Seasons of rebellion: Nature, organisation of cotton production and the dynamics of revolution in La Laguna, Mexico, 1910-1916

Journal of Latin American Studies

Volumn 30, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 63-94

  Meyers, William K ^a  

^a WAKE FOREST UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 4544353045     PISSN: 0022216X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0022216X97004902     Document Type: Review

References (139)

1. For studies of the Mexican Revolution as a whole, see Alan Knight, The Mexican Revolution, 2 vols (Cambridge, 1986); Adolfo Gilly, La revolución interrumpida : Edición corregida y aumentada (México, 1994); John M. Hart, Revolutionary Mexico : The Coming and Process of the Mexican Revolution (Berkeley, 1987), and the monumental nine-volume study Así Fue la Revolucíon Mexicana (México, 1985). Studies of the Laguna between 1910 and 1920 have been hampered by the destruction of many of the relevant papers and archives during the revolution. For an annotated bibliography of works on the Laguna, see Tomás Martínez (ed.), Bibliografía sobre la Comarca Lagunera (México, 1979). For specific studies of the revolution in the Laguna and the region's importance in national affairs, see Ricardo Estrada, 'La Comarca Lagunera, Sus Alrededores y la Revolución Mexicana, 1910-1913', in Tomás Martínez (ed.), La Comarca Lagunera Parte III: Análisis de su Problemática (México, 1979), pp. 69-102; Ildefonso Villarello Vélez, Historia de la Revolución Mexicana en Coahuila (México, 1970); William K. Meyers, 'The Second Division of the North: Formation and Fragmentation of the Laguna's Popular Movement, 1910-1911', in Friedrich Katz (ed.), Riot, Rebellion, and Revolution: Rural Social Conflict in Mexico (Princeton, 1988), pp. 448-86.
2. For studies of the Mexican Revolution as a whole, see Alan Knight, The Mexican Revolution, 2 vols (Cambridge, 1986); Adolfo Gilly, La revolución interrumpida : Edición corregida y aumentada (México, 1994); John M. Hart, Revolutionary Mexico : The Coming and Process of the Mexican Revolution (Berkeley, 1987), and the monumental nine-volume study Así Fue la Revolucíon Mexicana (México, 1985). Studies of the Laguna between 1910 and 1920 have been hampered by the destruction of many of the relevant papers and archives during the revolution. For an annotated bibliography of works on the Laguna, see Tomás Martínez (ed.), Bibliografía sobre la Comarca Lagunera (México, 1979). For specific studies of the revolution in the Laguna and the region's importance in national affairs, see Ricardo Estrada, 'La Comarca Lagunera, Sus Alrededores y la Revolución Mexicana, 1910-1913', in Tomás Martínez (ed.), La Comarca Lagunera Parte III: Análisis de su Problemática (México, 1979), pp. 69-102; Ildefonso Villarello Vélez, Historia de la Revolución Mexicana en Coahuila (México, 1970); William K. Meyers, 'The Second Division of the North: Formation and Fragmentation of the Laguna's Popular Movement, 1910-1911', in Friedrich Katz (ed.), Riot, Rebellion, and Revolution: Rural Social Conflict in Mexico (Princeton, 1988), pp. 448-86.
3. For studies of the Mexican Revolution as a whole, see Alan Knight, The Mexican Revolution, 2 vols (Cambridge, 1986); Adolfo Gilly, La revolución interrumpida : Edición corregida y aumentada (México, 1994); John M. Hart, Revolutionary Mexico : The Coming and Process of the Mexican Revolution (Berkeley, 1987), and the monumental nine-volume study Así Fue la Revolucíon Mexicana (México, 1985). Studies of the Laguna between 1910 and 1920 have been hampered by the destruction of many of the relevant papers and archives during the revolution. For an annotated bibliography of works on the Laguna, see Tomás Martínez (ed.), Bibliografía sobre la Comarca Lagunera (México, 1979). For specific studies of the revolution in the Laguna and the region's importance in national affairs, see Ricardo Estrada, 'La Comarca Lagunera, Sus Alrededores y la Revolución Mexicana, 1910-1913', in Tomás Martínez (ed.), La Comarca Lagunera Parte III: Análisis de su Problemática (México, 1979), pp. 69-102; Ildefonso Villarello Vélez, Historia de la Revolución Mexicana en Coahuila (México, 1970); William K. Meyers, 'The Second Division of the North: Formation and Fragmentation of the Laguna's Popular Movement, 1910-1911', in Friedrich Katz (ed.), Riot, Rebellion, and Revolution: Rural Social Conflict in Mexico (Princeton, 1988), pp. 448-86.
4. For studies of the Mexican Revolution as a whole, see Alan Knight, The Mexican Revolution, 2 vols (Cambridge, 1986); Adolfo Gilly, La revolución interrumpida : Edición corregida y aumentada (México, 1994); John M. Hart, Revolutionary Mexico : The Coming and Process of the Mexican Revolution (Berkeley, 1987), and the monumental nine-volume study Así Fue la Revolucíon Mexicana (México, 1985). Studies of the Laguna between 1910 and 1920 have been hampered by the destruction of many of the relevant papers and archives during the revolution. For an annotated bibliography of works on the Laguna, see Tomás Martínez (ed.), Bibliografía sobre la Comarca Lagunera (México, 1979). For specific studies of the revolution in the Laguna and the region's importance in national affairs, see Ricardo Estrada, 'La Comarca Lagunera, Sus Alrededores y la Revolución Mexicana, 1910-1913', in Tomás Martínez (ed.), La Comarca Lagunera Parte III: Análisis de su Problemática (México, 1979), pp. 69-102; Ildefonso Villarello Vélez, Historia de la Revolución Mexicana en Coahuila (México, 1970); William K. Meyers, 'The Second Division of the North: Formation and Fragmentation of the Laguna's Popular Movement, 1910-1911', in Friedrich Katz (ed.), Riot, Rebellion, and Revolution: Rural Social Conflict in Mexico (Princeton, 1988), pp. 448-86.
5. For studies of the Mexican Revolution as a whole, see Alan Knight, The Mexican Revolution, 2 vols (Cambridge, 1986); Adolfo Gilly, La revolución interrumpida : Edición corregida y aumentada (México, 1994); John M. Hart, Revolutionary Mexico : The Coming and Process of the Mexican Revolution (Berkeley, 1987), and the monumental nine-volume study Así Fue la Revolucíon Mexicana (México, 1985). Studies of the Laguna between 1910 and 1920 have been hampered by the destruction of many of the relevant papers and archives during the revolution. For an annotated bibliography of works on the Laguna, see Tomás Martínez (ed.), Bibliografía sobre la Comarca Lagunera (México, 1979). For specific studies of the revolution in the Laguna and the region's importance in national affairs, see Ricardo Estrada, 'La Comarca Lagunera, Sus Alrededores y la Revolución Mexicana, 1910-1913', in Tomás Martínez (ed.), La Comarca Lagunera Parte III: Análisis de su Problemática (México, 1979), pp. 69-102; Ildefonso Villarello Vélez, Historia de la Revolución Mexicana en Coahuila (México, 1970); William K. Meyers, 'The Second Division of the North: Formation and Fragmentation of the Laguna's Popular Movement, 1910-1911', in Friedrich Katz (ed.), Riot, Rebellion, and Revolution: Rural Social Conflict in Mexico (Princeton, 1988), pp. 448-86.
6. For studies of the Mexican Revolution as a whole, see Alan Knight, The Mexican Revolution, 2 vols (Cambridge, 1986); Adolfo Gilly, La revolución interrumpida : Edición corregida y aumentada (México, 1994); John M. Hart, Revolutionary Mexico : The Coming and Process of the Mexican Revolution (Berkeley, 1987), and the monumental nine-volume study Así Fue la Revolucíon Mexicana (México, 1985). Studies of the Laguna between 1910 and 1920 have been hampered by the destruction of many of the relevant papers and archives during the revolution. For an annotated bibliography of works on the Laguna, see Tomás Martínez (ed.), Bibliografía sobre la Comarca Lagunera (México, 1979). For specific studies of the revolution in the Laguna and the region's importance in national affairs, see Ricardo Estrada, 'La Comarca Lagunera, Sus Alrededores y la Revolución Mexicana, 1910-1913', in Tomás Martínez (ed.), La Comarca Lagunera Parte III: Análisis de su Problemática (México, 1979), pp. 69-102; Ildefonso Villarello Vélez, Historia de la Revolución Mexicana en Coahuila (México, 1970); William K. Meyers, 'The Second Division of the North: Formation and Fragmentation of the Laguna's Popular Movement, 1910-1911', in Friedrich Katz (ed.), Riot, Rebellion, and Revolution: Rural Social Conflict in Mexico (Princeton, 1988), pp. 448-86.
7. For studies of the Mexican Revolution as a whole, see Alan Knight, The Mexican Revolution, 2 vols (Cambridge, 1986); Adolfo Gilly, La revolución interrumpida : Edición corregida y aumentada (México, 1994); John M. Hart, Revolutionary Mexico : The Coming and Process of the Mexican Revolution (Berkeley, 1987), and the monumental nine-volume study Así Fue la Revolucíon Mexicana (México, 1985). Studies of the Laguna between 1910 and 1920 have been hampered by the destruction of many of the relevant papers and archives during the revolution. For an annotated bibliography of works on the Laguna, see Tomás Martínez (ed.), Bibliografía sobre la Comarca Lagunera (México, 1979). For specific studies of the revolution in the Laguna and the region's importance in national affairs, see Ricardo Estrada, 'La Comarca Lagunera, Sus Alrededores y la Revolución Mexicana, 1910-1913', in Tomás Martínez (ed.), La Comarca Lagunera Parte III: Análisis de su Problemática (México, 1979), pp. 69-102; Ildefonso Villarello Vélez, Historia de la Revolución Mexicana en Coahuila (México, 1970); William K. Meyers, 'The Second Division of the North: Formation and Fragmentation of the Laguna's Popular Movement, 1910-1911', in Friedrich Katz (ed.), Riot, Rebellion, and Revolution: Rural Social Conflict in Mexico (Princeton, 1988), pp. 448-86.
