Extensor mechanism complications following total knee arthroplasty

Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery

Volumn 86, Issue 9, 2004, Pages 2062-2072

  Rand, James A ^a  

^a MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DACRON; MARLEX;

BODY POSITION; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CONFERENCE PAPER; EXTENSOR MUSCLE; HUMAN; IMPLANT; JOINT INSTABILITY; PATELLA; PATELLA FRACTURE; PATIENT SELECTION; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTHESIS LOOSENING; RISK FACTOR; ROTATION; STRESS STRAIN RELATIONSHIP; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; TENDON RUPTURE; TOTAL KNEE REPLACEMENT;

EID: 4544330896     PISSN: 00219355     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2106/00004623-200409000-00029     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (138)

1. Sharkey PF, Hozack WJ, Rothman RH, Shastri S, Jacoby SM. Why are total knee arthroplasties failing today? Clin Orthop. 2002;404:7-13.
2. Mochizuki RM, Schurman DJ. Patellar complications following total knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1979;61:879-83.
3. Clayton ML, Thirupathi R. Patellar complications after total condylar arthroplasty. Clin Orthop. 1982;170:152-5.
4. Lynch AF, Rorabeck CH, Bourne RB. Extensor mechanism complications following total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 1987;2:135-40.
5. Ranawat CS. The patellofemoral joint in total condylar knee arthroplasty. Pros and cons based on five- to ten-year follow-up observations. Clin Orthop. 1986;205:93-9.
6. Mont MA, Yoon TR, Krackow KA, Hungerford DS. Eliminating patellofemoral complications in total knee arthroplasty: clinical and radiographic results of 121 consecutive cases using the Duracon system. J Arthroplasty. 1999;14:446-55.
7. Larson CM, Lachlewicz PF. Patellofemoral complications with the Insall-Burstein II posterior-stabilized total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 1999;14:288-92.
8. Parvizi J, Stuart MJ, Pagnano MW, Hanssen AD. Total knee arthroplasty in patients with isolated patellofemoral arthritis. Clin Orthop. 2001;392:147-52.
9. Mont MA, Haas S, Mullick T, Hungerford DS. Total knee arthroplasty for patellafemoral arthritis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2002;84:1977-81.
10. Laskin RS, van Steijn M. Total knee replacement for patients with patellofemoral arthritis. Clin Orthop. 1999;367:89-95.
11. Thompson NW, Ruiz AL, Breslin E, Beverland DE. Total knee arthroplasty without patellar resurfacing in isolated patellofemoral arthritis. J Arthroplasty. 2001;16:607-12.
12. Griffin FM, Scuderi GR, Insall JN, Colizza W. Total knee arthroplasty in patients who were obese with 10 year followup. Clin Orthop. 1998;356:28-33.
13. Stern SH, Moeckel BH, Insall JN. Total knee arthroplasty in valgus knees. Clin Orthop. 1991;273:5-8.
14. Windsor RE, Insall JN, Vince KG. Technical considerations of total knee arthroplasty after proximal tibial osteotomy. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1988;70:547-55.
15. Hanssen AD, Rand JA. Management of the chronically dislocated patella during total knee arthroplasty. Tech Orthop. 1988;3:49-56.
16. Wolff AM, Hungerford DS, Pepe CL. The effect of extraarticular varus and valgus deformity on total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop. 1991;271:35-51.
17. Wang JW, Wang CJ. Total knee arthroplasty for arthritis of the knee with extra-articular deformity. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2002;84:1769-74.
18. Lonner JH, Siliski JM, Lotke PA. Simultaneous femoral osteotomy and total knee arthroplasty for treatment of osteoarthritis associated with severe extra-articular deformity. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2000;82:342-8.
19. Singerman R, Helple KG, Davy DT, Goldberg VM. Effect of tibial component position on patellar strain following total knee arthroplasty J Arthroplasty. 1995;10:651-6.
20. Rhoads DD, Noble PC, Reuben JD, Tullos HS. The effect of femoral component position on the kinematics of total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop. 1993;286:122-9.
21. Miller MC, Berger RA, Petrella AJ, Karmas A, Rubash HE. Optimizing femoral component rotation in total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop. 2001;382:38-45.
