivated hepatitis A vaccine. Hepatol Res 9 (1997) 103-112
26. Goubau P., Van Gerven V., Safary A., Delem A., Knops J., D'Hondt E., et al. Effect of virus strain and antigen dose on immunogenicity and reactogenicity of an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine. Vaccine 10 Suppl. 1 (1992) S114-S118
27. Chen X.Q., Bulbul M., de Gast G.C., van Loon A.M., Nalin D.R., and van Hattum J. Immunogenicity of two versus three injections of inactivated hepatitis A vaccine in adults. J Hepatol 26 (1995) 260-264
28. Sandman L., Davidson M., and Krugman S. Inactivated hepatitis A vaccine: a safety and immunogenicity study in health professionals. J Infect Dis 171 Suppl. 1 (1995) S50-S52
29. Wagner G., Lavanchy D., Darioli R., Pecoud A., Brulein V., Safary A., et al. Simultaneous active and passive immunization against hepatitis A studied in a population of travellers. Vaccine 11 (1993) 1027-1032
30. Keeffe E.B., Iwarson S., McMahon B.J., Lindsay K.L., Koff R.S., Manns M., et al. Safety and immunogenicity of hepatitis A vaccine in patients with chronic liver disease. Hepatology 27 (1998) 881-886
31. McMahon B.J., Williams J., Bulkow L., Snowball M., Wainwright R., Kennedy M., et al. Immunogenicity of an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine in Alaska native children and native and non-native adults. J Infect D 171 (1995) 676-679
32. ®) in the elderly. J Travel Med 13 (2006) 78-83
33. Weissman S., Feucht C., and Moore B.A. Response to hepatitis A vaccine in HIV-positive patients. J Viral Hepatitis 13 (2006) 81-86
34. Tilzey A.J., Palmer S.J., Barrow S., Perry K.R., Tyrrell H., Safary A., et al. Clinical trial with inactivated hepatitis A vaccine and recommendations for its use. BMJ 304 (1992) 1272-1276
35. Bovier P.A., Bock J., Loutan L., Farinelli T., Glueck R., and Herzog C. Long-term immunogenicity of an inactivated virosomal hepatitis A vaccine. J Med Viol 68 (2002) 489-493
36. Taliani G., Sbaragli S., Bartoloni A., Santini M.G., Tozzi A., and Paradisi F. Hepatitis A vaccine failure: how to treat the threat. Vaccine 21 (2003) 4505-4506
37. Elliott J.H., Kunze M., and Torresi J. Hepatitis A vaccine failure. Lancet 359 (2002) 1948-1949
38. Junge V., Melching J., and Dziuba S. Acute hepatitis A despite regular vaccination against hepatitis A and B. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 127 (2002) 1581-1583
39. Westmoreland D., Player V., Heap D.C., and Hammond A. Immunization against hepatitis B-what can we expect. Results of a survey of antibody response to immunization in person 'at risk' of occupational exposure to hepatitis B. Epidemiol Infect 140 (1990) 499-509
40. Rendi-Wagner P., Kundi M., Stemberger H., Wiedermann G., Holzmann H., Hofer M., et al. Antibody-response to three recombinant hepatitis B vaccines: comparative evaluation of multicentre travel-clinic based experience. Vaccine 19 (2001) 2055-2060
41. Halota W., Muszynska M., and Pawlowska M. Hepatitis B virus serologic markers and anti-hepatitis B vaccination in patients with diabetes. Med Sci Monit 8 (2002) CR516-CR519
42. Douvin C., Simon D., Charles M.-A., Deforges L., Bierling P., Lehner V., et al. Hepatitis B vaccination in diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 20 (1997) 148-151
43. Roome A.J., Walsh S.J., Cartter M.L., and Hadler J.L. Hepatitis B vaccine responsiveness in Connecticut Public Safety Personnel. JAMA 270 (1993) 2931-2934
44. Das K., Gupta R.K., Kumar V., and Kar P. Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a recombinant hepatitis B vaccine in subjects over age of forty years and response of a booster dose among nonresponders. World J Gastroenterol 9 (2003) 1131-1134
45. Bock H.L., Kruppenbacher J., Sanger R., Hobel W., Clemens R., and Jilg W. Immunogenicity of a recombinant hepatitis B vaccine in adults. Arch Intern Med 156 (1996) 2226-2231
46. Morris C.A., Oliver P.R., Reynolds F., and Selkon J.B. Intradermal hepatitis B immunization with yeast-derived vaccine: serological response by sex and age. Epidemiol Infect 103 (1989) 387-394