8. For studies of the Mexican Revolution as a whole, see Alan Knight, The Mexican Revolution, 2 vols (Cambridge, 1986); Adolfo Gilly, La revolución interrumpida : Edición corregida y aumentada (México, 1994); John M. Hart, Revolutionary Mexico : The Coming and Process of the Mexican Revolution (Berkeley, 1987), and the monumental nine-volume study Así Fue la Revolucíon Mexicana (México, 1985). Studies of the Laguna between 1910 and 1920 have been hampered by the destruction of many of the relevant papers and archives during the revolution. For an annotated bibliography of works on the Laguna, see Tomás Martínez (ed.), Bibliografía sobre la Comarca Lagunera (México, 1979). For specific studies of the revolution in the Laguna and the region's importance in national affairs, see Ricardo Estrada, 'La Comarca Lagunera, Sus Alrededores y la Revolución Mexicana, 1910-1913', in Tomás Martínez (ed.), La Comarca Lagunera Parte III: Análisis de su Problemática (México, 1979), pp. 69-102; Ildefonso Villarello Vélez, Historia de la Revolución Mexicana en Coahuila (México, 1970); William K. Meyers, 'The Second Division of the North: Formation and Fragmentation of the Laguna's Popular Movement, 1910-1911', in Friedrich Katz (ed.), Riot, Rebellion, and Revolution: Rural Social Conflict in Mexico (Princeton, 1988), pp. 448-86.
9. Officially, the names of brigades in Villa's Division of the North came from their leadership, place of origin, or historic symbolism. Examples are the Villa Brigade, the Hernández Brigade, under Rosalío Hernández, the Contreras Brigade, under Calixto Contreras, and then others such as the Morelos Brigade, the Benito Juárez Brigade, the Cuahtémoc Brigade, and so forth. Eduardo Guerra, Historia de Torreón, vol. 1 of Torreón, su origen y sus fundadores (Saltillo, 1957); Meyers, Forge of Progress, Crucible of Revolt: The Origins of the Mexican Revolution in La Comarca Lagunera, 1880-1911 (Albuquerque, 1994); Meyers, 'Second Division'; Pablo Machuca Macías, La Revolución en una Ciudad del Norte, 1910 (México, 1977); Everardo Gamiz Olivas, La Revolución en el Estado de Durango (Mexico, 1963); Xavier I. Esparza Santibañez, 'La Revolución en La Laguna: Primera Parte, 1910-1913', (unpubl MA thesis, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Torreón, Coahuila, n.d.); Estrada, 'Comarca Lagunera'.
10. Officially, the names of brigades in Villa's Division of the North came from their leadership, place of origin, or historic symbolism. Examples are the Villa Brigade, the Hernández Brigade, under Rosalío Hernández, the Contreras Brigade, under Calixto Contreras, and then others such as the Morelos Brigade, the Benito Juárez Brigade, the Cuahtémoc Brigade, and so forth. Eduardo Guerra, Historia de Torreón, vol. 1 of Torreón, su origen y sus fundadores (Saltillo, 1957); Meyers, Forge of Progress, Crucible of Revolt: The Origins of the Mexican Revolution in La Comarca Lagunera, 1880-1911 (Albuquerque, 1994); Meyers, 'Second Division'; Pablo Machuca Macías, La Revolución en una Ciudad del Norte, 1910 (México, 1977); Everardo Gamiz Olivas, La Revolución en el Estado de Durango (Mexico, 1963); Xavier I. Esparza Santibañez, 'La Revolución en La Laguna: Primera Parte, 1910-1913', (unpubl MA thesis, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Torreón, Coahuila, n.d.); Estrada, 'Comarca Lagunera'.
11. Officially, the names of brigades in Villa's Division of the North came from their leadership, place of origin, or historic symbolism. Examples are the Villa Brigade, the Hernández Brigade, under Rosalío Hernández, the Contreras Brigade, under Calixto Contreras, and then others such as the Morelos Brigade, the Benito Juárez Brigade, the Cuahtémoc Brigade, and so forth. Eduardo Guerra, Historia de Torreón, vol. 1 of Torreón, su origen y sus fundadores (Saltillo, 1957); Meyers, Forge of Progress, Crucible of Revolt: The Origins of the Mexican Revolution in La Comarca Lagunera, 1880-1911 (Albuquerque, 1994); Meyers, 'Second Division'; Pablo Machuca Macías, La Revolución en una Ciudad del Norte, 1910 (México, 1977); Everardo Gamiz Olivas, La Revolución en el Estado de Durango (Mexico, 1963); Xavier I. Esparza Santibañez, 'La Revolución en La Laguna: Primera Parte, 1910-1913', (unpubl MA thesis, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Torreón, Coahuila, n.d.); Estrada, 'Comarca Lagunera'.
12. Officially, the names of brigades in Villa's Division of the North came from their leadership, place of origin, or historic symbolism. Examples are the Villa Brigade, the Hernández Brigade, under Rosalío Hernández, the Contreras Brigade, under Calixto Contreras, and then others such as the Morelos Brigade, the Benito Juárez Brigade, the Cuahtémoc Brigade, and so forth. Eduardo Guerra, Historia de Torreón, vol. 1 of Torreón, su origen y sus fundadores (Saltillo, 1957); Meyers, Forge of Progress, Crucible of Revolt: The Origins of the Mexican Revolution in La Comarca Lagunera, 1880-1911 (Albuquerque, 1994); Meyers, 'Second Division'; Pablo Machuca Macías, La Revolución en una Ciudad del Norte, 1910 (México, 1977); Everardo Gamiz Olivas, La Revolución en el Estado de Durango (Mexico, 1963); Xavier I. Esparza Santibañez, 'La Revolución en La Laguna: Primera Parte, 1910-1913', (unpubl MA thesis, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Torreón, Coahuila, n.d.); Estrada, 'Comarca Lagunera'.
13. Officially, the names of brigades in Villa's Division of the North came from their leadership, place of origin, or historic symbolism. Examples are the Villa Brigade, the Hernández Brigade, under Rosalío Hernández, the Contreras Brigade, under Calixto Contreras, and then others such as the Morelos Brigade, the Benito Juárez Brigade, the Cuahtémoc Brigade, and so forth. Eduardo Guerra, Historia de Torreón, vol. 1 of Torreón, su origen y sus fundadores (Saltillo, 1957); Meyers, Forge of Progress, Crucible of Revolt: The Origins of the Mexican Revolution in La Comarca Lagunera, 1880-1911 (Albuquerque, 1994); Meyers, 'Second Division'; Pablo Machuca Macías, La Revolución en una Ciudad del Norte, 1910 (México, 1977); Everardo Gamiz Olivas, La Revolución en el Estado de Durango (Mexico, 1963); Xavier I. Esparza Santibañez, 'La Revolución en La Laguna: Primera Parte, 1910-1913', (unpubl MA thesis, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Torreón, Coahuila, n.d.); Estrada, 'Comarca Lagunera'.
14. María Vargas-Lobsinger, La hacienda de 'La Concha'. Una empresa algodonera de la Laguna 1853-1917 (México, 1984); Manual Plana, El reino del algodón en México: la estructura agraria de La Laguna (1855-1910) (México, 1991); Miguel Othón de Mendizábal, 'El problema agrario de la Laguna', in Obras completas, 6 vols (México, 1946-7), vol. 4, PP. 225-70; Clarence Senior, Land Reform and Democracy (Gainesville, 1958) chs 3 and 4; Liga de Agrónomos Socialistas, La Comarca Lagunera y el colectivismo agrario en México (México, 1940).
15. María Vargas-Lobsinger, La hacienda de 'La Concha'. Una empresa algodonera de la Laguna 1853-1917 (México, 1984); Manual Plana, El reino del algodón en México: la estructura agraria de La Laguna (1855-1910) (México, 1991); Miguel Othón de Mendizábal, 'El problema agrario de la Laguna', in Obras completas, 6 vols (México, 1946-7), vol. 4, PP. 225-70; Clarence Senior, Land Reform and Democracy (Gainesville, 1958) chs 3 and 4; Liga de Agrónomos Socialistas, La Comarca Lagunera y el colectivismo agrario en México (México, 1940).
16. María Vargas-Lobsinger, La hacienda de 'La Concha'. Una empresa algodonera de la Laguna 1853-1917 (México, 1984); Manual Plana, El reino del algodón en México: la estructura agraria de La Laguna (1855-1910) (México, 1991); Miguel Othón de Mendizábal, 'El problema agrario de la Laguna', in Obras completas, 6 vols (México, 1946-7), vol. 4, PP. 225-70; Clarence Senior, Land Reform and Democracy (Gainesville, 1958) chs 3 and 4; Liga de Agrónomos Socialistas, La Comarca Lagunera y el colectivismo agrario en México (México, 1940).