22. Berger RA, Crossett LS, Jacobs JJ, Rubash HE. Malrotation causing patellofemoral complications after total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop. 1998;356:144-53.
23. Yoshil I, Whiteside LA, Anouchl YS. The effect of patellar button placement and femoral component design on patellar tracking in total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop. 1992;275:211-9.
24. Star MJ, Kaufman KR, Irby SE, Colwell CW Jr. The effects of patellar thickness on patellofemoral forces after resurfacing. Clin Orthop. 1996;322:279-84.
25. Pagnano MW, Trousdale RT. Asymmetric patella resurfacing in total knee arthroplasty. Am J Knee Surg. 2000;13:228-33.
26. Reuben JD, McDonald CL, Woodard PL, Hennington LJ. Effect of patella thickness on patella strain following total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 1991;6:251-8.
27. Roysam GS, Oakley MJ. Subvastus approach for total knee arthroplasty: a prospective, randomized, and observer-blinded trial. J Arthroplasty. 2001;16:454-7.
28. Keating EM, Faris PM, Meding JB, Ritter MA. Comparison of the midvastus muscle-splitting approach with the median parapatellar approach in total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 1999;14:29-32.
29. Figgle HE 3rd, Goldberg VM, Helple KG, Moller HS 3rd, Gordon NH. The influence of tibial-patellofemoral location on function of the knee in patients with the posterior stabilized condylar knee prosthesis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1986;68:1035-40.
30. Anouchl YS, Whiteside LA, Kaiser AD, Milliano MT. The effects of axial rotational alignment of the femoral component on knee stability and patellar tracking in total knee arthroplasty demonstrated on autopsy specimens. Clin Orthop. 1993;287:170-7.
31. Nagamine R, Whiteside LA, White SE, McCarthy DS. Patellar tracking after total knee arthroplasty. The effect of tibial tray malrotation and articular surface configuration. Clin Orthop. 1994;304:262-71.
32. Armstrong AD, Brien HJ, Dunning CE, King GJ, Johnson JA, Chess DG. Patellar position after total knee arthroplasty: influence of femoral component malposition. J Arthroplasty. 2003;18:458-65.
33. Eckhoff DG, Metzger RG, Vandewalle MV. Malrotation associated with implant alignment technique in total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop. 1995;321:28-31.
34. Berger RA, Rubash HE, Seel MJ, Thompson WH, Crossett LS. Determining the rotational alignment of the femoral component in total knee arthroplasty using the epicondylar axis. Clin Orthop. 1993;286:40-7.
35. Uehara K, Kadoya Y, Kobayashi A, Ohashi H, Yamano Y. Bone anatomy and rotational alignment in total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop. 2002;402:196-201.
36. Jazrawi LM, Birdzell L, Kummer FJ, Di Cesare PE. The accuracy of computed tomography for determining femoral and tibial total knee arthroplasty component rotation. J Arthroplasty. 2000;15:761-6.
37. Takai S, Yoshino N, Isshiki T, Hirasawa Y. Kneeling view: a new roentgenographic technique to assess rotational deformity and alignment of the distal femur. J Arthroplasty. 2003;18:478-83.
38. Eckhoff DG, Platt BE, Gnadinger CA, Blaschke RC. Assessing rotational alignment in total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop. 1995;318:176-81.
39. McLain RF, Barger WF. The effect of total knee design on patellar strain. J Arthroplasty. 1986;1:91-8.
40. Goldstein SA, Coale E, Weiss AP, Grossnickle M, Meller B, Matthews LS. Patellar surface strain. J Orthop Res. 1986;4:372-7.
41. Rand JA, Gustilo RB. Technique of patellar resurfacing in total knee arthroplasty. Tech Orthop. 1988;3:57-66.
42. Marmor L. Technique for patellar resurfacing in total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop. 1988;230:166-7.
43. Lombardi AV Jr, Mallory TH, Maltino PD, Herrington SM, Kefauver CA. Freehand resection of the patella in total knee arthroplasty referencing the attachments of the quadriceps tendon and patellar tendon. J Arthroplasty. 1998;13:788-92.