47. Jilg W., Lorbeer B., Schmidt M., Wilske B., Zoulek G., and Deinhardt F. Clinical evaluation of a recombinant hepatitis B vaccine. Lancet 2 (1984) 1174-1175
48. Hess G., Hingst V., Cseke J., Bock H.L., and Clemens R. Influence of vaccination schedules and host factors on antibody response following hepatitis B vaccination. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 11 (1992) 334-340
49. Struve J., Aronsson B., Frenning B., Granath F., Von Sydow M., and Weiland O. Intramuscular versus intradermal administration of a recombinant hepatitis B vaccine: a comparison of response rates and analysis of factors influencing the antibody response. Scand J Infect Dis 24 (1992) 423-429
50. Yen Y.-H., Chen C.-H., Wang J.-H., Lee C.-M., Changchien C.-S., and Lu S.-N. Study of hepatitis B (HB) vaccine non-responsiveness among health care workers from an endemic area (Taiwan). Liver Int 25 (2005) 1162-1168
51. Dentico P., Buongiorno R., Volpe A., Zavoianni A., Pastore G., and Schiraldi O. Long-term immunogenicity, safety and efficacy of a recombinant hepatitis B vaccine in healthy adults. Eur J Epidemiol 8 (1992) 650-655
52. Cleveland J.L., Siew C., Lockwood S.A., Gruninger S.E., Chang S.-B., Neidle E.A., et al. Factors associated with hepatitis B vaccine response among dentists. J Dent Res 73 (1994) 1029-1035
53. Playford E.G., Hogan P.G., Bansal A.S., Harrison K., Drummond D., Looke D.F.M., et al. Intradermal recombinant hepatitis B vaccine for healthcare workers who fail to respond to intramuscular vaccine. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 23 (2002) 87-90
54. Wun Y.T., and Ting A.M.N. Should hepatitis B surface antibody be determined after standard vaccination?. Hong Kong Practitioner 20 (1998) 187-192
55. Estevez A.C., Betancourt A.A., Gonzalez V.M., Baile N.F., Silva C.V., Bernai F.H., et al. Immunogenicity and safety assessment of the Cuban recombinant hepatitis B vaccine in healthy adults. Biologicals 35 (2007) 115-122
56. Chiaramonte M., Majori S., Ngatchu T., Moschen M.E., Baldo V., Renzulli G., et al. Two different dosages of yeast derived recombinant hepatitis B vaccines: a comparison of immunogenicity. Vaccine 14 (1996) 135-137
57. Averhoff F., Mahoney F., Coleman P., Schatz G., Hurwitz E., and Margolis H. Immunogenicity of hepatitis B vaccines-implications for persons at occupational risk of hepatitis B virus infection. Am J Prev Med 15 (1998) 1-8
58. Jablkowski M., Kuydowicz J., Strzelczk J., and Bialkowska J. Prevalence of markers of hepatotropic viruses A, B, C and the efficacy of vaccination against hepatitis A and hepatitis B among medical students. Med Sci Monit 8 (2002) CR762-CR766
59. Hussain Z., Ali S.S., Husain S.A., Raish M., Sharma D.R., and Kar P. Evaluation of immunogenicity and reactogenicity of recombinant DNA hepatitis B vaccine produced in India. World J Gastroenterol 11 (2005) 7165-7168
60. Coleman P.J., Shaw F.E., Serovich J., Hadler S.C., and Margolis H.S. Intradermal hepatitis B vaccination in a large hospital employee population. Vaccine 9 (1991) 723-727
61. Cavuslu S., Birinci I., Oncul O., Emekdas G., and Erdemoglu A. The comparison of different recombinant hepatitis B vaccines. Int J Infect Dis 2 (2003) 2
62. Wood R.C., MacDonald K.L., White K.E., Hedberg C.W., Hanson M., and Osterholm M.T. Risk factors for lack of detectable antibody following hepatitis B vaccination of Minnesota health care workers. JAMA 270 (1993) 2935-2939
63. Taghavi N., Eilami O., Nabavi M., Azargash B.E., Yadecarinia D., and Alizadeh A.M. Immunogenicity of recombinant hepatitis B vaccine in health care workers of Boo-Ali hospital in Tehran, Iran 2002-2004. Iran J Clin Infect Dis 1 (2006) 5-10
64. Mansour-Ghanaei F., Fallah M.S., Jafarshad R., Joukar F., Arami M., Ale-Esmaeil A., et al. The immunologic response to anti-hepatitis B vaccination among medical students of Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Guilan, Iran. Hepatitis Monthly 6 (2006) 63-66
65. West D.J., Snavely D.B., Zajac B.A., Brown G.W., and Babb C.J. Development and persistence of antibody in a high risk institutionalised population given plasma-derived hepatitis B vaccine. Vaccine 8 (1990) 111-114