17. María Vargas-Lobsinger, La hacienda de 'La Concha'. Una empresa algodonera de la Laguna 1853-1917 (México, 1984); Manual Plana, El reino del algodón en México: la estructura agraria de La Laguna (1855-1910) (México, 1991); Miguel Othón de Mendizábal, 'El problema agrario de la Laguna', in Obras completas, 6 vols (México, 1946-7), vol. 4, PP. 225-70; Clarence Senior, Land Reform and Democracy (Gainesville, 1958) chs 3 and 4; Liga de Agrónomos Socialistas, La Comarca Lagunera y el colectivismo agrario en México (México, 1940).
18. María Vargas-Lobsinger, La hacienda de 'La Concha'. Una empresa algodonera de la Laguna 1853-1917 (México, 1984); Manual Plana, El reino del algodón en México: la estructura agraria de La Laguna (1855-1910) (México, 1991); Miguel Othón de Mendizábal, 'El problema agrario de la Laguna', in Obras completas, 6 vols (México, 1946-7), vol. 4, PP. 225-70; Clarence Senior, Land Reform and Democracy (Gainesville, 1958) chs 3 and 4; Liga de Agrónomos Socialistas, La Comarca Lagunera y el colectivismo agrario en México (México, 1940).
19. Guerra, Historia de Torreón, pp. 136-45; Villarello Vélez, Historia, pp. 195-208; Meyers, 'Second Division', pp. 448-86; Estrada, 'Comarca'; Judith Adler Hellman, Mexico in Crisis (New York, 1983), pp. 3-15, 151-9.
20. Guerra, Historia de Torreón, pp. 136-45; Villarello Vélez, Historia, pp. 195-208; Meyers, 'Second Division', pp. 448-86; Estrada, 'Comarca'; Judith Adler Hellman, Mexico in Crisis (New York, 1983), pp. 3-15, 151-9.
21. Guerra, Historia de Torreón, pp. 136-45; Villarello Vélez, Historia, pp. 195-208; Meyers, 'Second Division', pp. 448-86; Estrada, 'Comarca'; Judith Adler Hellman, Mexico in Crisis (New York, 1983), pp. 3-15, 151-9.
22. Guerra, Historia de Torreón, pp. 136-45; Villarello Vélez, Historia, pp. 195-208; Meyers, 'Second Division', pp. 448-86; Estrada, 'Comarca'; Judith Adler Hellman, Mexico in Crisis (New York, 1983), pp. 3-15, 151-9.
23. 'Revolution in Coahuila, Durango and Chihuahua', 11 May 1911, United States National Archive, Washington DC, United States Department of State, Records Relating to the Internal Affairs of Mexico, 1910-1929, Record Group 59 (hereafter referred to as USDS) 812.00/1903; 'Conditions Torreón', 17 May 1911, 812.00/1825; Santiago Portilla, Una Sociedad en Armas (México, 1995), pp. 94-107; Hart, Revolutionary Mexico, pp. 242-4; Knight, Mexican Revolution, vol. 1, pp. 206-8, 216-17.
24. 'Revolution in Coahuila, Durango and Chihuahua', 11 May 1911, United States National Archive, Washington DC, United States Department of State, Records Relating to the Internal Affairs of Mexico, 1910-1929, Record Group 59 (hereafter referred to as USDS) 812.00/1903; 'Conditions Torreón', 17 May 1911, 812.00/1825; Santiago Portilla, Una Sociedad en Armas (México, 1995), pp. 94-107; Hart, Revolutionary Mexico, pp. 242-4; Knight, Mexican Revolution, vol. 1, pp. 206-8, 216-17.
25. 'Revolution in Coahuila, Durango and Chihuahua', 11 May 1911, United States National Archive, Washington DC, United States Department of State, Records Relating to the Internal Affairs of Mexico, 1910-1929, Record Group 59 (hereafter referred to as USDS) 812.00/1903; 'Conditions Torreón', 17 May 1911, 812.00/1825; Santiago Portilla, Una Sociedad en Armas (México, 1995), pp. 94-107; Hart, Revolutionary Mexico, pp. 242-4; Knight, Mexican Revolution, vol. 1, pp. 206-8, 216-17.
26. 'Revolution in Coahuila, Durango and Chihuahua', 11 May 1911, United States National Archive, Washington DC, United States Department of State, Records Relating to the Internal Affairs of Mexico, 1910-1929, Record Group 59 (hereafter referred to as USDS) 812.00/1903; 'Conditions Torreón', 17 May 1911, 812.00/1825; Santiago Portilla, Una Sociedad en Armas (México, 1995), pp. 94-107; Hart, Revolutionary Mexico, pp. 242-4; Knight, Mexican Revolution, vol. 1, pp. 206-8, 216-17.
27. 'Revolution in Coahuila, Durango and Chihuahua', 11 May 1911, United States National Archive, Washington DC, United States Department of State, Records Relating to the Internal Affairs of Mexico, 1910-1929, Record Group 59 (hereafter referred to as USDS) 812.00/1903; 'Conditions Torreón', 17 May 1911, 812.00/1825; Santiago Portilla, Una Sociedad en Armas (México, 1995), pp. 94-107; Hart, Revolutionary Mexico, pp. 242-4; Knight, Mexican Revolution, vol. 1, pp. 206-8, 216-17.
28. To test my hypothesis during a less dramatic period, I reviewed the source material for my article, 'La Comarca Lagunera: Work, Protest, and Popular Mobilization in North Central Mexico', in Thomas Benjamin and William McNellie (eds.), Other Mexicos: Essays on Regional Mexican History, 1876-1911 (Albuquerque, 1984). This naturally responsive pattern of protest held throughout the 1890s and the years prior to 1910. The protests coincided with short water, small crops, scarce work and food shortages. Until 1910, they did not coincide with national events or escalate to the level of major revolutionary movements with impact at the national level. Adler Hellman, 'Capitalist Agriculture and Rural Protest: The Case of the Laguna Region, Mexico', Labour, Capital and Society, vol. 14, no. 2 (Nov. 1981), pp. 30-46; Cynthia Hewitt and Henry Landsberger, Peasant Organizations in the Laguna, Mexico. Structure, Member Participation, Effectiveness (Washington, DC; DICA Research Paper no. 10, Nov. 1970), p. 5; Gilly, La revolución, pp. 354-67. Knight's Mexican Revolution also connects seasons and popular mobilisation. For an overview of Mexican regional studies, see Mark Wasserman, 'Provinces of the Revolution: An Introduction', pp. 1-13; and Thomas Benjamin, 'Regionalizing the Revolution: The Many Mexicos in Revolutionary Historiography', pp. 319-58, in Thomas Benjamin and Mark Wasserman (eds.), Provinces of the Revolution: Essays on Regional Mexican History, 1910-1929 (Albuquerque, 1990); John Tutino, From Insurrection to Revolution in Mexico: Social Bases of Agrarian Violence (Princeton, 1986).
29. To test my hypothesis during a less dramatic period, I reviewed the source material for my article, 'La Comarca Lagunera: Work, Protest, and Popular Mobilization in North Central Mexico', in Thomas Benjamin and William McNellie (eds.), Other Mexicos: Essays on Regional Mexican History, 1876-1911 (Albuquerque, 1984). This naturally responsive pattern of protest held throughout the 1890s and the years prior to 1910. The protests coincided with short water, small crops, scarce work and food shortages. Until 1910, they did not coincide with national events or escalate to the level of major revolutionary movements with impact at the national level. Adler Hellman, 'Capitalist Agriculture and Rural Protest: The Case of the Laguna Region, Mexico', Labour, Capital and Society, vol. 14, no. 2 (Nov. 1981), pp. 30-46; Cynthia Hewitt and Henry Landsberger, Peasant Organizations in the Laguna, Mexico. Structure, Member Participation, Effectiveness (Washington, DC; DICA Research Paper no. 10, Nov. 1970), p. 5; Gilly, La revolución, pp. 354-67. Knight's Mexican Revolution also connects seasons and popular mobilisation. For an overview of Mexican regional studies, see Mark Wasserman, 'Provinces of the Revolution: An Introduction', pp. 1-13; and Thomas Benjamin, 'Regionalizing the Revolution: The Many Mexicos in Revolutionary Historiography', pp. 319-58, in Thomas Benjamin and Mark Wasserman (eds.), Provinces of the Revolution: Essays on Regional Mexican History, 1910-1929 (Albuquerque, 1990); John Tutino, From Insurrection to Revolution in Mexico: Social Bases of Agrarian Violence (Princeton, 1986).
30. To test my hypothesis during a less dramatic period, I reviewed the source material for my article, 'La Comarca Lagunera: Work, Protest, and Popular Mobilization in North Central Mexico', in Thomas Benjamin and William McNellie (eds.), Other Mexicos: Essays on Regional Mexican History, 1876-1911 (Albuquerque, 1984). This naturally responsive pattern of protest held throughout the 1890s and the years prior to 1910. The protests coincided with short water, small crops, scarce work and food shortages. Until 1910, they did not coincide with national events or escalate to the level of major revolutionary movements with impact at the national level. Adler Hellman, 'Capitalist Agriculture and Rural Protest: The Case of the Laguna Region, Mexico', Labour, Capital and Society, vol. 14, no. 2 (Nov. 1981), pp. 30-46; Cynthia Hewitt and Henry Landsberger, Peasant Organizations in the Laguna, Mexico. Structure, Member Participation, Effectiveness (Washington, DC; DICA Research Paper no. 10, Nov. 1970), p. 5; Gilly, La revolución, pp. 354-67. Knight's Mexican Revolution also connects seasons and popular mobilisation. For an overview of Mexican regional studies, see Mark Wasserman, 'Provinces of the Revolution: An Introduction', pp. 1-13; and Thomas Benjamin, 'Regionalizing the Revolution: The Many Mexicos in Revolutionary Historiography', pp. 319-58, in Thomas Benjamin and Mark Wasserman (eds.), Provinces of the Revolution: Essays on Regional Mexican History, 1910-1929 (Albuquerque, 1990); John Tutino, From Insurrection to Revolution in Mexico: Social Bases of Agrarian Violence (Princeton, 1986).