44. Hofmann AA, Tkach TK, Evanich CJ, Camargo MP, Zhang Y. Patellar component medialization in total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 1997;12:155-60.
45. Lewonowski K, Dorr LD, McPherson EJ, Huber G, Wan Z. Medialization of the patella in total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 1997;12:161-7.
46. Hsu HC, Luo ZP, Rand JA, An KN. Influence of patellar thickness on patellar tracking and patellofemoral contact characteristics after total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 1996;11:69-80.
47. Koh JS, Yeo SJ, Lee BP, Lo NN, Seow KH, Tan SK. Influence of patellar thickness on results of total knee arthroplasty: does a residual bony patellar thickness of 12 mm lead to poorer clinical outcome and increased complication rates? J Arthroplasty. 2002;17:56-61.
48. Ewald FC. Leg lift technique for simultaneous femoral, tibial and patella prosthetic cementing, rule of "no thumb" for patella tracking and "steel rod rule" for ligament tension. Tech Orthop. 1991;6:44-6.
49. Archibeck MJ, Camarata D, Trauger J, Allman J, White RE Jr. Indications for lateral retinacular release in total knee replacement. Clin Orthop. 2003;414:157-61.
50. Ritter MA, Pierce MJ, Zhou H, Meding JB, Faris PN, Keating EM. Patellar complications (total knee arthroplasty). Effect of lateral release and thickness. Clin Orthop. 1999;367:149-57.
51. Weber AB, Worland RL, Jessup DE, Van Bowen J, Keenan J. The consequences of lateral release in total knee replacement: a review of over 1000 knees with follow up between 5 and 11 years. Knee. 2003;10:187-91.
52. Shaw JA. Patellar retinacular peel: an alternative to lateral retinacular release in total knee arthroplasty. Am J Orthop. 2003;32:189-92.
53. Petersilge WJ, Oishi CS, Kaufman KR, Irby SE, Colwell CW Jr. The effect of trochlear design on patellofemoral shear and compressive forces in total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop. 1994;309:124-30.
54. Theisss SM, Kitziger KJ, Lotke PS, Lotke PA. Component design affecting patellofemoral complications after total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop. 1996;326:183-7.
55. Ballantyne A, McKinley J, Brenkel I. Comparison of the lateral release rates in the press fit condylar prosthesis and the PFC Sigma prosthesis. Knee. 2003;10:193-8.
56. Andriacchi TP, Yoder D, Conley A, Rosenberg A, Sum J, Galante JO. Patellofemoral design Influences function following total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 1997;12:243-9.
57. Mahoney OM, McClung CD, dela Rosa MA, Schmalzried TP. The effect of total knee arthroplasty design on extensor mechanism function. J Arthroplasty. 2002;17:416-21.
58. Anderson MJ, Becker DL, Kleckbusch T. Patellofemoral complications after posterior-stabilized total knee arthroplasty: a comparison of 2 different implant designs. J Arthroplasty. 2002;17:422-6.
59. Hsu HP, Walker PS. Wear and deformation of patellar components in total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop. 1989;246:260-5.
60. Takeuchi T, Lathl VK, Khan AM, Hayes WC. Patellofemoral contact pressures exceed the compressive yield strength of UHMWPE in total knee arthroplasties. J Arthroplasty. 1995;10:363-8.
61. Wulff W, Incavo SJ. The effect of patella preparation for total knee arthroplasty on patellar strain: a comparison of resurfacing versus inset implants. J Arthroplasty. 2000;15:778-82.
62. Valdivia GG, Dunbar MJ, Jenkinson RJ, MacDonald SJ, Rorabeck CH, Bourne RB. Press-fit versus cemented all-polyethylene patellar component: midterm results. J Arthroplasty. 2002;17:20-5.
63. Ezzet KA, Hershey AL, D'Lima DD, Irby SE, Kaufman KR, Colwell CW Jr. Patellar tracking in total knee arthroplasty: inset versus onset design. J Arthroplasty. 2001;16:838-43.