66. Taheri S., Shahidi S., Moghtaderi J., Seirafian S., Emami A., and Eftekhari S.M. Response rate to hepatitis B vaccination in patients with chronic renal failure and end-stage-renal-disease: influence of diabetes mellitus. J Res Med Sci 10 (2005) 384-390
67. Hollinger F.B., Adam E., Heiberg D., and Melnick J.L. Response to hepatitis B vaccine in a young adult population. In: Szmuness W., Alter A.J., and Maynard J.E. (Eds). Viral Hepatitis 1981 International Symposium (1982), Franklin Institute Press, Philadelphia 451-466
68. Desmyter J., Colaert J., De Groote G., Reynders M., Reerink-Brongers E.E., Lelie P.N., et al. Efficacy of heat-inactivated hepatitis B vaccine in haemodialysis patients and staff: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Lancet (1983) ii1323-ii1328
69. Stevens C.E., Szmuness W., Goodman A.I., Weseley S.A., and Fotino M. Hepatitis B vaccine: immune response in haemodialysis patients. Lancet (1980) ii1211-ii1213
70. Rogan P.D., and Duguid J.K.M. Immunisation of staff of a regional blood transfusion centre with a recombinant hepatitis B vaccine. J Infect 22 (1991) 5-9
71. Tong M.J., Howard A.M., Schatz G.C., Kane M.A., Roskamp D.A., Co R.L., et al. A hepatitis B vaccination program in a community teaching hospital. Infect Contr 8 (1987) 102-107
72. Sabido M., Gavalda L., Olona N., and Ramon J.M. Timing of hepatitis B vaccination: its effect on vaccine response in health care workers. Vaccine 25 (2007) 7568-7572
73. Shokri F., and Jafarzadeh A. High seroprotection rate induced by low doses of recombinant hepatitis B vaccine in healthy Iranian neonates. Vaccine 19 (2001) 4544-4548
74. Shokri F., and Amani A. High rate of seroconversion following administration of a single supplementary dose of recombinant hepatitis B vaccine in Iranian healthy nonresponder neonates. Med Microbiol Immunol 185 (1997) 231-235
75. Fang J.W.S., Lai C.L., Chung H.T., Wu P.C., and Lau J.Y.N. Female children respond to recombinant hepatitis B vaccine with higher titre than male. J Trop Pediatr 40 (1994) 104-107
76. El-Sawy I.H., and Mohamed O.N. Long-term immunogenicity and efficacy of a recombinant hepatitis B vaccine in Egyptian children. Eastern Mediterran Health J 5 (1999) 922-932
77. Sallam T.A., Alghshm H.M., Ablohom A.A., Alarosi M.S., Almotawakel R.E., Farea N.H., et al. Immune response to hepatitis B vaccine among children in Yemen. Saudi Med J 26 (2005) 281-284
78. Jafarzadeh A., Khoshnoodi J., Ghorbani S., Hazrati S.M., Mazaheri B.F., and Shokri F. Differential immungenicity of a recombinant hepatitis B vaccine in Iranian Neonates: influence of ethnicity and environmental factors. Iran J Immunol 1 (2004) 98-104
79. Gold Y., Somech R., Mandel D., Peled Y., and Reif S. Decreased immune response to hepatitis B eight years after routine vaccination in Israel. Acta Paediatr 92 (2003) 1158-1162
80. Ng K.P., Saw T.L., Baki A., Rozainah K., Pang K.W., and Ramanathan M. Impact of the expanded program of immunization against hepatitis B injection in school children in Malaysia. Med Microbiol Immunol 194 (2005) 163-168
81. Cook I.F., and Murtagh J. Comparative immunogenicity of hepatitis B vaccine administered into the ventrogluteal area and anterolateral thigh in infants. J Paediatr Child Health 38 (2002) 393-396
82. Arakawa Y., Amaki S., Miyamoto M., Matsuo Y., Honda T., and Shikata T. Safety and efficacy of hepatitis B vaccine in hospital personnel. Jpn J Med 25 (1986) 25-33
83. Keyserling H.L., West D.J., Hesley T.M., Bosley C., Wiens B.L., and Calandra G.B. Antibody responses of healthy infants to a recombinant hepatitis B vaccine administered at two, four and twelve or fifteen months of age. J Pediatr 125 (1994) 67-69
84. Lim W.L., Wong D.A., and Cheng K.C. Immune response to hepatitis B vaccine in health care workers in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Med J 2 (1996) 138-140
85. Chen H.-L., Chang C.-J., Kong M.-S., Huang F.-C., Lee H.-C., Lin C.-C., et al. Pediatric fulminant hepatic failure in endemic areas of hepatitis B infection: 15 years after universal hepatitis B vaccination. Hepatology 39 (2004) 58-63