31. To test my hypothesis during a less dramatic period, I reviewed the source material for my article, 'La Comarca Lagunera: Work, Protest, and Popular Mobilization in North Central Mexico', in Thomas Benjamin and William McNellie (eds.), Other Mexicos: Essays on Regional Mexican History, 1876-1911 (Albuquerque, 1984). This naturally responsive pattern of protest held throughout the 1890s and the years prior to 1910. The protests coincided with short water, small crops, scarce work and food shortages. Until 1910, they did not coincide with national events or escalate to the level of major revolutionary movements with impact at the national level. Adler Hellman, 'Capitalist Agriculture and Rural Protest: The Case of the Laguna Region, Mexico', Labour, Capital and Society, vol. 14, no. 2 (Nov. 1981), pp. 30-46; Cynthia Hewitt and Henry Landsberger, Peasant Organizations in the Laguna, Mexico. Structure, Member Participation, Effectiveness (Washington, DC; DICA Research Paper no. 10, Nov. 1970), p. 5; Gilly, La revolución, pp. 354-67. Knight's Mexican Revolution also connects seasons and popular mobilisation. For an overview of Mexican regional studies, see Mark Wasserman, 'Provinces of the Revolution: An Introduction', pp. 1-13; and Thomas Benjamin, 'Regionalizing the Revolution: The Many Mexicos in Revolutionary Historiography', pp. 319-58, in Thomas Benjamin and Mark Wasserman (eds.), Provinces of the Revolution: Essays on Regional Mexican History, 1910-1929 (Albuquerque, 1990); John Tutino, From Insurrection to Revolution in Mexico: Social Bases of Agrarian Violence (Princeton, 1986).
32. To test my hypothesis during a less dramatic period, I reviewed the source material for my article, 'La Comarca Lagunera: Work, Protest, and Popular Mobilization in North Central Mexico', in Thomas Benjamin and William McNellie (eds.), Other Mexicos: Essays on Regional Mexican History, 1876-1911 (Albuquerque, 1984). This naturally responsive pattern of protest held throughout the 1890s and the years prior to 1910. The protests coincided with short water, small crops, scarce work and food shortages. Until 1910, they did not coincide with national events or escalate to the level of major revolutionary movements with impact at the national level. Adler Hellman, 'Capitalist Agriculture and Rural Protest: The Case of the Laguna Region, Mexico', Labour, Capital and Society, vol. 14, no. 2 (Nov. 1981), pp. 30-46; Cynthia Hewitt and Henry Landsberger, Peasant Organizations in the Laguna, Mexico. Structure, Member Participation, Effectiveness (Washington, DC; DICA Research Paper no. 10, Nov. 1970), p. 5; Gilly, La revolución, pp. 354-67. Knight's Mexican Revolution also connects seasons and popular mobilisation. For an overview of Mexican regional studies, see Mark Wasserman, 'Provinces of the Revolution: An Introduction', pp. 1-13; and Thomas Benjamin, 'Regionalizing the Revolution: The Many Mexicos in Revolutionary Historiography', pp. 319-58, in Thomas Benjamin and Mark Wasserman (eds.), Provinces of the Revolution: Essays on Regional Mexican History, 1910-1929 (Albuquerque, 1990); John Tutino, From Insurrection to Revolution in Mexico: Social Bases of Agrarian Violence (Princeton, 1986).
33. To test my hypothesis during a less dramatic period, I reviewed the source material for my article, 'La Comarca Lagunera: Work, Protest, and Popular Mobilization in North Central Mexico', in Thomas Benjamin and William McNellie (eds.), Other Mexicos: Essays on Regional Mexican History, 1876-1911 (Albuquerque, 1984). This naturally responsive pattern of protest held throughout the 1890s and the years prior to 1910. The protests coincided with short water, small crops, scarce work and food shortages. Until 1910, they did not coincide with national events or escalate to the level of major revolutionary movements with impact at the national level. Adler Hellman, 'Capitalist Agriculture and Rural Protest: The Case of the Laguna Region, Mexico', Labour, Capital and Society, vol. 14, no. 2 (Nov. 1981), pp. 30-46; Cynthia Hewitt and Henry Landsberger, Peasant Organizations in the Laguna, Mexico. Structure, Member Participation, Effectiveness (Washington, DC; DICA Research Paper no. 10, Nov. 1970), p. 5; Gilly, La revolución, pp. 354-67. Knight's Mexican Revolution also connects seasons and popular mobilisation. For an overview of Mexican regional studies, see Mark Wasserman, 'Provinces of the Revolution: An Introduction', pp. 1-13; and Thomas Benjamin, 'Regionalizing the Revolution: The Many Mexicos in Revolutionary Historiography', pp. 319-58, in Thomas Benjamin and Mark Wasserman (eds.), Provinces of the Revolution: Essays on Regional Mexican History, 1910-1929 (Albuquerque, 1990); John Tutino, From Insurrection to Revolution in Mexico: Social Bases of Agrarian Violence (Princeton, 1986).
34. To test my hypothesis during a less dramatic period, I reviewed the source material for my article, 'La Comarca Lagunera: Work, Protest, and Popular Mobilization in North Central Mexico', in Thomas Benjamin and William McNellie (eds.), Other Mexicos: Essays on Regional Mexican History, 1876-1911 (Albuquerque, 1984). This naturally responsive pattern of protest held throughout the 1890s and the years prior to 1910. The protests coincided with short water, small crops, scarce work and food shortages. Until 1910, they did not coincide with national events or escalate to the level of major revolutionary movements with impact at the national level. Adler Hellman, 'Capitalist Agriculture and Rural Protest: The Case of the Laguna Region, Mexico', Labour, Capital and Society, vol. 14, no. 2 (Nov. 1981), pp. 30-46; Cynthia Hewitt and Henry Landsberger, Peasant Organizations in the Laguna, Mexico. Structure, Member Participation, Effectiveness (Washington, DC; DICA Research Paper no. 10, Nov. 1970), p. 5; Gilly, La revolución, pp. 354-67. Knight's Mexican Revolution also connects seasons and popular mobilisation. For an overview of Mexican regional studies, see Mark Wasserman, 'Provinces of the Revolution: An Introduction', pp. 1-13; and Thomas Benjamin, 'Regionalizing the Revolution: The Many Mexicos in Revolutionary Historiography', pp. 319-58, in Thomas Benjamin and Mark Wasserman (eds.), Provinces of the Revolution: Essays on Regional Mexican History, 1910-1929 (Albuquerque, 1990); John Tutino, From Insurrection to Revolution in Mexico: Social Bases of Agrarian Violence (Princeton, 1986).
35. To test my hypothesis during a less dramatic period, I reviewed the source material for my article, 'La Comarca Lagunera: Work, Protest, and Popular Mobilization in North Central Mexico', in Thomas Benjamin and William McNellie (eds.), Other Mexicos: Essays on Regional Mexican History, 1876-1911 (Albuquerque, 1984). This naturally responsive pattern of protest held throughout the 1890s and the years prior to 1910. The protests coincided with short water, small crops, scarce work and food shortages. Until 1910, they did not coincide with national events or escalate to the level of major revolutionary movements with impact at the national level. Adler Hellman, 'Capitalist Agriculture and Rural Protest: The Case of the Laguna Region, Mexico', Labour, Capital and Society, vol. 14, no. 2 (Nov. 1981), pp. 30-46; Cynthia Hewitt and Henry Landsberger, Peasant Organizations in the Laguna, Mexico. Structure, Member Participation, Effectiveness (Washington, DC; DICA Research Paper no. 10, Nov. 1970), p. 5; Gilly, La revolución, pp. 354-67. Knight's Mexican Revolution also connects seasons and popular mobilisation. For an overview of Mexican regional studies, see Mark Wasserman, 'Provinces of the Revolution: An Introduction', pp. 1-13; and Thomas Benjamin, 'Regionalizing the Revolution: The Many Mexicos in Revolutionary Historiography', pp. 319-58, in Thomas Benjamin and Mark Wasserman (eds.), Provinces of the Revolution: Essays on Regional Mexican History, 1910-1929 (Albuquerque, 1990); John Tutino, From Insurrection to Revolution in Mexico: Social Bases of Agrarian Violence (Princeton, 1986).
36. The many varied and complex processes involved in the Laguna's cotton cultivation are covered in the following works: Guillermo Ramos Uriarte, El mercado del algodón en la Comarca Lagunera (México, 1954), ch. 2; Eduardo Enrique Terrazas y José Luis García Valero (comps.), Coahuila: Una htstoria compartida: Coahuila Textos, 'El cultivo de aigodón' (México, 1989), pp. 318-50; Roberto Guerra Cepeda, El Ejido Colectivizado en La Comarca Lagunera (México, 1939), pp. 1-4; Despertar Lagunero. Libro que relata la lucha y triunfo de la revolución en la Comarca Lagunera (México, 1937), pp. 48-9; Lobsinger, Hacienda 'La Concha'; Senior, Land Reform, ch. 3; Meyers, Forge of Progress, pp. 37-66.