64. Gomes LS, Bechtold JE, Gustilo RB. Patellar prosthesis positioning in total knee arthroplasty. A roentgenographic study. Clin Orthop. 1988;236:72-81,
65. Rand JA, Gustilo B. Comparison of inset and resurfacing patellar prostheses in total knee arthroplasty. Acta Orthop Belg. 1996;62 Suppl 1:154-63.
66. Burnett RS, Bourne RB. Indications for patellar resurfacing in total knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2003;85:728-45.
67. Cameron HU. Comparison between patellar resurfacing with an inset plastic button and patelloplasty. Can J Surg. 1991:34:49-52.
68. Picetti GD 3rd, McGann WA, Welch RB. The patellofemoral joint after total knee arthroplasty without patellar resurfacing. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1990;72:1379-82.
69. Boyd AD, Ewald FC, Thomas WH, Poss R, Sledge CB. Long-term complications after total knee arthroplasty with or without resurfacing of the patella. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1993;75:674-81,
70. Levai JP, McLeod HC, Freeman MA. Why not resurface the patella? J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1983;65:448-51.
71. Kajino A, Yoshino S, Kameyama S, Kohda M, Nagashima S. Comparison of the results of bilateral total knee arthroplasty with and without patellar replacement for rheumatoid arthritis. A follow-up note. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1997;79:570-4.
72. Abraham W, Buchanan JR, Daubert H, Greer RB 3rd, Keefer J. Should the patella be resurfaced in total knee arthroplasty? Efficacy of patellar resurfacing. Clin Orthop. 1988;236:128-34.
73. Fern ED, Winson IG, Getty CJ. Anterior knee pain in rheumatoid patients after total knee replacement. Possible selection criteria for patellar resurfacing. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1992;74:745-8.
74. Shoji H, Yoshino S, Kajino A. Patellar replacement in bilateral total knee arthroplasty. A study of patients who had rheumatoid arthritis and no gross deformity of the patella. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1989;71:853-6.
75. Smith SR, Stuart P, Pinder IM. Nonresurfaced patella in total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 1989;4 Suppl:S81-6.
76. Kulkarni SK, Freeman MA, Poal-Manresa JC, Asencio JI, Rodriguez JJ. The patellofemoral joint in total knee arthroplasty: is the design of the trochlea the critical factor? J Arthroplasty. 2000;15:424-9.
77. Levitsky KA, Harris WJ, McManus J, Scott RD. Total knee arthroplasty without patellar resurfacing. Clinical outcomes and long-term follow-up evaluation. Clin Orthop. 1993;286:116-21.
78. Kim BS, Reitman RD, Schai PA, Scott RD. Selective patellar nonresurfacing in total knee arthroplasty. 10 year results. Clin Orthop. 1999;367:81-8.
79. Misra AN, Smith RB, Fiddian NJ. Five year results of selective patellar resurfacing in cruciate sparing total knee replacements. Knee. 2003;10:199-203.
80. Vince KG, McPherson EJ. The patella in total knee arthroplasty. Orthop Clin North Am. 1992;23:675-86.
81. Scuderi GR, Insall JN, Scott NW. Patellofemoral pain after total knee arthroplasty. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 1994;2:239-46.
82. Kolettis GT, Stern SH. Patellar resurfacing for patellofemoral arthritis. Orthop Clin North Am. 1992;23:665-73.
83. Rand JA. The patellofemoral joint in total knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1994;76:612-20.
84. Enis JE, Gardner R, Robledo MA, Latta L, Smith R. Comparison of patellar resurfacing versus nonresurfacing in bilateral total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop. 1990;260:38-42.
85. Partio E, Wirta J. Comparison of patellar resurfacing and nonresurfacing in total knee arthroplasty: a prospective, randomized study. J Orthop Rheumatol. 1995;8:69-74.
86. Feller JA, Bartlett RJ, Lang DM. Patellar resurfacing versus retention in total knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1996;78:226-8.
87. Wood DJ, Smith AJ, Collopy D, White B, Brankov B, Bulsara MK. Patellar resurfacing in total knee arthroplasty: a prospective, randomized trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2002;84:187-93.
88. Waters TS, Bentley G. Patellar resurfacing in total knee arthroplasty. A prospective, randomized study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2003;85:212-7.