86. Brandao A.P., de Oliveira T.C., de Cunto Brandileone M.C., Goncalves J.E., Yara T.I., and Simonsen V. Persistence of antibody response to pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides in vaccinated long term-care residents in Brazil. Vaccine 23 (2004) 762-768
87. Sankilampi U., Honkanen P.O., Bloigu A., Herva E., and Leinonen M. Antibody response to pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine in the elderly. J Infect Dis 173 (1996) 387-393
88. McMahon B.J., Parkinson A.J., Bulkow L., Davidson M., Wainwright K., and Wolfe P. Immunogenicity of the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in Alaskan native chronic alcoholics compared with non-alcoholic native and non-native controls. Am J Med 95 (1993) 589-594
89. Moore S.E., Goldblatt D., Bates C.J., and Prentice A.M. Impact of nutritional status on antibody responses to different vaccines in undernourished Gambian children. Acta Paediatr 92 (2003) 170-176
90. Wagner C., Popp W., Posch M., Vlasich C., and Rosenberger-Spitzy A. Impact of pneumococcal vaccination on morbidity and mortality of geriatric patients: a case-controlled study. Gerontology 49 (2003) 246-250
91. Moore S.E., Collinson A.C., Fulford A.J.C., Jalil F., Siegrist C.-A., Goldblatt D., et al. Effect of month of vaccine administration on antibody responses in The Gambia and Pakistan. Trop Med Int Health 11 (2006) 1529-1541
92. Mark A., Carlsson R.-M., and Granstrom M. Subcutaneous versus intramuscular injection for booster DT vaccination of adolescents. Vaccine 17 (1999) 2067-2072
93. Marlovits S., Stocker R., Efstratiou A., Broughton K., Kaider A., Vecsei V., et al. Effect on diphtheria immunity of combined tetanus and diphtheria booster vaccination in adults. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 19 (2000) 506-513
94. Bjorkholm B., Hagberg L., Sundbeck S., and Granstrom M. Booster effect of low doses of tetanus toxoid in elderly vaccines. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 19 (2000) 195-199
95. Filonov V.P., Zakharenko D.F., Vitek C.R., Romanovsky A.A., and Zhukovski V.G. Epidemic diphtheria in Belarus, 1992-7. J Infect Dis 181 Suppl. 1 (2000) S41-S46
96. Vitek C.R., Brisgalov S.P., Bragina V.Y., Zhilyakov A.M., Bisgard K.M., Brennan M., et al. Epidemiology of epidemic diphtheria in three regions, Russia 1994-1996. Eur J Epidemiol 15 (1999) 75-83
97. Mitchell L.A. Sex differences in antibody-and cell-mediated immune response to rubella re-immunisation. J Med Microbiol 48 (1999) 1075-1080
98. Michaels R.H., and Rogers K.D. A sex difference in immunological responsiveness. Pediatrics 47 (1971) 120-121
99. Rogers K.D., Ramirez G., Cortez M., Michaels R., Savin M., Montgomery R., et al. Clinical response to immunization with Cendehill strain rubella vaccine. Pediatrics 47 (1971) 7-15
100. Tingle A.J., Allen M., Petty R.E., Kettyls G.D., and Chantler J.K. Rubella-associated arthritis 1. Comparative study of joint manifestations associated with natural rubella infection and RA27/3 rubella immunisation. Ann Rheum Dis 45 (1986) 110-114
101. Semba R.D., Munasir Z., Beeler J., Akib A., Muhilal L., Audet S., et al. Reduced seroconversion to measles in infants given vitamin A with measles vaccination. Lancet 345 (1995) 1330-1332
102. Green M.S., Shohat T., Lerman Y., Cohen D., Slepon R., Duvdevani P., et al. Sex differences in the humoral antibody response to live measles vaccine in young adults. Int J Epidemiol 23 (1994) 1078-1081
103. Knudsen K.M., Aaby P., Whittle H., Rowe M., Samb B., Simoudon F., et al. Child mortality following standard, medium or high titre measles immunization in West Africa. Int J Epidemiol 25 (1996) 665-673
104. Monath T.P., Nichols R., Archambault W.T., Moore L., Marchesani R., Tian J., et al. Comparative safety and immunogenicity of two yellow fever 17D vaccines (ARILVAX and YF-VAX) in a phase III multicenter double-blind clinical trial. Am J Trop Med Hyg 66 (2002) 533-541