37. The many varied and complex processes involved in the Laguna's cotton cultivation are covered in the following works: Guillermo Ramos Uriarte, El mercado del algodón en la Comarca Lagunera (México, 1954), ch. 2; Eduardo Enrique Terrazas y José Luis García Valero (comps.), Coahuila: Una htstoria compartida: Coahuila Textos, 'El cultivo de aigodón' (México, 1989), pp. 318-50; Roberto Guerra Cepeda, El Ejido Colectivizado en La Comarca Lagunera (México, 1939), pp. 1-4; Despertar Lagunero. Libro que relata la lucha y triunfo de la revolución en la Comarca Lagunera (México, 1937), pp. 48-9; Lobsinger, Hacienda 'La Concha'; Senior, Land Reform, ch. 3; Meyers, Forge of Progress, pp. 37-66.
38. The many varied and complex processes involved in the Laguna's cotton cultivation are covered in the following works: Guillermo Ramos Uriarte, El mercado del algodón en la Comarca Lagunera (México, 1954), ch. 2; Eduardo Enrique Terrazas y José Luis García Valero (comps.), Coahuila: Una htstoria compartida: Coahuila Textos, 'El cultivo de aigodón' (México, 1989), pp. 318-50; Roberto Guerra Cepeda, El Ejido Colectivizado en La Comarca Lagunera (México, 1939), pp. 1-4; Despertar Lagunero. Libro que relata la lucha y triunfo de la revolución en la Comarca Lagunera (México, 1937), pp. 48-9; Lobsinger, Hacienda 'La Concha'; Senior, Land Reform, ch. 3; Meyers, Forge of Progress, pp. 37-66.
39. The many varied and complex processes involved in the Laguna's cotton cultivation are covered in the following works: Guillermo Ramos Uriarte, El mercado del algodón en la Comarca Lagunera (México, 1954), ch. 2; Eduardo Enrique Terrazas y José Luis García Valero (comps.), Coahuila: Una htstoria compartida: Coahuila Textos, 'El cultivo de aigodón' (México, 1989), pp. 318-50; Roberto Guerra Cepeda, El Ejido Colectivizado en La Comarca Lagunera (México, 1939), pp. 1-4; Despertar Lagunero. Libro que relata la lucha y triunfo de la revolución en la Comarca Lagunera (México, 1937), pp. 48-9; Lobsinger, Hacienda 'La Concha'; Senior, Land Reform, ch. 3; Meyers, Forge of Progress, pp. 37-66.
40. The many varied and complex processes involved in the Laguna's cotton cultivation are covered in the following works: Guillermo Ramos Uriarte, El mercado del algodón en la Comarca Lagunera (México, 1954), ch. 2; Eduardo Enrique Terrazas y José Luis García Valero (comps.), Coahuila: Una htstoria compartida: Coahuila Textos, 'El cultivo de aigodón' (México, 1989), pp. 318-50; Roberto Guerra Cepeda, El Ejido Colectivizado en La Comarca Lagunera (México, 1939), pp. 1-4; Despertar Lagunero. Libro que relata la lucha y triunfo de la revolución en la Comarca Lagunera (México, 1937), pp. 48-9; Lobsinger, Hacienda 'La Concha'; Senior, Land Reform, ch. 3; Meyers, Forge of Progress, pp. 37-66.
41. The many varied and complex processes involved in the Laguna's cotton cultivation are covered in the following works: Guillermo Ramos Uriarte, El mercado del algodón en la Comarca Lagunera (México, 1954), ch. 2; Eduardo Enrique Terrazas y José Luis García Valero (comps.), Coahuila: Una htstoria compartida: Coahuila Textos, 'El cultivo de aigodón' (México, 1989), pp. 318-50; Roberto Guerra Cepeda, El Ejido Colectivizado en La Comarca Lagunera (México, 1939), pp. 1-4; Despertar Lagunero. Libro que relata la lucha y triunfo de la revolución en la Comarca Lagunera (México, 1937), pp. 48-9; Lobsinger, Hacienda 'La Concha'; Senior, Land Reform, ch. 3; Meyers, Forge of Progress, pp. 37-66.
42. Lic. Emiliano G. Saravia, Historia de la Comarca Lagunera y del río Nazys (México, 1909); Clifton B. Krober, 'La cuestión del Nazas hasta 1913', in Historia Mexicana, vol. 79 (enero-marzo 1971), pp. 428-56; Francisco I. Madero, Estudio sobre la conveniencia de la construcción de una presa ... (San Pedro, 1907); Meyers, 'Politics, Vested Rights, and Economic Growth in Porfirian Mexico: The Company Tlahualilo in the Comarca Lagunera, 1885-1911', in The Hispanic American Historical Review, vol. 57, no. 5 (1977), pp. 425-54.
43. Lic. Emiliano G. Saravia, Historia de la Comarca Lagunera y del río Nazys (México, 1909); Clifton B. Krober, 'La cuestión del Nazas hasta 1913', in Historia Mexicana, vol. 79 (enero-marzo 1971), pp. 428-56; Francisco I. Madero, Estudio sobre la conveniencia de la construcción de una presa ... (San Pedro, 1907); Meyers, 'Politics, Vested Rights, and Economic Growth in Porfirian Mexico: The Company Tlahualilo in the Comarca Lagunera, 1885-1911', in The Hispanic American Historical Review, vol. 57, no. 5 (1977), pp. 425-54.
44. Lic. Emiliano G. Saravia, Historia de la Comarca Lagunera y del río Nazys (México, 1909); Clifton B. Krober, 'La cuestión del Nazas hasta 1913', in Historia Mexicana, vol. 79 (enero-marzo 1971), pp. 428-56; Francisco I. Madero, Estudio sobre la conveniencia de la construcción de una presa ... (San Pedro, 1907); Meyers, 'Politics, Vested Rights, and Economic Growth in Porfirian Mexico: The Company Tlahualilo in the Comarca Lagunera, 1885-1911', in The Hispanic American Historical Review, vol. 57, no. 5 (1977), pp. 425-54.
45. Lic. Emiliano G. Saravia, Historia de la Comarca Lagunera y del río Nazys (México, 1909); Clifton B. Krober, 'La cuestión del Nazas hasta 1913', in Historia Mexicana, vol. 79 (enero-marzo 1971), pp. 428-56; Francisco I. Madero, Estudio sobre la conveniencia de la construcción de una presa ... (San Pedro, 1907); Meyers, 'Politics, Vested Rights, and Economic Growth in Porfirian Mexico: The Company Tlahualilo in the Comarca Lagunera, 1885-1911', in The Hispanic American Historical Review, vol. 57, no. 5 (1977), pp. 425-54.
46. Ing. Enrique Najera et al., Informe general de la comisión de estudios de la Comarca Lagunera (México, 1930), pp. 165-74; Francisco Valdez, 'Las corrientes del Nazas', Boletin Mexicano de Estudios Geográficos, vol. 92, p. 337; Meyers, Forge of Progress, pp. 9-14, 37-43; Archivo de la Casa Guillermo Purcell, 1888-1911, Casa Purcell, San Pedro de las Colonias, Coahuila, México, (hereafter cited as ACP), 'Correspondencia General', 12 May 1910; Alfredo del Valle, Breve apuntes sobre el cultivo del algodon (México, 1910). Guerra Cepeda, Ejido Colectivizado, pp. 1-4; Despertar Lagunero, pp. 8-49; Liga de Agrónomos Socialistas, La Comarca Lagunera; Lobsinger, Hacienda 'La Concha'.
47. Ing. Enrique Najera et al., Informe general de la comisión de estudios de la Comarca Lagunera (México, 1930), pp. 165-74; Francisco Valdez, 'Las corrientes del Nazas', Boletin Mexicano de Estudios Geográficos, vol. 92, p. 337; Meyers, Forge of Progress, pp. 9-14, 37-43; Archivo de la Casa Guillermo Purcell, 1888-1911, Casa Purcell, San Pedro de las Colonias, Coahuila, México, (hereafter cited as ACP), 'Correspondencia General', 12 May 1910; Alfredo del Valle, Breve apuntes sobre el cultivo del algodon (México, 1910). Guerra Cepeda, Ejido Colectivizado, pp. 1-4; Despertar Lagunero, pp. 8-49; Liga de Agrónomos Socialistas, La Comarca Lagunera; Lobsinger, Hacienda 'La Concha'.
48. Ing. Enrique Najera et al., Informe general de la comisión de estudios de la Comarca Lagunera (México, 1930), pp. 165-74; Francisco Valdez, 'Las corrientes del Nazas', Boletin Mexicano de Estudios Geográficos, vol. 92, p. 337; Meyers, Forge of Progress, pp. 9-14, 37-43; Archivo de la Casa Guillermo Purcell, 1888-1911, Casa Purcell, San Pedro de las Colonias, Coahuila, México, (hereafter cited as ACP), 'Correspondencia General', 12 May 1910; Alfredo del Valle, Breve apuntes sobre el cultivo del algodon (México, 1910). Guerra Cepeda, Ejido Colectivizado, pp. 1-4; Despertar Lagunero, pp. 8-49; Liga de Agrónomos Socialistas, La Comarca Lagunera; Lobsinger, Hacienda 'La Concha'.
