Using fault tree analysis to assess bioterrorist risks to the U.S. food supply

Human and Ecological Risk Assessment

Volumn 10, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 327-347

  Hope, Bruce K ^a  

^a OR Dept of Environmental Quality   (United States)

Author keywords

Anthrax; Bioterrorism; Fault tree analysis; Food supply system; Risk assessment; Risk management; U.S. agriculture

Indexed keywords

ANTHRAX;

EID: 4544345770     PISSN: 10807039     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10807030490438382     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. Bailar III JC. 2001. Ensuring food safety: An organizational perspective. In: Layne SP, Beugelsdijk TJ, and Patel CKN (eds), Firepower in the Lab: Automation in the Fight Against Infectious Diseases and Bioterrorism, pp 133-142. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
2. Ban J. 2000. Agricultural biological warfare: An overview. Chemical and Biological Arms Control Institute. The Arena 9:1-8
3. Carus SW. 2000. The Rajneeshees (1984). In: Tucker JB (ed), Toxic Terror: Assessing Terrorist Use of Chemical and Biological Weapons, pp 115-137. BCSIA Studies in International Security. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA
4. Carus SW. 2001. Working Paper - Bioterrorism and Biocrimes: The Illicit Use of Biological Agents Since 1900. Center for Counterproliferation Research, National Defense University, Washington, DC, USA
5. Coleman ME and Marks HM. 1999. Qualitative and quantitative risk assessment. Food Control 10:289-97
6. Dixon TC, Meselson M, Guillmin J, et al. 1999. Anthrax. New England J Med 341:815-26
7. Ekboir JM. 1999. Potential Impact of Foot-and-Mouth Disease in California: The Role and Contribution of Animal Health Surveillance and Monitoring Services. Agricultural Issues Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
8. Falkenrath RA, Newman RD, and Thayer BA. 1999. America's Achilles' Heel: Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Terrorism and Covert Attack, pp 167-215. BCSIA Studies in International Security. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA
9. Ferguson NM, Donnelly, CA, and Anderson RM. 2001. The foot-and-mouth epidemic in Great Britain: Pattern of spread and impact of interventions. Science 292:1155-60
10. Franz DR. 1999. Foreign animal disease agents as weapons in biological warfare. Annals NY Acad Sci 894:100-4
11. GAO (General Accounting Office). 1998. Combating Terrorism: Threat and Risk Assessments Can Help Prioritize and Target Program Investments. GAO/NSIAD-98-74. National Security and International Affairs Division, Washington, DC, USA
12. Haas CN. 2002. On the risk of mortality to primates exposed to anthrax spores. Risk Anal 22:189-93
13. Inglesby TV, Henderson DA, Bartlett JG, et al. 1999. Anthrax biological weapon: Medical and public health management. J Amer Medical Assoc 281:1735-45
14. Jetter, JJ, Forte Jr., R, and Rubenstein, R. 2001. Fault tree analysis for exposure to refrigerants used for automotive air conditioning in the United States. Risk Anal 21:157-70
15. Koller GR. 2000. Terrorism risk models - Relative and absolute risk. In: Risk Modeling for Determining Value and Decision Making, pp 21-65. Chapman & Hall/CRC Press, Washington, DC, USA
16. Madden LV and Scherm H. 1999. Epidemiology and risk assessment. A symposium on Plant Pathology's Role in Anti-Crop Bioterrorism and Food Security. Joint American and Canadian Phytopathological Society meeting, Montreal, Canada, August 7-11, 1999
17. Marks HM, Coleman ME, Lin C-TJ, et al. 1998. Topics in microbial risk assessment: Dynamic flow tree analysis. Risk Analysis 18:309-28
18. Mead PS, Slutsker L, Dietz V, et al. 1999. Food-related illnesses and death in the United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases 5:607-25
19. MIIS (Monterey Institute for International Studies). 1999a. Agricultural Biowarfare: State Programs to Develop Offensive Capabilities. Center for Nonproliferation Studies. Available at: http://cns.miis.edu/research/cbw/ agprogs.htm.
20. MIIS (Monterey Institute for International Studies). 1999b. Chemical and Biological Weapons: Possession and Programs, Past and Present. Center for Nonproliferation Studies Available at http://cns.miis.edu/research/cbw/possess. htm.
21. Moore RJ and Biddinger GR. 1995. The interaction between risk assessors and risk managers during the problem formulation phase. Environ Toxicol Chem 14:2013-4
22. Pate J, Ackerman G, and McCloud K. 2001. 2000 WMD Terrorism Chronology: Incidents Involving Sub-national Actors and Chemical, Biological, Radiological, or Nuclear Materials. Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Monterey Institute for International Studies. Available at http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/reports/cbrn2k. htm
23. Preston R. 1998. The Bioweaponeers. The New Yorker, March 9, 1998, 52-65
24. Pybus OG, Charleston MA, Gupta S, et al. 2001. The epidemic behavior of the hepatitis C virus. Science 292:2323-5
25. Roberts T, Ahl A, and McDowell R. 1995. Risk assessment for foodborne microbial hazards. In: Tracking Foodborne Pathogens from Farm to Table: Data Needs to Evaluate Control Options, pp. 104-15. ERS-MP-1532. Economic Research Service, Washington DC, USA
26. Rogers P, Whitby S, and Dando M. 1999. Biological warfare against crops. Sci Amer 280:70-5
27. Schaad NW, Shaw, JJ, Vidaver A, et al. 1999. Crop Biosecurity. American Phytopathological Society. Available at http://www.scisoc.org/feature/ BioSecurity/Top.html
28. Sequeria R. 1999. Safeguarding production agriculture and natural ecosystems against biological terrorism. Annals NY Acad Sciences 894:49-67
29. Török TJ, Tauxe RV, Wise, RP, et al. 1997. A large community outbreak of salmonellosis caused by intentional contamination of restaurant salad bars. J Amer Medical Assoc 278:389-95
30. Tucker JB. 1999. Bioterrorism: Threats and Responses. In: Lederberg J (ed), Biological Weapons: Limiting the Threat, pp 283-320. BCSIA Studies in International Security. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA
31. USDA (US Department of Agriculture). 1998. Salmonella Enteritidis Risk Assessment: Shell Eggs and Egg Products, Final Report. Food Safety and Inspection Service, Washington, DC, USA Available at http://www.fsis.usda.gov/ OPHS/risk/index.htm
32. USEPA (US Environmental Protection Agency). 1998. Guidelines for Ecological Risk Assessment, Final. EPA/630/R-95/002F. Risk Assessment Forum, Washington, DC, USA
33. Wade J. 2001. Medical Risk Assessment of the Biological Threat. Contract No. SPO700-00-D-3180. Chemical Warfare/Chemical and Biological Defense Information Analysis Center, Defense Technical Information Center, Defense Information Systems Agency, Fort Belvoir, VA, USA.
34. Watson SA. 1999. The changing biological warfare threat: Anti-crop and anti-animal agents. Annals NY Acad Sci 894:157-63
35. Wheelis M. 2000. Integrating disease outbreaks under a protocol to the biological and toxin weapons convention. Emerging Infectious Diseases 6:595-600
36. Whitby S and Rogers P. 1997. Anticrop biological warfare-implications of the Iraqi and U.S. programs. Defense Analysis 13:303-18
37. Wilson TM, Logan-Henfrey L, Weller R, et al. 2000. Agroterrorism, biological crimes, and biological warfare targeting animal agriculture. In: Brown C and Bolin C (eds), Emerging Diseases of Animals, pp 23-57, American Society of Microbiology Press, Herndon, VA, USA