105. Pfister M., Kursteiner O., Hilfiker H., Favre D., Durrer P., Ennaji A., et al. Immunogenicity and safety of Berna-YF compared with two other 17D yellow fever vaccines in a phase 3 clinical trial. Am J Trop Med Hyg 72 (2005) 339-346
106. Camacho L.A.B., da Silva Freire M., da Luz Fernandes Leal, Gomes de Aguiar S., Pereira do Nascimento J., Iguchi T., et al. Immunogenicity of WH-17D and Brazilian 17DD yellow fever vaccines: a randomised trial. Rev Saude Publica 38 (2004) 671-678
107. Edwards K.M., Burns V.E., Adkins A.E., Carroll D., Drayson M., and Ring C. Meningococcal A vaccination response is enhanced by acute stress in men. Psychosom Med 70 (2008) 147-151
108. Mohammed I., and Damisah M.M. The immunological response to polyvalent meningococcal vaccine in Bauchi State, Nigeria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 76 (1982) 351-353
109. Marvell D.M., and Parish H.J. Tetanus prophylaxis and circulating antitoxin in man and woman. BMJ 2 (1940) 891-895
110. Rhodes K., Scott A., Markham R.L., and Monk-Jones M.E. Immunological sex differences: a study of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, their relatives and controls. Ann Rheum Dis 28 (1969) 104-120
111. Pittman P.R., Makuch R.S., Mangiafico J.A., Cannon T.L., Gibbs P.H., and Peter C.J. Long-term duration of detectable neutralizing antibodies after administration of live-attenuated VEE vaccine and following booster vaccination with inactivated VEE vaccine. Vaccine 14 (1996) 337-343
112. Lau C., and Sisson J. The effectiveness of intradermal pre-exposure rabies vaccination in an Australian travel medicine clinic. J Travel Med 9 (2002) 285-288
113. Briggs D.J., Banzhoff A., Nicolay U., Sirikwin S., Dumavibhat B., Tongswas S., et al. Antibody response of patients after postexposure rabies vaccination with small intradermal doses of purified chick embryo cell vaccine or purified Vero cell rabies vaccine. Bull World Health Organ 78 (2000) 693-698
114. Siddiqui F.Q., Ahmad M.M., Kakar F., Akhtar S., and Dil A.S. The role of vitamin A in enhancing humoral immunity produced by anti rabies vaccine. Eastern Mediterran Health J 7 (2001) 790-798
115. Miller E., Rush M., Morgan-Capner P., Hutchinson D., and Hindle L. Immunity to diphtheria in adults in England. BMJ 308 (1994) 598
116. Skogen V., Jenum P.A., Danilova E., Koroleva V.N., Halvorsen D.S., and Sjursen H. Immunity to diphtheria among children in Northern Norway and North-Western Russia. Vaccine 19 (2000) 197-203
117. Cohen D., Katzenelson E., Green M., Slepon R., Bercovier H., and Danon Y. Prevalence and correlates of diphtheria toxin antibodies among young adults in Israel. J Infect Dis 23 (1991) 117-121
118. Lisse I.M., Aaby P., Whittle H., Jensen H., Engelmann M., and Christensen L.B. T-lymphocyte subsets in West African children: impact of age, sex and season. J Pediatr 130 (1997) 77-81
119. 8 T cell ratio in humans. Nat Med 1 (1995) 1279-1283
120. 8 lymphocyte subsets in healthy Indian adults and the effects of sex, age, ethnicity and smoking. Cytom Part B: Clin Cytom 52B (2003) 32-36
121. Rudy B.J., Wilson C.M., Durako S., Moscicki A.-B., Muenz L., and Douglas S.D. Peripheral blood lymphocyte subjects in adolescents: a longitudinal analysis from the REACH project. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 9 (2002) 959-965
122. 2 cytokine ratio by stimulated T cells in men compared with women. Eur J Endocrinol 143 (2000) 31-36
123. Verthelyi D. Sex hormones as immunomodulation in health and disease. Int Immunopharmacol 1 (2001) 983-993
124. Beagley K.W., and Gockel C.M. Regulation of innate and adaptive immunity by the female sex hormones oestradiol and progesterone. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 38 (2003) 13-22
125. Druckmann R., and Druckmann M.-A. Progesterone and the immunology of pregnancy. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 97 (2005) 389-396
126. Giltay E.J., Fonk J.C.M., Von Blomberg B.M.E., Drexhage H.A., Schalkwijk C., and Gooren L.J.G. In vivo effects of sex steroids on lymphocyte responsiveness and immunoglobulin levels in humans. J Clin Endo Met 85 (2000) 1648-1657