49. Ing. Enrique Najera et al., Informe general de la comisión de estudios de la Comarca Lagunera (México, 1930), pp. 165-74; Francisco Valdez, 'Las corrientes del Nazas', Boletin Mexicano de Estudios Geográficos, vol. 92, p. 337; Meyers, Forge of Progress, pp. 9-14, 37-43; Archivo de la Casa Guillermo Purcell, 1888-1911, Casa Purcell, San Pedro de las Colonias, Coahuila, México, (hereafter cited as ACP), 'Correspondencia General', 12 May 1910; Alfredo del Valle, Breve apuntes sobre el cultivo del algodon (México, 1910). Guerra Cepeda, Ejido Colectivizado, pp. 1-4; Despertar Lagunero, pp. 8-49; Liga de Agrónomos Socialistas, La Comarca Lagunera; Lobsinger, Hacienda 'La Concha'.
50. Ing. Enrique Najera et al., Informe general de la comisión de estudios de la Comarca Lagunera (México, 1930), pp. 165-74; Francisco Valdez, 'Las corrientes del Nazas', Boletin Mexicano de Estudios Geográficos, vol. 92, p. 337; Meyers, Forge of Progress, pp. 9-14, 37-43; Archivo de la Casa Guillermo Purcell, 1888-1911, Casa Purcell, San Pedro de las Colonias, Coahuila, México, (hereafter cited as ACP), 'Correspondencia General', 12 May 1910; Alfredo del Valle, Breve apuntes sobre el cultivo del algodon (México, 1910). Guerra Cepeda, Ejido Colectivizado, pp. 1-4; Despertar Lagunero, pp. 8-49; Liga de Agrónomos Socialistas, La Comarca Lagunera; Lobsinger, Hacienda 'La Concha'.
51. Ing. Enrique Najera et al., Informe general de la comisión de estudios de la Comarca Lagunera (México, 1930), pp. 165-74; Francisco Valdez, 'Las corrientes del Nazas', Boletin Mexicano de Estudios Geográficos, vol. 92, p. 337; Meyers, Forge of Progress, pp. 9-14, 37-43; Archivo de la Casa Guillermo Purcell, 1888-1911, Casa Purcell, San Pedro de las Colonias, Coahuila, México, (hereafter cited as ACP), 'Correspondencia General', 12 May 1910; Alfredo del Valle, Breve apuntes sobre el cultivo del algodon (México, 1910). Guerra Cepeda, Ejido Colectivizado, pp. 1-4; Despertar Lagunero, pp. 8-49; Liga de Agrónomos Socialistas, La Comarca Lagunera; Lobsinger, Hacienda 'La Concha'.
52. Ing. Enrique Najera et al., Informe general de la comisión de estudios de la Comarca Lagunera (México, 1930), pp. 165-74; Francisco Valdez, 'Las corrientes del Nazas', Boletin Mexicano de Estudios Geográficos, vol. 92, p. 337; Meyers, Forge of Progress, pp. 9-14, 37-43; Archivo de la Casa Guillermo Purcell, 1888-1911, Casa Purcell, San Pedro de las Colonias, Coahuila, México, (hereafter cited as ACP), 'Correspondencia General', 12 May 1910; Alfredo del Valle, Breve apuntes sobre el cultivo del algodon (México, 1910). Guerra Cepeda, Ejido Colectivizado, pp. 1-4; Despertar Lagunero, pp. 8-49; Liga de Agrónomos Socialistas, La Comarca Lagunera; Lobsinger, Hacienda 'La Concha'.
53. See Así Fue, tomo 7, 'La Revolución Día a Día', pp. 1339, 1355-7, 1396-1401, 1404-8, 1434-5, 1472-5; tomo 3, 'La Epoca Maderista', y tomo 4, 'La Lucha Constitucionalista', pp. 511-79, 679-709.
54. See Así Fue, tomo 7, 'La Revolución Día a Día', pp. 1339, 1355-7, 1396-1401, 1404-8, 1434-5, 1472-5; tomo 3, 'La Epoca Maderista', y tomo 4, 'La Lucha Constitucionalista', pp. 511-79, 679-709.
55. Cummins, British Vice Consul in Gómez Palacio, to Hohler, enclosure in dispatch no. 166 of 17 July 1911, 'Report by Mr. Vice Consul Cummins on the recent and present political situation in the Laguna district', pp. 2-3, Records of the Foreign Office, Public Record Office, London (hereafter cited as FO) 204-392-20; see also FO 204-412; USDS 812.00/6096, 30 Jan. 1913, Carothers to Hamm, 'Conditions in Torreón and the Laguna'; FO 204-443-40, 9 Feb. 1914, 'Conditions Laguna', Cummins to Stringer.
56. See Alfonso Porfirio Hernández, La Explotación Colectiva en la Comarca Lagunera es un Fracaso (México, 1975), vol. 12, p. 149; and Ing. Manuel León-D, Sub-Gerente, from ACP, 'Correspondencia General', 1950.
57. See Alfonso Porfirio Hernández, La Explotación Colectiva en la Comarca Lagunera es un Fracaso (México, 1975), vol. 12, p. 149; and Ing. Manuel León-D, Sub-Gerente, from ACP, 'Correspondencia General', 1950.
58. Villarello Vélez, Historia de la Revolución, pp. 58-69; Stanley Ross, Francisco Madero, Apostle of Mexican Democracy (New York, 1955), pp. 34-45; Charles C. Cumberland, Mexican Revolution: Genesis under Madero (Austin, 1952), pp. 30-45.
59. Villarello Vélez, Historia de la Revolución, pp. 58-69; Stanley Ross, Francisco Madero, Apostle of Mexican Democracy (New York, 1955), pp. 34-45; Charles C. Cumberland, Mexican Revolution: Genesis under Madero (Austin, 1952), pp. 30-45.
60. Villarello Vélez, Historia de la Revolución, pp. 58-69; Stanley Ross, Francisco Madero, Apostle of Mexican Democracy (New York, 1955), pp. 34-45; Charles C. Cumberland, Mexican Revolution: Genesis under Madero (Austin, 1952), pp. 30-45.
61. ACP, 'Circular', 10 June 1910, p. 133; FO 371-927-23218, 15 June 1910, Tower to Grey; Meyers, Forge of Progress, pp. 224-8.
62. ACP, 'Circular', 10 June 1910, p. 133; FO 371-927-23218, 15 June 1910, Tower to Grey; Meyers, Forge of Progress, pp. 224-8.
63. Guerra, Historia de Torreón, pp. 136-4;; Villarello Vélez, Historia de la Revolución, pp. 193-208; Machuca Macías, La Revolución, pp. 15-28.
64. Guerra, Historia de Torreón, pp. 136-4;; Villarello Vélez, Historia de la Revolución, pp. 193-208; Machuca Macías, La Revolución, pp. 15-28.
65. Guerra, Historia de Torreón, pp. 136-4;; Villarello Vélez, Historia de la Revolución, pp. 193-208; Machuca Macías, La Revolución, pp. 15-28.
66. USDS 812.00/2080, 2 May 1911, George Carothers, Torreón; 812.00/1968, 22 May 1911; FO 392-20, dispatch no. 166, pp. 2-3, 17 July 1911, Cummins to Hohler, 'Report by Mr. Vice Consul Cummins on the recent and present political situation in the Laguna district'; Knight, Mexican Revolution, vol. 1, pp. 206-8.
67. USDS 812.00/1903, 3 May 1911, 'Revolution in Coahuila, Durango, and Chihuahua'.
68. USDS 812.00/1968, 13 May 1911, 'Conditions Torreón'; also 812.00/2026.
69. Knight, Mexican Revolution, vol. 1, pp. 206-8, 217-18.
70. USDS 812.00/1968, 13 May 1911, 'Conditions Torreón', and 812.00/1825, 17 May 1911; Portilla, Sociedad en Armas, pp. 94-107; Hart, Revolutionary Mexico, pp. 242-4; USDS 812.00/1920, 23 May 1911 and 812.00/1974, 24 May 1911, 'Chinese Slaughter in Torreón '; Leo M. Dambourges Jacques,' The Chinese Massacre in Torreón (Coahuila) in 1911', in Arizona and the West (Autumn 1974), pp. 233-46.
71. USDS 812.00/1968, 13 May 1911, 'Conditions Torreón', and 812.00/1825, 17 May 1911; Portilla, Sociedad en Armas, pp. 94-107; Hart, Revolutionary Mexico, pp. 242-4; USDS 812.00/1920, 23 May 1911 and 812.00/1974, 24 May 1911, 'Chinese Slaughter in Torreón '; Leo M. Dambourges Jacques,' The Chinese Massacre in Torreón (Coahuila) in 1911', in Arizona and the West (Autumn 1974), pp. 233-46.
72. USDS 812.00/1968, 13 May 1911, 'Conditions Torreón', and 812.00/1825, 17 May 1911; Portilla, Sociedad en Armas, pp. 94-107; Hart, Revolutionary Mexico, pp. 242-4; USDS 812.00/1920, 23 May 1911 and 812.00/1974, 24 May 1911, 'Chinese Slaughter in Torreón '; Leo M. Dambourges Jacques,' The Chinese Massacre in Torreón (Coahuila) in 1911', in Arizona and the West (Autumn 1974), pp. 233-46.
73. USDS 812.00/2181, 23 June 1911, Henry Lane Wilson to Sec. of State Knox; FO 204-39220-5, 17 July 1911, 'Cummins to Hohler', 'Report by Vice Consul Cummins', Mexican Herald, 17 July 1911, 1, 'Magonistas in Durango'.