89. Bourne RB, Rorabeck CH, Vaz M, Kramer J, Hardie R, Robertson D. Resurfacing versus not resurfacing the patella during total knee replacement. Clin Orthop. 1995;321:156-61.
90. Barrack R, Wolfe MW, Waldman DA, Milicic M, Bertot AJ, Myers L. Resurfacing of the patella in total knee arthroplasty. A prospective, randomized, double-blind study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1997;79:1121-31.
91. Barrack RB, Bertot AJ, Wolfe MW, Waldman DA, Milicic M, Myers L. Patellar resurfacing in total knee arthroplasty. A prospective, randomized, double-blind study with five to seven years of follow-up. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2001;83:1376-81.
92. Schroeder-Boersch H, Scheller G, Fischer J, Jani L. Advantages of patellar resurfacing in total knee arthroplasty. Two-year results of a prospective randomized study. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 1998;117:73-8.
93. Keblish PA, Varma AK, Greenwald AS. Patellar resurfacing or retention in total knee arthroplasty. A prospective study of patients with bilateral replacements. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1994;76:930-7.
94. Muoneke HE, Khan AM, Giannikas KA, Hagglund E, Dunningham TH. Secondary resurfacing of the patella for persistent anterior knee pain after primary knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2003;85:675-8.
95. Campbell DG, Mintz AD, Stevenson TM. Early patellofemoral revision following total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 1995;10:287-91.
96. Chan KC, Gill GS. Postoperative patellar tilt in total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 1999;14:300-4.
97. Laskin RS. Lateral release rates after total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop. 2001;392:88-93.
98. Jones EC, Insall JN, Inglis AE, Ranawat CS. GUEPAR knee arthroplasty results and late complications. Clin Orthop. 1979;140:145-52.
99. Rand JA, Chao EY, Stauffer RN. Kinematic rotating-hinge total knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1987;69:489-97.
100. Briard JL, Hungerford DS. Patellofemoral instability in total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 1989;4 Suppl:S87-97.
101. Grace JN, Rand JA. Patellar instability after total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop. 1988;237:184-9.
102. Merkow RL, Soudry M, Insall JN. Patellar dislocation following total knee replacement. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1985;67:1321-7.
103. Brick GW, Scott RD. The patellofemoral component of total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop. 1988;231:163-78.
104. Insall JN, Lachiewicz PF, Burstein AH. The posterior stabilized condylar prosthesis: a modification of the total condylar design. Two to four-year clinical experience. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1982;64:1317-23.
105. Ortiguera CJ, Berry DJ. Patellar fracture after total knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2002;84:532-40.
106. Figgie HE 3rd, Goldberg VM, Figgie MP, Inglis AE, Kelly M, Sobel M. The effect of alignment of the implant on fractures of the patella after condylar total knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1989;71:1031-9.
107. Grace JN, Sim FH. Fracture of the patella after total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop. 1988;230:168-75.
108. Bourne RB. Fractures of the patella after total knee replacement. Orthop Clin North Am. 1999;30:287-91.
109. Windsor RE, Scuderi GR, Insall JN. Patellar fractures in total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 1989;4 Suppl:S63-7.
110. Kayler DE, Lyttle D. Surgical interruption of patellar blood supply by total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop. 1988;229:221-7.
111. Holtby RM, Grosso P. Osteonecrosis and resorption of the patella after total knee replacement: a case report. Clin Orthop. 1996;328:155-8.
112. Ritter MA, Keating EM, Faris PM. Clinical, roentgenographic, and scintigraphic results after interruption of the superior lateral genicular artery during total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop. 1989;248:145-51.
113. Pagnano MW. Patellar tendon and quadriceps tendon tears after total knee arthroplasty. J Knee Surg. 2003;16:242-7.
114. Rand JA, Morrey BF, Bryan RS. Patellar tendon rupture after total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop. 1989;244:233-8.
115. Yun AG, Rubash HE, Scott RD, Laskin RS. Quadriceps rupture associated with a proximal quadriceps release in total knee arthroplasty. A report of three cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2003;85:1809-11.