74. FO 371-1148-30407, 20 July 1911, Cummins to Hohler, 'Political Situation in Laguna'; DO 204-392-6, 6 Sep. 1911, Cummins to Stringer, 'Conditions Laguna'; FO 204-392-7, 6 Oct. 1911, 'Revolution Torreón', Cummins to Stringer; FO 204-392-29, 21 July 1911; Stringer to Grey, 'Conditions at Torreón'; FO 204-412, 30 Jan. 1912, 'Political Club at Tlahualilo', letter from T. Fairbairn.
75. USDS 812.00/2348, 5 Sep. 1911, Mr Dearing's Interview with President De La Barra; 812.00/440, 13 Feb. 1912, Elsworth to Sec. of State; 812.00/3421, 19 March 1912, Carothers to H. L. Wilson; Archivo General del Estado de Coahuila (hereafter AGEC) 3 April 1991, leg. 7, exped. 7.
76. USDS 812.00/3641, 10 April 1912; 812.00/3826, 28 April 1912, 'Carothers from Torreón on Federal Troops'; FO 204-413-247, 23 May 1912, Potter to Stronge.
77. Asi fue ..., tomo 3, Madero y El Tiempo Nuevo, 'Desafíos al nuevo poder', pp. 375-9; Alfonso Taracena, La verdadera revolución mexicana: complimento de la primera etapa, 1911-1913 (Mexico, 1965), p. 156;
78. Asi fue ..., tomo 3, Madero y El Tiempo Nuevo, 'Desafíos al nuevo poder', pp. 375-9; Alfonso Taracena, La verdadera revolución mexicana: complimento de la primera etapa, 1911-1913 (Mexico, 1965), p. 156;
79. Mexican Herald, 5 June 1912, 1, 'Villa Mutiny is Promptly Ended by Gen. Huerta'; Charles C. Cumberland, Mexican Revolution: The Constitutionalist Years (Austin, 1972), pp. 20-1.
80. USDS 812.00/5120, 22 Sep. 1912; 812.00/5140, 26 Sep. 1912, 'Labor in Revolution'; FO 371-1395-43234, 29 Sep. 1912, Cummins to Stronge, 'Conditions in Laguna'; Mexican Herald, 25 Oct. 1912, p. 1, 'Rebel Depredations in Torreón District'; USDA 812.00/6096, 30 Jan. 1915, Carothers to Hamm, 'Conditions Torreón and Laguna'.
81. USDS 812.00/6473, 20 Feb. 1913, Hamm to Sec. of State, 'Political Reaction to Madero's Death'; AGEC, 23 febrero 1913, 13g. 754, expeds. 4 and 5; USDS 811.00/6735, 24 Feb. 1913, Hamm to Sec. of State.
82. USDS 812.00/6302, 21 Feb. 1913; 812.00/6376, 24 Feb. 1913; 812.00/6790, 6 March 1913; FO 371-1672-14519, 6 March 1913, enclosure no. 2, in 12 March 1913, Stronge to Grey; FO 371-1680-28626, 29 May 1913, Stronge to Grey, 'Annual Report, 1912, on Mexico'.
83. Ibid.; USDS, 812.00/7098, 29 March 1913, Hamm to Sec. of State; 812.00/7586, 7 May 1913, Carothers to Sec. of State.
84. For statistics, see Porfirio Hernández, Explotación colectiva, p. 149, Cuadro Num. 12, and León-D, Sub-Gerente, ACP, 'Correspondencia General', 1950. For political events, see FO 371-1677-45113, 23 Aug. 1913; USDS 312.11/2374, 12 Sep. 1913, Sillman to Sec. of State; 812.00/9899, 22 Sep. 1913, 'Political Conditions Torreón and Laguna'; 812.00/9748, 2 Oct. 1913, 'Carrothers Reports Taking of Torreón; FO 371.1677-46212, 10 Oct. 1913, 'Capture of Torreón by Rebels'.
85. Friedrich Katz, The Secret War in Mexico: Europe, the United States and the Mexican Revolution (Chicago, 1981), pp. 38-42; Knight, Mexican Revolution, vol. 1, pp. 33-42; Villa's origins, early life, excesses and charisma are chronicled in Martín Luis Guzmán, Memorias de Pancho Villa (México, 1938); John Reed, Insurgent Mexico (New York, 1969), pp. 95-121.
86. Friedrich Katz, The Secret War in Mexico: Europe, the United States and the Mexican Revolution (Chicago, 1981), pp. 38-42; Knight, Mexican Revolution, vol. 1, pp. 33-42; Villa's origins, early life, excesses and charisma are chronicled in Martín Luis Guzmán, Memorias de Pancho Villa (México, 1938); John Reed, Insurgent Mexico (New York, 1969), pp. 95-121.
87. Friedrich Katz, The Secret War in Mexico: Europe, the United States and the Mexican Revolution (Chicago, 1981), pp. 38-42; Knight, Mexican Revolution, vol. 1, pp. 33-42; Villa's origins, early life, excesses and charisma are chronicled in Martín Luis Guzmán, Memorias de Pancho Villa (México, 1938); John Reed, Insurgent Mexico (New York, 1969), pp. 95-121.
88. Friedrich Katz, The Secret War in Mexico: Europe, the United States and the Mexican Revolution (Chicago, 1981), pp. 38-42; Knight, Mexican Revolution, vol. 1, pp. 33-42; Villa's origins, early life, excesses and charisma are chronicled in Martín Luis Guzmán, Memorias de Pancho Villa (México, 1938); John Reed, Insurgent Mexico (New York, 1969), pp. 95-121.
89. Ibid.; AGEC, 18 mayo 1915, leg. 330, expeds. 11, p. 753.
90. 'A donde íbamos con Pancho Villa? Un diálogo con Friedrich Katz, sobre política y administración', in Siempre 1229 (12 enero 1977), p. 9;
91. Reed, Insurgent, pp. 95-121.
92. USDS 812.00/9748, 2 Oct. 1915, 'Carrothers Reports Taking of Torreón'; FO 371.1677-46212, 10 Oct. 1913, 'Capture of Torreón by Rebels'; FO 371-1679-56197, 12 Dec. 1913, Carden to Grey, 'Capture of Torreón by Federals'.
93. USDS 812.00/10593, 18 Jan. 1914, 'Six Thousand Rebels Surround Torreón'; 812.00/10680, 25 Jan. 1915, 'Torreón threatened from Durango'; FO 204-443-40, no. 23, 9 Feb. 1914, Cummins to Stringer, 'Rebels Tying Up All Rolling Stock'; FO 371-2025-12853, 4 March 1914, Hohler to Grey.
94. See R. Gonzalez Garza et al., La Batalla de Torreón (Torreón, n.d.); Reed, Insurgent, pp. 171-238; Patrick O'Hea, Reminiscences of the Mexican Revolution (México, 1966), pp. 132-52; Gilly, La revolución, pp. 133-9; Knight, Mexican Revolution, pp. 140-1, 145-6.
95. See R. Gonzalez Garza et al., La Batalla de Torreón (Torreón, n.d.); Reed, Insurgent, pp. 171-238; Patrick O'Hea, Reminiscences of the Mexican Revolution (México, 1966), pp. 132-52; Gilly, La revolución, pp. 133-9; Knight, Mexican Revolution, pp. 140-1, 145-6.
96. See R. Gonzalez Garza et al., La Batalla de Torreón (Torreón, n.d.); Reed, Insurgent, pp. 171-238; Patrick O'Hea, Reminiscences of the Mexican Revolution (México, 1966), pp. 132-52; Gilly, La revolución, pp. 133-9; Knight, Mexican Revolution, pp. 140-1, 145-6.
97. See R. Gonzalez Garza et al., La Batalla de Torreón (Torreón, n.d.); Reed, Insurgent, pp. 171-238; Patrick O'Hea, Reminiscences of the Mexican Revolution (México, 1966), pp. 132-52; Gilly, La revolución, pp. 133-9; Knight, Mexican Revolution, pp. 140-1, 145-6.
98. See R. Gonzalez Garza et al., La Batalla de Torreón (Torreón, n.d.); Reed, Insurgent, pp. 171-238; Patrick O'Hea, Reminiscences of the Mexican Revolution (México, 1966), pp. 132-52; Gilly, La revolución, pp. 133-9; Knight, Mexican Revolution, pp. 140-1, 145-6.
99. Katz, Secret, pp. 136-42;
100. Gilly, La revolución, pp. 122-53;
101. see also Graziella Altamirano, 'Gobierno y resistencia villista en Durango', and Meyers, 'Swords into Ploughshares: The Villista Administration of La Laguna, March 1914-Sept. 1915', unpublished papers presented at the conference, 'La Revolución de los Vencidos', Chicago, IL, 9-12 May 1996.
102. FO 204-443-221, 4 April 1914, Cummins to Hohler, 'Fall of Torreón to Rebels'; USDS 812.00/11419, 6 April 1914, Carothers to Sec. of State; 812.00/11461, 9 April 1914, Carothers to Sec. of State; Asi fue: La Lucha Constitucionalista, vol. 4, pp. 679-99; Altamirano, 'Gobierno ...'; Meyers, 'Swords to Ploughshares'.
103. Ibid.; USDS 812.00/12586, 28 June 1914, J. L. Canova to W. J. Bryan on cotton profiteers in El Paso; 812.00/12492, 15 July 1914; Villarello Vélez, La revolución, p. 268.
104. Ibid.; USDS 812.00/12586, 28 June 1914, J. L. Canova to W. J. Bryan on cotton profiteers in El Paso; 812.00/12492, 15 July 1914; Villarello Vélez, La revolución, p. 268.
105. USDS 811.00/12650, no. 39, 25 July 1914, Canova to W. J. Bryan, 'Laguna Conditions'; FO 204-445-822, 8 Dec. 1914, O'Hea to Hohler, 'Report General Conditions in the Laguna'.
106. USDS 812.00/12650, no. 39, 25 July 1914, Canova to Sec. of State.
107. Ibid.
108. FO 204-445-822, 8 Dec. 1914, O'Hea to Hohler.
109. FO 371-2036-16614, 15 April 1914, Hohler to Grey; USDS 812.00/12650, no. 39, 25 July 1914, Canova to W. J. Bryan, 'Laguna Conditions'; AGEC, 1 Sep. 1914, leg. 43, exped. 12; Villarello Vélez, La revolución, pp. 245-51; Gilly, La revolución, pp. 122-53.
110. FO 371-2036-16614, 15 April 1914, Hohler to Grey; USDS 812.00/12650, no. 39, 25 July 1914, Canova to W. J. Bryan, 'Laguna Conditions'; AGEC, 1 Sep. 1914, leg. 43, exped. 12; Villarello Vélez, La revolución, pp. 245-51; Gilly, La revolución, pp. 122-53.
111. USDS 812.00/12160, 4 June 1914, 'Consular Report - Chihuahua'. For coverage of events during this period, see Asi Fue: La Lucha, vol. 4, pp. 679-99; Knight, Mexican Revolution, vol. 2, pp. 265-321; and Katz, 'Chronology of the Villista Movement', March 1913-13 Dec. 1915, 18 Dec. 1915-20 July 1923, a chronology of military intelligence reports on Villa held at the US National Archives, Washington, DC.
112. USDS 812.00/12160, 4 June 1914, 'Consular Report - Chihuahua'. For coverage of events during this period, see Asi Fue: La Lucha, vol. 4, pp. 679-99; Knight, Mexican Revolution, vol. 2, pp. 265-321; and Katz, 'Chronology of the Villista Movement', March 1913-13 Dec. 1915, 18 Dec. 1915-20 July 1923, a chronology of military intelligence reports on Villa held at the US National Archives, Washington, DC.
113. USDS 812.00/12160, 4 June 1914, 'Consular Report - Chihuahua'. For coverage of events during this period, see Asi Fue: La Lucha, vol. 4, pp. 679-99; Knight, Mexican Revolution, vol. 2, pp. 265-321; and Katz, 'Chronology of the Villista Movement', March 1913-13 Dec. 1915, 18 Dec. 1915-20 July 1923, a chronology of military intelligence reports on Villa held at the US National Archives, Washington, DC.
114. FO 371-2396-21708, 15 Jan. 1915, Hohler to Grey.
115. FO 371-2397-24882, 10 Feb. 1915, Mr R. E. Durham to F. F. Fuller, Sec. of the Avino Mines.
116. FO 371-2401-106051, 11 Feb. 1915, O'Hea to Hohler, no. 2.
117. Ibid.
118. Altamirano, 'Gobierno y resistencia'; Arnulfo Ochoa Reyna, Historia del Estado de Durango (México, 1958), pp. 325-60; Gamiz Olivas, Revolución.
119. FO 204-445-822, 8 Dec. 1914, O'Hea to Hohler.
120. FO 371-407-37735, 30 March 1915, Sanderson to Foreign Office; FO 371-2400-86573, 4 June 1915, O'Hea to Spring-Rice, 'General Conditions in the Laguna'; USDS 812.00/15507, no. 46, 8 July 1915, Coen to Sec. of State, 'Conditions Torreón'.
121. USDS 812.00/15069, no. 45, 'Food Shortages and Price Fixing'; 17 May 1915, Coen, Durango, to Sec. of State; 812.00/15117, 'Conditions in Torreón', Coen to Sec. of State.
122. FO 204-445-882, 8 Dec. 1914, O'Hea to Hohler.
123. Ibid.
124. Ibid.
125. FO 371-2400-86573, 4 June 1915, O'Hea to Spring-Rice, 'General Conditions in the Laguna'; USDS 812.00/15507, no. 46, 8 July 1915, Coen to Sec. of State, 'Conditions Torreón'; FO 312.115c-7311, 23 July 1915; FO 371-2408-103541, 26 July 1915, Mr Bigland to Lord Cecil Roberts; USDS 812.00/15662, no. 47, 29 July 1915, Coen to Sec. of State.
126. Federico González Garza to Roque González Garza, Sep. 1915, papers of R. González Garza, Mexico, quoted in Katz, Secret War, p. 286.
127. Alicia Hernández Chavez, Historia de la revolución institucionalizada (México, 1982); Luis González, Historia de la revolución mexicana, 1934-1940. Los días del presidente Cárdenas (México, 1981), p. 15; Katz, 'a donde ibamos ...?'; Reed, Insurgent, p. 118; Arturo Langle Ramírez, Los Primeras Cien Años de Pancho Villa (México, 1980), see especially 'Pacificación y muerte', pp. 31-40.
128. Alicia Hernández Chavez, Historia de la revolución institucionalizada (México, 1982); Luis González, Historia de la revolución mexicana, 1934-1940. Los días del presidente Cárdenas (México, 1981), p. 15; Katz, 'a donde ibamos ...?'; Reed, Insurgent, p. 118; Arturo Langle Ramírez, Los Primeras Cien Años de Pancho Villa (México, 1980), see especially 'Pacificación y muerte', pp. 31-40.
129. Alicia Hernández Chavez, Historia de la revolución institucionalizada (México, 1982); Luis González, Historia de la revolución mexicana, 1934-1940. Los días del presidente Cárdenas (México, 1981), p. 15; Katz, 'a donde ibamos ...?'; Reed, Insurgent, p. 118; Arturo Langle Ramírez, Los Primeras Cien Años de Pancho Villa (México, 1980), see especially 'Pacificación y muerte', pp. 31-40.
130. Alicia Hernández Chavez, Historia de la revolución institucionalizada (México, 1982); Luis González, Historia de la revolución mexicana, 1934-1940. Los días del presidente Cárdenas (México, 1981), p. 15; Katz, 'a donde ibamos ...?'; Reed, Insurgent, p. 118; Arturo Langle Ramírez, Los Primeras Cien Años de Pancho Villa (México, 1980), see especially 'Pacificación y muerte', pp. 31-40.
131. Gilly, La revolución, pp. 343-4, 354-67; Revolución Mexicana: Crónica Ilustrada, 'Villa, General de Generales', no. 31, (Mexico, n.d.); Langle Ramirez, Los Primeros, pp. 41-163.
132. Gilly, La revolución, pp. 343-4, 354-67; Revolución Mexicana: Crónica Ilustrada, 'Villa, General de Generales', no. 31, (Mexico, n.d.); Langle Ramirez, Los Primeros, pp. 41-163.
133. Gilly, La revolución, pp. 343-4, 354-67; Revolución Mexicana: Crónica Ilustrada, 'Villa, General de Generales', no. 31, (Mexico, n.d.); Langle Ramirez, Los Primeros, pp. 41-163.
134. Katz, Secret War, pp. 279-87.
135. Liga de Agrónomes, La Comarca Lagunera; Barry Carr, 'The Mexican Communist Party and Agrarian Mobilization in the Laguna, 1920-1940: A Worker-Peasant Alliance?' Hispanic American Historical Review 67, no. 3 (1987): pp. 371-404; Senior, Land Reform; Adler Hellman, 'Capitalist Agriculture', Labour, Capital and Society; Hewitt and Landsberger, Peasant Organizations.
136. Liga de Agrónomes, La Comarca Lagunera; Barry Carr, 'The Mexican Communist Party and Agrarian Mobilization in the Laguna, 1920-1940: A Worker-Peasant Alliance?' Hispanic American Historical Review 67, no. 3 (1987): pp. 371-404; Senior, Land Reform; Adler Hellman, 'Capitalist Agriculture', Labour, Capital and Society; Hewitt and Landsberger, Peasant Organizations.
137. Liga de Agrónomes, La Comarca Lagunera; Barry Carr, 'The Mexican Communist Party and Agrarian Mobilization in the Laguna, 1920-1940: A Worker-Peasant Alliance?' Hispanic American Historical Review 67, no. 3 (1987): pp. 371-404; Senior, Land Reform; Adler Hellman, 'Capitalist Agriculture', Labour, Capital and Society; Hewitt and Landsberger, Peasant Organizations.
138. Liga de Agrónomes, La Comarca Lagunera; Barry Carr, 'The Mexican Communist Party and Agrarian Mobilization in the Laguna, 1920-1940: A Worker-Peasant Alliance?' Hispanic American Historical Review 67, no. 3 (1987): pp. 371-404; Senior, Land Reform; Adler Hellman, 'Capitalist Agriculture', Labour, Capital and Society; Hewitt and Landsberger, Peasant Organizations.
139. Liga de Agrónomes, La Comarca Lagunera; Barry Carr, 'The Mexican Communist Party and Agrarian Mobilization in the Laguna, 1920-1940: A Worker-Peasant Alliance?' Hispanic American Historical Review 67, no. 3 (1987): pp. 371-404; Senior, Land Reform; Adler Hellman, 'Capitalist Agriculture', Labour, Capital and Society; Hewitt and Landsberger, Peasant Organizations.