116. Gustilo RB, Thompson R. Quadriceps and patellar tendon ruptures following total knee arthroplasty. In: Rand JA, Dorr LD, editors. Total arthroplasty of the knee: proceedings of the Knee Society, 1985-1986. Rockville, MD: Aspen; 1987. p 41-7.
117. Fernandez-Baillo N, Garay EG, Ordonez JM. Rupture of the quadriceps tendon after total knee arthroplasty. A case report. J Arthroplasty. 1993;8:331-3.
118. Fukuta S, Kuge A, Nalamura M. Use of the Leeds-Keio prosthetic ligament for repair of patellar tendon rupture after total knee arthroplasty. Knee. 2003;10:127-30.
119. Aracil J, Salom M, Aroca JE, Torro V, Lopez-Quiles D. Extensor apparatus reconstruction with Leeds-Keio ligament in total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 1999;14:204-8.
120. Toms AD, Smith A, White SH. Analysis of the Leeds-Keio ligament for extensor mechanism repair: favourable mechanical and functional outcome. Knee. 2003;10:131-4.
121. Abril JC, Alvarez L, Vallejo JC. Patellar tendon avulsion after total knee arthroplasty. A new technique. J Arthroplasty. 1995;10:275-9.
122. Cadambi A, Engh GA. Use of a semitendinosis tendon autogenous graft for rupture of the patellar ligament after total knee arthroplasty. A report of seven cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1992;74:974-9.
123. Jaureguito JW, Dubois CM, Smith SR, Gottlieb U, Finn HA. Medial gastrocnemius transposition flap for the treatment of disruption of the extensor mechanism after total knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1997;79:866-73.
124. Crossett LS, Sinha RK, Sechriest VF, Rubash HE. Reconstruction of a ruptured patellar tendon with achilles tendon allograft following total knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2002;84:1354-61.
125. Lonner JH, Lotke PA. Aseptic complications after total knee arthroplasty. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 1999;7:311-24.
126. Berend ME, Ritter MA, Keating EM, Faris PM, Crites BM. The failure of all-polyethylene patellar components in total knee replacement. Clin Orthop. 2001;388:105-11.
127. Huang CH, Lee YM, Lai JH, Liau JJ, Cheng CK. Failure of the all-polyethylene patellar component after total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 1999;14:940-4.
128. Collier JP, McNamara JL, Surprenant VA, Jensen RE, Suprenant HP. All-polyethylene patellar components are not the answer. Clin Orthop. 1991;273:198-203.
129. Lombardi AV Jr, Engh GA, Volz RG, Albrigo JL, Brainard BJ. Fracture/dissociation of the poly-ethylene in metal-backed patellar components in total knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1988;70:675-9.
130. Rosenberg AG, Andriacchi TP, Barden R, Galante JO. Patellar component failure in cementless total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop. 1988;236:106-14.
131. Stulberg SD, Stulberg BN, Hamati Y, Tsao A. Failure mechanisms of metal-backed patellar components. Clin Orthop. 1988;236:88-105.
132. Laskin RS, Bucknell A. The use of metal-backed patellar prostheses in total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop. 1990;260:52-5.
133. Hozack WJ, Rothman RH, Booth RE Jr, Balderston RA. The patellar clunk syndrome. A complication of posterior stabilized total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop. 1989;241:203-8.
134. Beight JL, Yao B, Hozack WJ, Hearn SL, Booth RE Jr. The patellar "clunk" syndrome after posterior stabilized total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop. 1994;299:139-42.
135. Lucas TS, DeLuca PF, Nazarlan DG, Bartolozzi AR, Booth RE Jr. Arthroscopic treatment of patellar clunk. Clin Orthop. 1999;367:226-9.
136. Anderson MJ, Becker DL, Kieckbusch T. Patellofemoral complications after posterior-stabilized total knee arthroplasty: a comparison of 2 different implant designs. J Arthroplasty. 2002;17:422-6.
137. Bryan RS. Patella infra and fat-pad hypertrophy after total knee arthroplasty. Tech Orthop. 1988;3:29-33.
138. Lonner JH. Lateral patellar chamfer in total knee arthroplasty. Am J Orthop. 2001;30:713-4.